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- 2004 (220) (remove)
The method of the finite elements is an adaptable numerical procedure for interpolation as well as for the numerical approximation of solutions of partial differential equations. The basis of these procedure is the formulation of suitable finite elements and element decompositions of the solution space. Classical finite elements are based on triangles or quadrangles in the two-dimensional space and tetrahedron or hexahedron in the threedimensional space. The use of arbitrary-dimensional convex and non-convex polyhedrons as the geometrical basis of finite elements increases the flexibility of generating finite element decompositions substantially and is sometimes the only way to get a clear decomposition...
Gegenstand dieser Arbeit ist es zu zeigen, ob die Anwendung der Methode der Finiten Elemente für die Berechnungen von aussteifenden Wandkonstruktionen in Holzrahmen- bzw. Holztafelbauweise richtige und verallgemeinerbare Ergebnisse liefert und damit: · zur Bemessung von Konstruktionen dienen kann, · die Nachrechnung bestehender Konstruktionen mit von der Norm abweichenden Ausführungsdetails erlaubt und · einen Ersatz für 1:1-Versuche an Wandscheiben darstellt. Die Ergebnisse lassen sich wie folgt zusammenfassen: Unter den derzeitigen Bedingungen stellt die Methode der Berechnung mit Finiten Elementen für die Bemessung von Ein- und Zweirastertafeln, vor allem für die bautechnische Praxis, keine sinnvolle Alternative zu den in den Normen genannten Berechnungsverfahren dar. Für Ein- und Zweirastersysteme sind die Nachweisverfahren der DIN 1052 bzw. des Eurocode 5 ausreichend. Sie können durch das Berechnungsverfahren nach KESSEL sinnvoll ergänzt werden. Die Drucklastverteilung in den Vertikalrippen wird jedoch nur unzureichend erfasst. Für Konstruktionen wie die in dieser Arbeit untersuchte Mehrrastertafel stehen derzeit keine geeigneten Berechnungsverfahren zur Verfügung. Die Anwendbarkeit der FE-Methode für die Nachrechnung bestehender Konstruktionen mit von der Norm abweichenden Konstruktionsdetails konnte in dieser Arbeit nicht nachgewiesen werden. Für die FE-Modellbildung von Wandscheiben des Holzrahmenbaus wurden verschiedenen Detaillösungen gezeigt. Es wurde gezeigt, welche Konstruktionsdetails der Wandscheiben signifikante Auswirkungen auf das Gesamttragverhalten haben. Die FE-Methode kann in der in dieser Arbeit verwendeten Form zur Vorbereitung von Versuchen an 1:1-Modellen dienen und wertvolle Hinweise zum Einfluß verschiedener Konstruktionsdetails auf das Gesamttragverhalten der Wandtafel liefern, um gezielt Veränderungen vornehmen zu können. Insofern stellen Berechnungen mit der FE-Methode eine sinnvolle Ergänzung dar.
The AEC industry is conscious of the potentials arising from the usage of mobile computer systems to increase productivity by streamlining their business processes. Discussions are no longer on whether or not to use a mobile computer solution, but rather, on how it should be used. However, the implantation process of this new technology in Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) and Facility Management (FM) practise is very slow and should be improved. One way to encourage and ease the usage of mobile computer systems in AEC is a more process-oriented usability and context appropriateness of mobile computer solutions. Context-sensitivity is defined as a crucial feature to be taken into account for further research in the area of Mobile Computing. Context-sensitive, mobile IT-solutions depend on two features: (1) flexible definitions of (construction) processes describing the context and (2) tools for flexible, multi-dimensional information management representing the context. It is on this premise that the authors propose the n-dimensional data management approach for the implementation of mobile computing solutions. In this paper, we analyse working scenarios in the AEC and FM sector, defining context aspects which are transformed and formalized as dimension hierarchies of the envisaged context model.
Creation of hierarchical sequence of the plastic and viscoplastic models according to different levels of structure approximations is considered. Developed strategy of multimodel analysis, which consists of creation of the inelastic models library, determination of selection criteria system and caring out of multivariant sequential clarifying computations, is described. Application of the multimodel approach in numerical computations has demonstrated possibility of reliable prediction of stress-strain response under wide variety of combined nonproportional loading.
The research reported in this article was conducted to mainly explore the two common numeric prediction techniques, the model tree and the regression tree, when used in conjunction with bagging as a wrapper method. Bagging is used to improve the prediction accuracy of these two algorithms, and results are compared with the ones obtained earlier by the k-nearest neighbor (KNN) algorithm. From the conducted experiments, both the bagged regression tree and bagged model tree produce better results than not only their corresponding regression tree and model tree alone, but also the KNN with optimal value of k equal to 7. In addition, the bagged model tree yields the lowest prediction errors and a highest correlation coefficient of 0.81. It is demonstrated that it is feasible to use the bagged model tree for engineering applications in prediction problems such as estimating the remaining service life of bridge decks.
