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In displacement oriented methods of structural mechanics may static and dynamic equilibrium conditions lead to large coupled nonlinear systems of equations. In many cases they are solved iteratively utilizing derivatives of Newton's method. Alternatively, the equations may be expressed in terms of the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions of an optimization problem and, therefore, may be solved using methods of mathematical programming. To begin with, the work deals with the fundamentals of the formulation as optimization problem. In particular, the requirements of material nonlinearity and contact situations are analyzed. Proximately, an algorithm is implemented which utilizes the usually sparse structure of the Hessian matrix, whereby particularly the convergence behaviour is analyzed and adjusted. The implementation was tested using examples from statics and dynamics of large systems. The results are verified considering the accuracy comparing alternative solutions (e.g. explicit methods). The potential areas of application is shown and the efficiency of the method is evaluated.
The effective and efficient cooperation in communities and groups requires that the members of the community or group have adequate information about each other and the environment. In this paper, we outline the basic challenges of managing awareness information. We analyse the management of awareness information in face-to-face situations, and discuss challenges and requirements for the support of awareness management in distributed settings. Finally, after taking a look at related work, we present a simple, yet powerful framework for awareness management based on constraint pattern named COBRA.
The paper analyses the application of 3D gaming technologies in the simulation of processes associated with human resources and machinery on construction sites in order to determine process costs. It addresses the problem of detailing in process simulation. The authors outline special boundary conditions for the simulation of cost-relevant resource processes on virtual construction sites. The approach considers different needs for detailing in process simulation during the planning and building phase. For simulation of process costs on a construction site (contractors view) the level of detail has to be set to high. A prototype for determination of process durations (and hereby process costs) developed at the Bauhaus University Weimar is presented as a result of ongoing researches on detailing in process simulation. It shows the method of process cost determination on a high level of detail (game between excavator and truck) through interaction with the virtual environment of the site.
Among all imaging techniques that have been invented throughout the last decades, computer graphics is one of the most successful tools today. Many areas in science, entertainment, education, and engineering would be unimaginable without the aid of 2D or 3D computer graphics. The reason for this success story might be its interactivity, which is an important property that is still not provided efficiently by competing technologies – such as holography. While optical holography and digital holography are limited to presenting a non-interactive content, electroholography or computer generated holograms (CGH) facilitate the computer-based generation and display of holograms at interactive rates [2,3,29,30]. Holographic fringes can be computed by either rendering multiple perspective images, then combining them into a stereogram [4], or simulating the optical interference and calculating the interference pattern [5]. Once computed, such a system dynamically visualizes the fringes with a holographic display. Since creating an electrohologram requires processing, transmitting, and storing a massive amount of data, today’s computer technology still sets the limits for electroholography. To overcome some of these performance issues, advanced reduction and compression methods have been developed that create truly interactive electroholograms. Unfortunately, most of these holograms are relatively small, low resolution, and cover only a small color spectrum. However, recent advances in consumer graphics hardware may reveal potential acceleration possibilities that can overcome these limitations [6]. In parallel to the development of computer graphics and despite their non-interactivity, optical and digital holography have created new fields, including interferometry, copy protection, data storage, holographic optical elements, and display holograms. Especially display holography has conquered several application domains. Museum exhibits often use optical holograms because they can present 3D objects with almost no loss in visual quality. In contrast to most stereoscopic or autostereoscopic graphics displays, holographic images can provide all depth cues—perspective, binocular disparity, motion parallax, convergence, and accommodation—and theoretically can be viewed simultaneously from an unlimited number of positions. Displaying artifacts virtually removes the need to build physical replicas of the original objects. In addition, optical holograms can be used to make engineering, medical, dental, archaeological, and other recordings—for teaching, training, experimentation and documentation. Archaeologists, for example, use optical holograms to archive and investigate ancient artifacts [7,8]. Scientists can use hologram copies to perform their research without having access to the original artifacts or settling for inaccurate replicas. Optical holograms can store a massive amount of information on a thin holographic emulsion. This technology can record and reconstruct a 3D scene with almost no loss in quality. Natural color holographic silver halide emulsion with grain sizes of 8nm is today’s state-of-the-art [14]. Today, computer graphics and raster displays offer a megapixel resolution and the interactive rendering of megabytes of data. Optical holograms, however, provide a terapixel resolution and are able to present an information content in the range of terabytes in real-time. Both are dimensions that will not be reached by computer graphics and conventional displays within the next years – even if Moore’s law proves to hold in future. Obviously, one has to make a decision between interactivity and quality when choosing a display technology for a particular application. While some applications require high visual realism and real-time presentation (that cannot be provided by computer graphics), others depend on user interaction (which is not possible with optical and digital holograms). Consequently, holography and computer graphics are being used as tools to solve individual research, engineering, and presentation problems within several domains. Up until today, however, these tools have been applied separately. The intention of the project which is summarized in this chapter is to combine both technologies to create a powerful tool for science, industry and education. This has been referred to as HoloGraphics. Several possibilities have been investigated that allow merging computer generated graphics and holograms [1]. The goal is to combine the advantages of conventional holograms (i.e. extremely high visual quality and realism, support for all depth queues and for multiple observers at no computational cost, space efficiency, etc.) with the advantages of today’s computer graphics capabilities (i.e. interactivity, real-time rendering, simulation and animation, stereoscopic and autostereoscopic presentation, etc.). The results of these investigations are presented in this chapter.
