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This paper presents several aspects of characterization of welding heat source parameters in Goldak’s double ellipsoidal model using Sysweld simulation of welding of two overlapping beads on a substrate steel plate. The overlap percentages ranged from 40% to 80% in increments of 10%. The new material properties of the fused metal were characterized using Weldware and their continuous cooling transformation curves. The convective and radiative heat transfer coefficients as well as the cooling time t8/5 were estimated using numerical formulations from relevant standards. The effects of the simulation geometry and mesh discretization were evaluated in terms of the factor F provided in Sysweld. Eventually, the parameters of Goldak’s double ellipsoidal heat source model were determined for the welding simulation of overlapping beads on the plate and the simulated bead geometry, extent of the molten pool and the HAZ were compared with the macrographs of cross-sections of the experimental weldments. The results showed excellent matching, thus verifying this methodology for determination of welding heat source parameters.
Explicit solutions for the cohesive energy between carbon nanotubes, graphene and substrates are obtained through continuum modeling of the van der Waals interaction between them. The dependence of the cohesive energy on their size, spacing and crossing angles is analyzed. Checking against full atom molecular dynamics calculations and available experimental results shows that the continuum solution has high accuracy. The equilibrium distances between the nanotubes, graphene and substrates with minimum cohesive energy are also provided explicitly. The obtained analytical solution should be of great help for understanding the interaction between the nanostructures and substrates, and designing composites and nanoelectromechanical systems.