Building design in Civil Engineering is characterized by the cooperation of experts in multiple disciplines. Close cooperation of engineers in different fields is the basis of high product quality, short development periods and a minimum of investment costs. For each building the engineers have to create a new fire engineering model. The consistent realization of the fire engineering model in all details has high demands on communication, collaboration and building models. Thereby, to preserve the related design models consistent to each other and compatible with the rules of fire engineering is a complex task. In addition, regulations and guidelines vary according to the building location, so the knowledge base must be integrated dynamically into the planning process. This contribution covers the integration of engineers and design models into a cooperation network on the basis of mobile agents. The distributed models of architectural design, structural planning and fire engineering are supported. These models are implemented as XML-based models which can be accessed by mobile agents for information retrieval and for processing tasks. Agents are provided to all planners, they are enabled to check up the distributed design models with the knowledge base of the fire protection regulations,. With the use of such an agent each planner is supported to check up his planning for accordance with the fire protection requirements. The fire-engineering-agent analyzes the design and detects inconsistencies by processing fire protection requirements and design model facts in a rule-based expert system. The possibility to check the planning information at an early state in the sense of compatibility to the fire protection regulations enables a comprehensive diagnosis of the design and the reduction of planning errors.
The highway product model based on the length information of the centerline, and the application system is developed. This paper shows the schema and the modeling process of the product model, which includes geometric elements such as an alignment, lanes, sidewalks, shoulders and sprits, and accessories such as guard fences, plantings and signs. Furthermore, The Highway Sequence Editor (HSE) is developed as an application system to verify the model.
There are many construction projects in China and mass documents are exchanged among the multi-party, including the owner, the contractor and the engineer in the projects. Based on previous studies, an approach to the utilization of the exchanged documents is established by using data warehouse technology and a prototype system called EXPLYZER is developed. The approach and the prototype system are verified through their application in a construction project. It is concluded that the approach can support the decision-making in project management.
A comprehensive framework of information management system for construction projects in China has been established through extensive literature survey and field investigation. It utilizes the potential information technologies and covers the practical management patterns as well as the major aspects of construction project management. It can be used to guide and evaluate the design of the information management systems for construction projects in order to make the system to be applicable to a wide variety of construction projects and survive the changes in project management.
In this contribution, the design of an analysis environment is presented, that supports an analyst to come to a decision within a gradual collaborative planning process. An analyst represents a project manager, planner or any other person, involved in the planning process. Today, planning processes are managed by several geographically distributed planners and project managers. Thus, complexity of such a process rises even more. Prediction of consequences of many planning decisions is not possible, in particular since assessment of a planning advance is not trivial. There have to be considered several viewpoints, that depend on individual perceptions. In the following, methods are presented to realize planning decision support.
Advances in construction data analysis techniques have provided useful tools to discover explicit knowledge on historical databases supporting project managers’ decision making. However, in many situations, historical data are extracted and preprocessed for knowledge discovery based on time-consuming and problem-specific data preparation solutions, which often results in inefficiencies and inconsistencies. To overcome the problem, we are working on the development of a new data fusion methodology, which is designed to provide timely and consistent access to historical data for efficient and effective management knowledge discovery. The methodology is intended to be a new bridge between historical databases and data analysis techniques, which shields project managers from complex data preparation solutions, and enables them to use discovered knowledge for decision making more conveniently. This paper briefly describes the motivation, the background and the initial results of the ongoing research.
A vast growth of advanced information technology systems and tools nowadays is opening new ways to collect accurate as-built data. Since the turn of the millennium, new technology developments enable for the first time to gather accurate as-built information. Accurate as-built data will be of great usage to construction management as well as to designers and engineers. Given that most of the planned data are already digitally available, as-built data remains on paper forms. Information technology developments are opening new ways to digitize construction field data in order to develop intelligent tools for construction management allowing design engineers to update as-planned data. 3D Laser scanning, digital close-range photogrammetry and mobile computing are among the promising data collection technologies, which are auspicious to create new opportunities to develop advanced construction management and engineering tools. Primarily, accurate collected as-built data will be highly beneficial for the process of updating as-planned data.
This paper presents an application of dynamic decision making under uncertainty in planning and estimating underground construction. The application of the proposed methodology is illustrated by its application to an actual tunneling project—The Hanging Lake Tunnel Project in Colorado, USA. To encompass the typical risks in underground construction, tunneling decisions are structured as a risk-sensitive Markov decision process that reflects the decision process faced by a contractor in each tunneling round. This decision process consists of five basic components: (1) decision stages (locations), (2) system states (ground classes and tunneling methods), (3) alternatives (tunneling methods), (4) ground class transition probabilities, and (5) tunneling cost structure. The paper also presents concepts related to risk preference that are necessary to model the contractor’s risk attitude, including the lottery concept, utility theory, and the delta property. The optimality equation is formulated, the model components are defined, and the model is solved by stochastic dynamic programming. The main results are the optimal construction plans and risk-adjusted project costs, both of which reflect the dynamics of subsurface construction, the uncertainty about geologic variability as a function of available information, and the contractor’s risk preference.