Central point of this study is to evaluate stiffness properties of pavement, specifically the E or G- modulus determined by different testing methods. Stiffness of soil is both stress and strain dependent property and otherwise different methods usually affect the material in different ways. The Young’s modulus E0 and shear modulus G0 correspond to the very small strain level are regarded as the initial or maximal stiffness of the relevant stress-strain curves of a given material. The modulus decay curve is called the degradation curve, which also reviewed in this study. With the results of different measurement methods applied for a reclaimed mining site in Klettwitz for determining of stiffness parameter of subsoil, author have tried to find a unification between the results considering the relationship between stiffness parameter and the range of strain levels. The testing methods executed at plant S9 in Klettwitz-Südfeld are: laboratory oedometer test, static plate load test, dynamic plate load test, and seismic testing methods (spectral analysis of surface wave, SASW). Some results getting from this study are: one receives different absolute values of stiffness parameter from different testing methods. The reason is different testing methods produce different range of strain levels in soil during their execution. Conventional and non-destructive testing methods should be combined together for investigating of subsoil characteristics. This means, the soil parameters must be adjusted to the current range of strain level. Especially for settlement calculation it is recommended that different values of stiffness modulus, Es, resulted by different testing methods should be simultaneously utilized along the depth beneath loading surface. Accuracy for determining of stiffness degradation curves depends a lot on the determination of maximal stiffness parameters (E0, G0) at the range of very small strain level, and it still requires much further studies.
>The dust and smoke of continents in flame will defeat the light of the sun, and utter darkness will reign anew upon the world. [...] Eternal snows will cover the Sahara desert; the vast rain forests of the Amazon, destroyed by hail, will disappear from the face of the planet, and the age of rock and heart transplant will revert to ist glacial infancy.< Diese eindringliche Beschreibung der Folgen eines nukearen Schlagabtausches stammt aus einer Rede, die der Literaturnobelpreisträger Gabriel García Márquez am 6. August 1986, dem Jahrestag der Bombardierung Hiroshimas, vor einer Versammlung von Politikern, Intellektuellen und Umweltaktivisten gehalten hat. Die hier so dramatisch geschilderte Vorstellung, einem Atomkrieg würde eine neue Eiszeit, ein so genannter 'nuklearer Winter' folgen, war erst drei Jahre zuvor von einer Gruppe von Wissenschaftlern um den Klimaforscher Richard Turco und dem Astronomen Carl Sagan der Öffentlichkeit vorgestellt worden. ...
The specific socio-political frame and context in Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SRJ) was in many ways unique in Europe. The way social space was produced, starting from mid eighties in the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRJ) in the period of severe economic and political crises, and later in the new independent republics formed after it’s disintegration, was extremely harsh. The new SRJ had an especially peculiar context due to the sanctions of UN that were introduced in 1992 after the clashes in Bosnia and cases of ethnic cleansing. One of the causes for the production of such a drastic social space could be seen in the strongest wave of ethnonationalism recorded in recent European history, accompanied with the equally strong wave of populism, that were interestingly enough conceived as a program of Serbian national and cultural renaissance in the highest cultural institutions in Serbia like the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts and Association of Writers of Serbia, and supported by the Serbian Orthodox Church. After being recognized as a powerful homogenizing force by the communist elite that came to power, Slobodan Miloševi's being its strongest representative, these ideological matrixes thus induced their reproduction in all spheres of the society. On the other side the sanctions by UN and isolation of the country caused the "economy of destruction", economic collapse with the highest rate of inflation ever recorded. The effects of these phenomena were devastating for the new SRJ, where thus produced social milieu was dominated by patriarchalism, authoritarianism, a warlike spirit, xenophobia, and national-chauvinism. In Miloševi's Serbia of the 90’s after introduction of the multi party parliamentary democracy, two public spheres have functioned in autonomous way: one official having all the monopolistic instruments from the former communist ideological structures, and the other alternative and oppositional having just support from a few alternative media houses and mainly the streets for public address and speech. When the wave of ethnonationalism and populism came back from the political realm to the sphere of culture and contaminated it, the highest national institutions of culture started to reproduce this ideological matrix. The task of the artworks was to glorify the history of Serbian people and they could be read as symptoms of the