50.22 Sensorik
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Broadband electromagnetic frequency or time domain sensor techniques present high potential for quantitative water content monitoring in porous media. Prior to in situ application, the impact of the relationship between the broadband electromagnetic properties of the porous material (clay-rock) and the water content on the frequency or time domain sensor response is required. For this purpose, dielectric properties of intact clay rock samples experimental determined in the frequency range from 1 MHz to 10 GHz were used as input data in 3-D numerical frequency domain finite element field calculations to model the one port broadband frequency or time domain transfer function for a three rods based sensor embedded in the clay-rock. The sensor response in terms of the reflection factor was analyzed in time domain with classical travel time analysis in combination with an empirical model according to Topp equation, as well as the theoretical Lichtenecker and Rother model (LRM) to estimate the volumetric water content. The mixture equation considering the appropriate porosity of the investigated material provide a practical and efficient approach for water content estimation based on classical travel time analysis with the onset-method. The inflection method is not recommended for water content estimation in electrical dispersive and absorptive material. Moreover, the results clearly indicate that effects due to coupling of the sensor to the material cannot be neglected. Coupling problems caused by an air gap lead to dramatic effects on water content estimation, even for submillimeter gaps. Thus, the quantitative determination of the in situ water content requires careful sensor installation in order to reach a perfect probe clay rock coupling.
Numerical models and their combination with advanced solution strategies are standard tools for many engineering disciplines to design or redesign structures and to optimize designs with the purpose to improve specific requirements. As the successful application of numerical models depends on their suitability to represent the behavior related to the intended use, they should be validated by experimentally obtained results. If the discrepancy between numerically derived and experimentally obtained results is not acceptable, a model revision or a revision of the experiment need to be considered. Model revision is divided into two classes, the model updating and the basic revision of the numerical model. The presented thesis is related to a special branch of model updating, the vibration-based model updating. Vibration-based model updating is a tool to improve the correlation of the numerical model by adjusting uncertain model input parameters by means of results extracted from vibration tests. Evidently, uncertainties related to the experiment, the numerical model, or the applied numerical solving strategies can influence the correctness of the identified model input parameters. The reduction of uncertainties for two critical problems and the quantification of uncertainties related to the investigation of several nominally identical structures are the main emphases of this thesis. First, the reduction of uncertainties by optimizing reference sensor positions is considered. The presented approach relies on predicted power spectral amplitudes and an initial finite element model as a basis to define the assessment criterion for predefined sensor positions. In combination with geometry-based design variables, which represent the sensor positions, genetic and particle swarm optimization algorithms are applied. The applicability of the proposed approach is demonstrated on a numerical benchmark study of a simply supported beam and a case study of a real test specimen. Furthermore, the theory of determining the predicted power spectral amplitudes is validated with results from vibration tests. Second, the possibility to reduce uncertainties related to an inappropriate assignment for numerically derived and experimentally obtained modes is investigated. In the context of vibration-based model updating, the correct pairing is essential. The most common criterion for indicating corresponding mode shapes is the modal assurance criterion. Unfortunately, this criterion fails in certain cases and is not reliable for automatic approaches. Hence, an alternative criterion, the energy-based modal assurance criterion, is proposed. This criterion combines the mathematical characteristic of orthogonality with the physical properties of the structure by modal strain energies. A numerical example and a case study with experimental data are presented to show the advantages of the proposed energy-based modal assurance criterion in comparison to the traditional modal assurance criterion. Third, the application of optimization strategies combined with information theory based objective functions is analyzed for the purpose of stochastic model updating. This approach serves as an alternative to the common sensitivity-based stochastic model updating strategies. Their success depends strongly on the defined initial model input parameters. In contrast, approaches based on optimization strategies can be more flexible. It can be demonstrated, that the investigated nature inspired optimization strategies in combination with Bhattacharyya distance and Kullback-Leibler divergence are appropriate. The obtained accuracies and the respective computational effort are comparable with sensitivity-based stochastic model updating strategies. The application of model updating procedures to improve the quality and suitability of a numerical model is always related to additional costs. The presented innovative approaches will contribute to reduce and quantify uncertainties within a vibration-based model updating process. Therefore, the increased benefit can compensate the additional effort, which is necessary to apply model updating procedures.
Kurzfassung Das Messprinzip faseroptischer Sensoren beruht auf der Tatsache, dass durch eine Faser Licht geleitet wird. Aufgrund externer Einflüsse, die physikalischer, chemischer oder auch anderer Art sind, werden die Eigenschaften des Lichtes, wie z.B. die Wellenlänge oder auch die Intensität geändert. Diese Veränderungen können von einem Messsystem für sofortige oder auch spätere Analysen aufgenommen werden. Bei der Kostenbetrachtung eines Bauwerkes sollten nicht nur die für die Erstellung notwendigen Kosten, sondern auch die Kosten zum Unterhalt und zur Instandhaltung betrachtet werden. Um die zu erwartenden Kosten im Falle einer Sanierung und Instandsetzung zu reduzieren, müssen notwendige Verfahren bereits bei der Errichtung von Bauwerken angewandt werden. Ein solches Verfahren ist die permanente Bauwerksüberwachung (Monitoring). Sie dient einerseits zur Sicherstellung der Nutzungsfähigkeit des Bauwerkes und soll andererseits vor allem während der Bauzeit die Möglichkeit bieten, Veränderungen die ohne geeignete Gegenmaßnahmen zu Schäden führen können, rechtzeitig zu erkennen. Bereits in der Planungsphase eines Bauwerks sollte geprüft werden, ob die Anwendung einer Bauwerksüberwachung sinnvoll und notwendig ist. Dabei sind die für die Errichtung auftretenden Baukosten den notwendigen Kosten für die Installation und den Betrieb eines solchen Verfahrens gegenüber zu stellen. Die Folgekosten, die bei einem eventuellen Schaden am Bauwerk und somit einer Instandhaltung bzw. Sanierung anfallen würden, sollten nicht außer Acht gelassen werden. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit ist die Anwendbarkeit faseroptischer Sensoren im Bauwesen und speziell in der Geotechnik bei Pfahlgründungen untersucht worden. Bei der Qualität der zu erfassenden Messwerte zeigen FOS kaum Unterschiede zu den herkömmlichen Sensoren. Erst bei weiteren Betrachtungen der Eigenschaften und Einsatzmöglichkeiten FOS ergeben sich deutliche Vorteile gegenüber herkömmlicher Sensorik. Diese Vorteile, wie z.B. die Widerstandsfähigkeit gegenüber Störeinflüssen, den Einsatz in chemisch aggressiver Umgebung, die hohe Langlebigkeit u.a. prädestinieren die faseroptische Sensorik für die Installation in Pfählen.