Although there are some good reasons to design engineering software as a stand-alone application for a single computer, there are also numerous possibilities for creating distributed engineering applications, in particular using the Internet. This paper presents some typical scenarios how engineering applications can benefit from including network capabilities. Also, some examples of Internet-based engineering applications are discussed to show how the concepts presented can be implemented.
In der täglichen Ingenieurpraxis werden in zunehmenden Maße numerische Analysen im Rahmen der Finite-Elemente-Methode auch zur Untersuchung stabilitätsgefährdeter Strukturen eingesetzt. Für die aktuelle Praxis, insbesondere im konstruktiven Stahlbau, ist jedoch festzustellen, dass zwischen der fortgeschrittenen Theorie und dem Niveau der praktischen Anwendung numerischer Stabilitätsanalysen eine große Kluft besteht. Aus praktischer Sicht erscheint es unumgänglich, die weiter wachsende Diskrepanz zwischen den umfangreichen theoretischen Möglichkeiten und der gegenwärtigen Praxis abzubauen. Damit steht der praktisch tätige Ingenieur vor der Aufgabe, sein Wissen auf dem Gebiet numerischer Stabilitätsanalysen zu vertiefen und bereits vorhandene FE-Programme um Berechnungsalgorithmen für umfassende numerische Stabilitätsanalysen zu erweitern. Dafür werden in der Arbeit die Grundlagen einer FEM- orientierten modernen Stabilitätstheorie einheitlich und aus Sicht einer praktischen Anwendung aufbereitet. Die Darstellung von realisierten programmtechnischen Umsetzungen für erweiterte Analysenmethoden wie Nachbeulanalysen, Pfadwechsel und Approximationen imperfekter Pfade ermöglicht eine Erweiterung des Methodenvorrates. Die innerhalb der Arbeit untersuchten Beispiele zeigen, dass durch die Anwendung der behandelten Verfahren das Tragverhalten einer stabilitätsgefährdeten Struktur wesentlich besser eingeschätzt werden kann als bei Beschränkung auf die herkömmlichen Analysemethoden.
Wechselwirkung zwischen Baugrundmodell und Gründungsentwurf am Beispiel eines Maschinenfundaments
(2004)
Die Beschreibung und Modellierung des Baugrundes erweist sich aufgrund seiner Genese als schwierig. Diese Tatsache soll am Beispiel eines Gründungsentwurfs, durch die Gegenüberstellung zweier unterschiedlicher Modellansätze demonstriert werden. In diese Betrachtung gehen zum einen "Subjektive Schätzungen" und zum anderen "[Geo]Statistische Baugrundmodelle" ein. Die Bemessung erfolgt anhand einer identischen Ausgangsdatenbasis. Im Ergebnis zeigen sich große Abweichungen zwischen beiden Modellansätzen, die sich auf unterschiedlichen Umgang mit den streuenden Baugrundkenngrößen zurückführen lassen. Die streuenden Baugrundkenngrößen werden bei den "Subjektiven Schätzungen" durch einen einzigen, ungünstig wirkenden Kennwert repräsentiert, der die Eigenschaften eines Homogenbereichs beschreibt. Bei den "[Geo]Statistischen Baugrundmodellen" werden die Baugrundkenngrößen in ihrer Streubreite erfasst, ausgewertet und mit der Monte-Carlo-Simulation in der Grenzzustandsfunktion berücksichtigt.