social pathology of the milieu where they originated. Their performative role was to contribute to the production of such a social space and reproduce the hate speech so present in all the media. For the artists who didn't want to conform to the dominant ideological matrix the trauma experienced had different effect and caused strong reaction. One aspect was the withdrawal from the social sphere into the closed, hermetic artistic circles and the strategy defined as active escapism; another was gathering into groups and associations with the aim to criticize, oppose, and face the social reality with engaged artworks. Finally, I focus on different artistic strategies towards the produced social space and analyze both the art practices that reproduced the dominant ideological matrix in the use of the regime, as well as the ones that tried to enter the publics sphere in the critical way and offer the alternative model of the (cultural) public sphere. The paradigm for the analysis of the Serbian art scene or community in the period of sanctions and isolation, mostly in the first half of the nineties, but also encompassing the whole decade, was the one of the “art in the closed society”. As much as this formulation was explanatory for the situation in Serbia under the sanctions, my perspective on the problem is that self-isolation by the artists was more important that the outer wall of barriers, and what mattered was the decision of the majority of the artists to stay out of the public and social spheres. In the global age of informational society where Internet was providing all necessary information on the actual happenings in art, the paradigm of the closed society could be more used as a psychological feature of self-isolation and withdrawal from the reality as it was too hard to bare it. I am therefore focusing mainly on art practices that were trying to deconstruct the dominant ideological matrix, create platforms and arenas where artists could engage in cultural activity and raise different critical issues, and eventually construct the alternative cultural public sphere where many >marginal< voices could be heard, many micro-social spaces could be visible.
The hydraulic properties of the polymer-enhanced bentonite-sand mixtures (PEBSMs) investigated in this study consisted of the water retention behaviour (or the soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC)) and the saturated and unsaturated coefficients of permeability. The SWCCs of the compacted polymer-enhanced bentonite-sand mixtures were measured using two techniques; namely, axis-translation technique and vapour equilibrium technique. The results obtained from both methods were combined to establish a single SWCC for each specimen. The saturated coefficient of permeability of the material was measured using the constant-head flexible wall permeameter method. The unsaturated coefficient of permeability was computed from the SWCCs and the saturated permeability values using the statistical model. The study revealed that the wetting curves for the PEBSM and clay are above the drying curves. The fact is thought be due to the specimens being not saturated before starting the drying tests. Since the specimens are expensive soil such a trend can be expected. The permeability deduced from the oedometer test data over-estimates the actual water flow rate resulting in a higher computed saturated coefficient of permeability compared to the measured values. The nets of polymer and bentonite clusters are thought to retard the flow of water during the direct measurement. However, the net of polymer and bentonite clusters are compressed during loading and rebound during unloading. Hysteresis effect was found for the PEBSMs in the permeability versus degree of saturation curve. This is due to possible difference in the spatial distribution of water in the specimens depending whether the specimens were on drying or wetting path.
The report is part of the research project 'TAILSAFE'. The project is supported by the european union. Basics of design and investigation procedures are presented within the report. Furthermore possible applications of design and investigation procedures are evaluated concerning to a smooth work during all using phases of a tailings facility, that is the planning and execution. Finally recomendations are given to optimise the handling with significant standards.
Aufgabe der Masterarbeit war es, eine Eibnführung in die WRRL und deren Implementierung zu geben sowie das Darstellen erster Umsetzungsschritte in Norwegen.
Während der Sommermonate der Jahre 1821 und 1822 ging der englische Landschaftsmaler John Constable (1776-1837) jeden Morgen von seinem Haus in Lower Terrace am Südende des Dorfes Hamstead zu den Hängen am Prospect Walk, um Wolkenbilder zu malen. Täglich kehrte er an denselben Ort zurück, um ein Bild des Himmels im Verlauf der Zeit zu malen. Später wurden die mehr als hundert losen Blätter als >Cloud Studies< zusammengefasst und gehören seither zu den am meisten bewunderten Werken der zeitgenössischen Landschaftsmalerei und zum Bilderkanon der europäischen Romantik. Constable war keineswegs der erste Maler, der Wolken nach der Natur malte, aber er gehörte zu den ersten, der die handwerklichen Techniken einer alten Kunst - der Malerei - mit den Definitionen der Meteorologie - einer jungen Wissenschaft - verknüpfte. ...