Zur Verbindung des flächigen Bauteils Brettstapelelement mit mineralischer Deckschicht sind bisher kaum geeignete einfachste Fugenausbildungen untersucht. Bei dieser biegebeanspruchten hybriden Verbundkombination bietet das zugbeanspruchte Holz und die druckbeanspruchte mineralische Deckschicht im Verbund ein günstigeres Biegetragverhalten und verbessert im Vergleich zum reinen Brettstapeldeckenelement dessen Eigenschaften. Für die Steifigkeit und die Tragfähigkeit der Verbundkonstruktion ist die Ausbildung der Verbundfuge, die effektive Übertragung der Schubkraft ausschlaggebend. Die vom Verfasser der Arbeit durchgeführten Versuche haben gezeigt, dass der Einsatz alternativer Verbundfugenausführungen grundsätzlich möglich ist. Mit diesem Wissen scheint neben dem Einsatz nachgiebiger Verbindungsmittel auch die Heranziehung, Erfassung und Optimierung des Flächen- sowie Reibungsverbundes zwischen flächigen Holzelementen und mineralischen Deckschichten eine effiziente und sichere Fugenausbildung darzustellen. Für weiterreichende und genauere Aussagen, sind neben der versuchstechnischen Abklärung der Wirksamkeit möglicher chemischer als auch mechanischer Modifikationen der Holzoberfläche in der Verbundfuge computergestützte Kurzzeit- sowie auch Langzeituntersuchungen zur Abschätzung der Möglichkeiten und Zuverlässigkeit des Flächenverbundes zwischen Brettstapelelement und mineralischer Deckschicht unabdingbar gewesen. Als Deckschichtvarianten kamen Normalbeton, Zementestrich, Anhydritestrich und Geopolymerbeton zur Anwendung. Es konnte durch eine statistische Auswertung im Resultat ein Gesamtüberblick über das Tragverhalten von hybriden Verbundelementen mit mineralischen Deckschichten und spezieller Oberflächenbehandlung des Holzes gegeben werden. Dabei wirkten sich die Vorteile bei der Nutzung des Flächenverbundes vor allem auf den Gebrauchszustand des Bauteils aus. Die Steifigkeit des Verbundbauteils wurde durch den Flächenverbund erhöht und es wurden damit günstigere Voraussetzungen für den Nachweis der Gebrauchstauglichkeit vor allem bei Spannweiten über 5,0 m erzielt. Die Untersuchungen zeigen die grundlegende Anwendbarkeit für Brettstapel im Flächenverbund mit mineralischen Baustoffen.
PKPM series CAD software is an integrated CAD system for building design, which integrated the following parts: architectural design, structural design, building service design and statistic analysis of quantity and budget. These four parts share the same database with high efficiency. Over 80% of design corporation in China are using PKPM series CAD software. The detailed information and some key modules of PKPM series CAD software are mainly introduced in this paper.
Framed-tube system with multiple internal tubes is analysed using an orthotropic box beam analogy approach in which each tube is individually modelled by a box beam that accounts for the flexural and shear deformations, as well as the shear-lag effects. A simple numerical modeling technique is proposed for estimating the shear-lag phenomenon in tube structures with multiple internal tubes. The proposed method idealizes the framed-tube structures with multiple internal tubes as equivalent multiple tubes, each composed of four equivalent orthotropic plate panels. The numerical analysis is based on the minimum potential energy principle in conjunction with the variational approach. The shear-lag phenomenon of such structures is studied taking into account the additional bending moments in the tubes. A detailed work is carried out through the numerical analysis of the additional bending moment. The moment factor is further introduced to identify the shear lag phenomenon along with the additional moment.
Seit ihren Anfängen im ausgehenden 19. Jh. ist der brandenburgischen Hausforschung ein Phänomen in der Entwicklung des ländlichen Wohnhauses bekannt, das in der vorliegenden Arbeit als Typenwandel bezeichnet wird: Zahlreiche Landschaften der ehemaligen Kurmark Brandenburg wurden bis in das 18. Jh. hinein von einem giebelständigen Haustyp - dem sogenannten Märkischen Mittelflurhaus - geprägt. Im Verlauf des 18. und 19. jh. wurde dieser von einem traufständigen Haustyp - dem sogenannten Mitteldeutschen Ernhaus - >verdrängt<. Dieser Typenwandel ist wie jeder Wandel einer tradierten Hausform auf einen Komplex verschiedener Faktoren und Einflussgrößen zurückzuführen. Über diese Faktoren und Einflussgrößen bestehen in der bisherigen regionalen Hausforschung folgende Thesen: Zum einen wird angenommen, dass das Vorbild der im Rahmen der friderizianischen Kolonisation seit der Mitte des 18. Jh. zahlreich erbauten, traufständigen Kolonistenhäuser diesen Typenwandel beeinflusst oder ausgelöst habe. Zum anderen seien die baupolizeilichen Vorschriften und der Einfluss der preußischen Landbauschule - vertreten durch das Oberbaudepartement - ein auslösender oder beschleunigender Faktor gewesen. Aufgabe der Untersuchung ist es, diese Thesen anhand eines geeigneten Untersuchungsgebietes zu diskutieren. Als solches eignete sich das Oderbruch insbesondere, weil es das größte zusammenhängende Siedlungsgebiet auf deutscher Seite darstellt, das unter der Regentschaft Friedrichs des Großen kolonisiert wurde, und seine allmähliche Trockenlegung seit der Mitte des 18. Jh. von intensiven obrigkeitlichen Eingriffen begleitet war. Mit der zusätzlichen Abgrenzung der untersuchten Hausformen auf diejenigen der ländlichen Mittelschicht, d.h. auf die Häuser der Bauern, Fischer und Kossäten, basiert die zentrale stratigrafische Untersuchung des Wandlungsprozesses einerseits auf durch die Autorin selbst erarbeiteter Bauforschung am rezenten Hausbestand und andererseits auf der Auswertung umfangreichen Archivmaterials. Der durch zahlreiche Übergangsformen nachweisbare Prozess der Herausbildung des jüngeren Haustyps aus dem älteren Haustyp heraus widerlegt die bisherige Annahme, dass der Typenwandel lediglich eine Grenzverschiebung zwischen den geografischen Verbreitungsgebieten zweier frühneuzeitlicher Haustypen gewesen sei. Die archivalische Überlieferung zur friderizianischen Kolonisation, zum ländlichen Baugeschehen im ausgehenden 18. und beginnenden 19. Jh. sowie zur obrigkeitlichen Reglementierung des >Unterthanenbauwesens< erbringt den eindeutigen Nachweis, dass weder das Vorbild der Kolonistenhäuser noch irgendeine Form der obrigkeitlichen Einflussnahme für den Wandel vom giebelständigen zum traufständigen Haustyp von Bedeutung waren. Vielmehr erweisen sich die Auswirkungen der Agrarreformen auf die bäuerlichen Betriebe als der ausschlaggebende Faktor für den Typenwandel. Die bisher angewandten Begriffe zur Bezeichnung der Haustypen stellen sich im Ergebnis der Untersuchung nicht nur als irreführend sondern falsch heraus. Die Arbeit eröffnet deshalb eine Debatte zur Neudefinition der Typenbegriffe innerhalb der regionalen Hausforschung.
This paper describes a research project that addresses the difficulties in dealing with regulatory documents such as national and regional codes. These documents tend to be voluminous, heavily cross-referenced, possibly ambiguous and even conflicting at times. There are often multiple documents that need to be consulted and satisfied; however it is a difficult task to locate all of the relevant provisions. In addition, sections dealing with the same or similar conceptual ideas sometimes lay down conflicting requirements. We propose a framework for regulation representation, analysis and comparison with emphasis on the extraction of similarities between provisions. We focus on accessibility regulations, whose intent is to provide the same or equivalent access to a building and its facilities for disabled persons. An XML regulatory repository is developed to extract structural as well as non-structural features from government regulations to help user understanding and computational analysis. A similarity analysis is performed between different sources of regulations. In order to achieve a better comparison between provisions, we employ a combination of feature matching and structural analysis. Results are shown on comparisons between American and European codes, as well as on the domain of electronic-rulemaking.
The main objective of the present work is to establish a link between the scientific fields of engineering seismology and structural engineering. Substantially it deals with the application and enhancements of methods coming from engineering seismology as well as their junctions to the fields of structural engineering respectively earthquake engineering. Based on real occurred earthquake damage inflicted to multistoried reinforced-concrete frame buildings, the influence of local site effects on the grade of structural damage is worked out. This relying on comprehensive investigations conducted during numerous field missions of German TaskForce after damaging earthquakes in Venezuela and Türkiye. Instrumental investigations on both the structure and its local subsoil in order to identify the damage potential of seismic ground motion take center stage of the thesis. Thereby it is examined whether or not an estimated seismic demand representative in amplitude level and frequency characteristics is able to cause structural damage considering the vulnerability of the structure itself as well as the local site and subsoil conditions. Investigations are concentrated on selected RC frame structures with or without masonry infill walls.
How does it come to particular structure formations in the cities and which strengths play a role in this process? On which elements can the phenomena be reduced to find the respective combination rules? How do general principles have to be formulated to be able to describe the urban processes so that different structural qualities can be produced? With the aid of mathematic methods, models based on four basic levels are generated in the computer, through which the connections between the elements and the rules of their interaction can be examined. Conclusions on the function of developing processes and the further urban origin can be derived.
The planning of projects in building engineering is a complex process which is characterized by a dynamical composition and many modifications during the definition and execution time of processes. For a computer-aided and network-based cooperation a formal description of the planning process is necessary. In the research project “Relational Process Modelling in Cooperative Building Planning” a process model is described by three parts: an organizational structure with participants, a building structure with states and a process structure with activities. This research project is part of the priority program 1103 “Network-Based Cooperative Planning Processes in Structural Engineering” promoted by the German Research Foundation (DFG). Planning processes in civil engineering can be described by workflow graphs. The process structure describes the logical planning process and can be formally defined by a bipartite graph. This structure consists of activities, transitions and relationships between activities and transitions. In order to minimize errors at execution time of a planning process a consistent and structurally correct process model must be guaranteed. This contribution considers the concept and the algorithms for checking the consistency and the correctness of the process structure.