Norbert Wieners >Cybernetics> von 1948 geht aus von einem Vergleich zählender, durchmusternder Astronomie mit der neuen, statistikbasierten Meteorologie. Das Buch beginnt mit der ersten Strophe von >Weißt du vieviel Sternlein stehen<. ... Dieses Liedchen ist ein interessantes Thema für die Philosophie und die Geschichte der Wissenschaft, indem es zwei Wissenschaften nebeneinander stellt, die einerseits sich beide mit der Beobachtung des Himmels über uns beschäftigen, andererseits aber beinahe in jeder Beziehung höchst gegensätzlich sind. Die Astronomie ist die älteste der Wissenschaften, während die Meteorologie zu den jüngsten zählt, die erst anfangen, den Namen zu verdienen. ...
We present PhoneGuide – an enhanced museum guidance approach that uses camera-equipped mobile phones and on-device object recognition. Our main technical achievement is a simple and light-weight object recognition approach that is realized with single-layer perceptron neuronal networks. In contrast to related systems which perform computational intensive image processing tasks on remote servers, our intention is to carry out all computations directly on the phone. This ensures little or even no network traffic and consequently decreases cost for online times. Our laboratory experiments and field surveys have shown that photographed museum exhibits can be recognized with a probability of over 90%. We have evaluated different feature sets to optimize the recognition rate and performance. Our experiments revealed that normalized color features are most effective for our method. Choosing such a feature set allows recognizing an object below one second on up-to-date phones. The amount of data that is required for differentiating 50 objects from multiple perspectives is less than 6KBytes.
Die projektgetriebene Bauwirtschaft wird dominiert durch einen branchenspezifischen Preiswettbewerb. Eine wissenschaftliche Auseinandersetzung mit den Gründen für diesen Preiswettbewerb und den Voraussetzungen für einen Leistungswettbewerb hat bislang kaum stattgefunden. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Dissertation werden zunächst die bauwirtschaftlichen Besonderheiten hinsichtlich Bauwerk, Bauleistungen und Branchenstruktur, untersucht und die Auswirkung auf den Wettbewerb herausgearbeitet. Ziel einer Strategie des nicht preisbasierten Wettbewerbs muss es demnach insbesondere sein, die Risiken der Transaktion für den Kunden zu minimieren und die Nutzeneinschätzung des Kunden vor dem Kauf zu verbessern. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird erstmals ein Grundmodell entwickelt, welches sämtliche Treiber eines Leistungswettbewerbs integriert. Grundlage hierfür sind die wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Theorien der Produktdifferenzierung und der Differenzierungsstrategie aus den Bereichen Volkswirtschaftslehre, Marketing Management und Strategisches Management. Die Bestandteile des Modells auf Projektebene sind Qualität, Zeit und Varietät. Die Treiber auf Unternehmensebene sind Innovation und Marke. Neben den unmittelbaren Treibern des Leistungswettbewerbs wirken sich die Unternehmensstrukturen und Kernkompetenzen, die Zielmarktbestimmung und das Strategische Sourcing mittelbar auf die Performance des Unternehmens aus. Die Wirkungsweise der Treiber und die jeweilige Bedeutung für einen Leistungswettbewerb in der Bauwirtschaft werden im einzelnen dargestellt und erläutert. Die Dissertation stellt eine Grundlagenarbeit zum Thema Wettbewerbsstrategien in der Bauwirtschaft dar. Die Aspekte des Leistungswettbewerbs, in Abgrenzung zum Preiswettbewerb, stehen im Mittelpunkt der Arbeit. Im Zuge der Diskussion der Einzelaspekte wird qualitativ nachgewiesen, dass die Umsetzung einer Strategie des nicht preisbasierten Wettbewerbs in der Bauwirtschaft, einen positiven Einfluss auf die Performance des Unternehmens hat.
50 Jahre Dissertationen an der Hochschule für Architektur und Bauwesen und der Bauhaus-Universität
(2005)
Diese Veröffentlichung dokumentiert über einen Zeitraum von 50 Jahren die an unserer Hochschule entstandenen Dissertationen, deren Zahl sich auf 1100 beläuft. Damit werden ein wichtiger Teil der Hochschulgeschichte Weimars und zugleich ein Teil der Hochschulgeschichte der DDR aufgearbeitet. Die Bibliographie liefert Bausteine für eine Geschichte der Disziplinen und Fakultäten an der Weimarer Hochschule und darüber hinaus für eine Sozialgeschichte der Wissenschaftler in Thüringen. So hat z. B. eine Vielzahl der heute in leitender Stellung an der Universität Tätigen – sowohl Professoren als auch Mitarbeiter der Universitätsverwaltung – in Weimar promoviert. Das lässt sich auch ausdehnen auf Personen in führenden wissenschaftlichen, politischen oder wirtschaftlichen Positionen in der Region oder im Ort. Hier könnte die vorliegende Bibliographie Anstoß für weitere Forschungen geben.