In this paper, systematic analyses for the shoring systems installed to support the applied loads during construction are performed on the basis of the numerical approach. On the basis of a rigorous time-dependent analysis, structural behaviors of reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures according to the changes in design variables such as the types of shoring systems, shore stiffness and shore spacing are analyzed and discussed. The time-dependent deformations of concrete such as creep and shrinkage and construction sequences of frame structures are also taken into account to minimize the structural instability and to reach to an improved design of shoring system because these effects may increase the axial forces delivered to the shores. In advance, the influence of the column shortening effect, generally mentioned in a tall building structure, is analyzed. From many parametric studies, it has been finally concluded that the most effective shoring system in RC frame structures is 2S1R (two shores and one reshore) regardless of the changes in design variables.
In our project, we develop new tools for the conceptual design phase. During conceptual design, the coarse functionality and organization of a building is more important than a detailed worked out construction. We identify two roles, first the knowledge engineer who is responsible for knowledge definition and maintenance; second the architect who elaborates the conceptual design. The tool for the knowledge engineer is based on graph technology, it is specified using PROGRES and the UPGRADE framework. The tools for the architect are integrated to the industrial CAD tool ArchiCAD. Consistency between knowledge and conceptual design is ensured by the constraint checker, another extension to ArchiCAD.
Cost and Schedule Controlling in Relation to Liquidity Management during Construction Projects
(2004)
The present paper describes a software application which can be used for relating the scheduled events of a construction project with the respective financial parameters, leading to an overall improvement in general controlling and liquidity management. For this purpose, existing construction schedules are taken and details of the assignment are recorded. Thus it becomes possible to assess a future payment status should changes in the designated schedule occur.
This paper introduces the current development of electronic catalogues of construction products. The common system architecture of Web-based electronic products catalogues are discussed, followed by a discussion on construction products information standardization and latest distributed-systems technologies for communicating construction products information. Finally, this paper presents an implementation of Web service in e-commerce systems to enable sharing of construction products information.
Development of Urban Land Use Model to Compare Transit-Oriented and Automobile-Oriented Cities
(2004)
This study is an attempt to develop a simple simulation model that can compare the differences between automobile-oriented and transit-oriented cities, and clarify the difference between city forms by transportation modes. Following a theoretical model development, a series of simulation runs are tried. The model allocates people who commute to CBD from residential zones along a transportation corridor. As a result of many simulation analyses, it is shown that automobiles need much more traffic space in comparison with the transit as is shown by the proposed traffic space ratio both in CBD and along the corridor.
In this Paper, we explored the relation between the electricity consumption in residential sector and the automobile energy consumption in transportation sector in accordance with the location of city by employing Geographic Information System (GIS). We found in the study that the electricity consumption per capita has a tendency that is higher in city center and lower in suburbs in Utsunomiya city. It is also noted that there is little difference among total consumption between city center and suburbs, despite the fact that the density of electric appliances tends to increase in a small size house of city center and the amount of automobile energy consumption from residence is lower in city center than in suburbs.
In current AEC practice client requirements are typically recorded in a building program, which, depending on the building type, covers various aspects from the overall goals, activities and spatial needs to very detailed material and condition requirements. This documentation is used as the starting point of the design process, but as the design progresses, it is usually left aside and changes are made incrementally based on the previous design solution. These incremental small changes can lead to a solution that may no longer meet the original requirements. In addition, design is by nature an iterative process and the proposed solutions often also cause evolution in the client requirements. However, the requirements documentation is usually not updated accordingly. Finding the latest updates and evolution of the requirements from the documentation is very difficult, if not impossible. This process can lead to an end result, which is significantly different from the documented requirements. Some important requirements may not be satisfied, and even if the design process was based on agreed-upon changes in the scope and requirements, differences in the requirements documents and in the completed building can lead to well-justified doubts about the quality of the design and construction process...
In recent years, the survey is performed for repair, such as a bridge and a building built in past, spending great expense. And it is anxious for the survey technique that doesn’t need cost and time more. Then, we made an idea of the technique of precise 3D model creation by 2D pictures. However, the technique of performing the improvement in accuracy of convergent photographing and automatic acquisition of corresponding points was not established. Therefore, in this research, we try to obtain a semi-automation of corresponding points acquisition from initial corresponding points and the improvement in accuracy of convergent photographing. Moreover, we applied the research to the used house of Japanese real estate, and the applicable field was selected as the high needs of the residence of 3D model. And we developed the system that everyone could create Web / 3D model house by VRML easily without requiring expensive apparatuses or expertise.
This paper presents results of a study on distributed, or parallel, evolutionary computation in the topological design of steel structural systems in tall buildings. It describes results of extensive experimental research on various parallel evolutionary architectures applied to a complex structural design problem. The experiments were conducted using Inventor 2003, a networkbased evolutionary design support tool developed at George Mason University. First, a general introduction to evolutionary computation is provided with an emphasis on recent developments in parallel evolutionary architectures. Next, a discussion of conceptual design of steel structural systems in tall buildings is presented. Further, Inventor 2003 is briefly introduced as well as its design representation and evolutionary computation characteristics. Next, the results obtained from systematic design experiments conducted with Inventor 2003 are discussed. The objective of these experiments was to qualitatively and quantitatively investigate evolution of steel structural systems in tall buildings during a distributed evolutionary design process as well as to compare efficiency and effectiveness of various parallel evolutionary architectures with the traditional evolutionary design approaches. Two connectivity topologies (ring topology and fully-connected topology) have been investigated for four populations of structural designs evolving in parallel and using various migration strategies. Also, results of the initial sensitivity studies are reported in which two ways of initializing distributed evolutionary design processes were investigated, using either arbitrarily selected designs as initial parents or randomly generated ones. Finally, initial research conclusions are presented.
The management of resources is an essential task in each construction company. Today, ERP systems and e-Business systems are available to assist construction companies to efficiently organise the allocation of their personnel and equipment within the company, but they cannot provide the company with the idle resources for every single task that has to be performed during a construction project. Therefore, companies should have an alternative solution to better exploit expensive resources and compensate their fixed costs, but also have them available at the right time for their own business activities. This paper outlines the approach taken by the EU funded project “e-Sharing” (IST-2001-33325) to support resource management between construction companies. It will describe requirements for the management of construction resources, its core features, and the integration approach. Therefore, we will outline the approach of an integrated resource type model supporting the management and classification of construction equipment, construction tasks and qualification profiles. The development is based on a cross-domain analysis and evaluation of existing models. ...
Analysis System for Bridge Test (Chinese name abbr.: QLJC) is an application software specially designed for bridge test to analyze the static and dynamic character of bridge structures, calculate efficiency ratio of load test, pick up the results of observation points and so on. In this paper, research content, system design, calculation theory, characteristics and practical application of QLJC is introduced in detail.
Some key facts about the economic environment of construction industry are explained. It is shown that construction industry is very heterogeneous and has changed drastically during the recent years due to a rapidly moving commercial environment. Two examples of todays’s use of virtual construction tools in construction projects are presented. The first example is the document control for a large international project. The second is the application of 4D modelling in the preconstruction phase of a dam project. It is shown that virtual construction, is a major international trend that currently takes up speed. Some generic industry needs for Research and Development which aims at short and medium term results are presented.
The paper presents the abstraction of process relevant information in order to enable the workflow management based on semantic data. It is shown for three examples, how the standards define the information needed to perform a certain planning activity. Abstraction of process relevant information is discussed for different granularities of the underlying processmodel. As one possible application ProMiSE is introduced, which uses process relevant data in individual tokens in a petri-net based process-model.
The contribution introduces an adaptable process model to meet the special requirements of the coordination of planning activities in AEC (Architecture, Engineering, Construction). The process model is based on the concept of Coloured Petri-Nets and uses metainformation to characterize process-relevant information and to enable process-control based on the actual results of the planning.
Efforts to define standards for representing AEC/FM data have been fairly successful. However defining a standard reference process model has not met with the same success. Yet almost every conceptual modelling or software development project starts by defining the business processes to be supported and the related requirements to be satisfied. This paper describes a new process-centred methodology for user requirements capture developed in the ICCI project (IST-2001-33022). Its essence is in recognising user requirements and use cases in the context of the real construction process, identifying the actors and roles for each individual activity and associating these activities with information, communication and standardisation requirements on the basis of a formalised specification, named the Process Matrix. In the paper we outline the history of process matrix development, introduce the basic structure of the matrix and show how it can be further extended and refined. We present also a web-based software implementation of the developed approach, describe how it has been used in ICCI and outline further perspectives.
A large-scale computer modeling and simulation method is presented for environmental flows in urban area. Several GIS and CAD data were used for the preparation of shape model and an automatic mesh generation method based on Delaunay method was developed. Parallel finite element method based on domain decomposition method was employed for the numerical simulation of natural phenomena. The present method was applied to the simulation of flood flow and wind flow in urban area. The present method is shown to be a useful planning and design tool for the natural disasters and the change of environments.
Die ein- und zweidimensionale numerische Berechnung der Fließvorgänge in offenen Gerinnen findet zunehmend auch Anwendung in der Modellierung immer komplexerer Prozesse im unter Anderem im Bereich der Ökosystemmodellierung in Gebirgs- und Mittelgebirgsbächen. In diesem Bereich existieren zurzeit noch Probleme hinsichtlich der hydraulischen Prognoserechnungen. Neben den numerischen Grundlagen werden die Abhängigkeiten des Strömungsfeldes von der Rauheitsstruktur der Sohle und der Überdeckungshöhe behandelt. Zur Untersuchung der Fließwiderstandsgleichungen wurden Laborversuche in einer Versuchsrinne durchgeführt. Es wird gezeigt, dass der üblicherweise verwendete Ansatz des mittleren Sohlgefälles bei der Berechnung der Sohlschubspannungsgeschwindigkeit u* in Stufen-Becken-Sequenzen nicht zulässig ist. Stattdessen ist es erforderlich, die lokalen Energieliniengefälle zu bestimmen und einzusetzen. Die Anwendung der aus der Literatur bekannten Ansätze zur Beschreibung des Fließwiderstandes führt zu keinen befriedigenden Ergebnissen und wird ausführlich diskutiert. In der Untersuchung der verschiedenen Fließwiderstandsbeziehungen zeigte sich, dass insbesondere die ungenügende Beschreibung der Rauheitstruktur der Sohloberfläche durch einen charakteristischen Korndurchmesser des Sohlmaterials als unzureichend anzusehen ist. Hinsichtlich der Beschreibung rauer Oberflächenstrukturen wurde ein einfacher Segmentierungsalgorithmus entwickelt, der es erlaubt, komplizierte Oberflächenstrukturen zu vereinfachen und über die Standardabweichung abschnittsweise Rauheiten zuzuweisen. Dieses Verfahren wird in einem zweidimensionalen hydraulischen Modell eingesetzt. Hierdurch wird für die Wassertiefenbestimmung als auch für die Fließgeschwindigkeitsbestimmung eine Berücksichtigung der speziellen topographischen Verhältnisse ermöglicht.
The goal of the research is the development of a computer system to plan, simulate and visualize erection processes in construction. In the research construction cranes are treated as robots with predefined degrees of freedom and crane-specific motion planning techniques are developed to generate time-optimized and collision-free paths for each piece to be erected in the project. Using inverse kinematics and structural dynamics simulation, the computer system then computes the crane motions and velocities necessary to achieve the previously calculated paths. The main benefits of the research are the accurate planning and scheduling of crane operations leading to optimization of crane usage and project schedules, as well as improving overall crane safety in the project. This research is aimed at the development of systems that will allow computer-assisted erection of civil infrastructure and ultimately to achieve fully-automated erection processes using robotic cranes...
The goal of the research is to increase the understanding of dynamic behaviors during the crane operation, and develops computer-aided methods to improve the training of crane operators. There are approximately 125,000 cranes in operation today in the construction industry, responsible for major portion of erection activities. Unfortunately, many accidents occur every year in the U.S. and other countries related to the operation of cranes in construction sites. For example on November 28, 1989 a tower crane collapse during the construction of a building in San Francisco killing four construction workers, one civilian and injuring 28. According to the statistics from Occupational Safety Health Administration (OSHA), there were 137 crane-related fatalities from 1992 to 2001 in the US. A well-known internet website that keeps track of crane-related accidents (craneaccidents.com), reports 516 accidents and 277 fatalities from 2000 to 2002. These statistics show that even though many measures have been taken to decrease the number of crane-related accidents (Braam, 2002), the number of crane related accidents is still very large. It is important to recognize that each construction related fatality is not only a great human loss but also increases the costs of insurance, lawsuits, and the construction budget due to delay of a project (Paulson 1992)...
Most retaining walls and box culverts built for arterial road construction are simple, and the design process of these structures is often repetitive and labor-intensive because they are so similar in structural configuration. Although some integrated design automation systems developed for retaining walls and box culverts have expedited the design process of these structures, the process of collecting and distributing the resultant engineering documents has not been fully integrated with the computer applications. We have been developing a Web-based design automation system to manage the resultant documents as well as to speed up the repetitive design process. Manipulation of engineering drawings in the Web page is one of the critical functions needed for Web-based design automation. eXtensible Markup Language (XML) and XML-based vector graphics are expected to facilitate the representation of engineering drawings in the Web page. In this paper, we present how we used XML and Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) to compose engineering drawings and represent them in the Web page. XML Data Island we designed to define drawing components turned out effective in manipulating the engineering drawings in the Web page.
The paper investigates accuracy of deflection predictions made by the finite element package ATENA and design code methods ACI and EC2. Deflections have been calculated for a large number of experimental reinforced concrete beams reported by three investigators. Statistical parameters have been established for each of the technique at different load levels, separately for the beams with small and moderate reinforcement ratio.
There exists a big gap between the capabilities of current 3D-CAD applications and their actual usage in practice. Many architects and planners still prefer to draft in 2D because the benefits of 3D modeling are difficult to explain. This presentation offers a basis to view the 3D building model not merely as the source for 2D plan generation. By adding extra dimensions like Time and Cost to the 3D building model it becomes possible to generate dynamic information on building construction progress with regards to used material, resources and cost. These additional benefits are key elements to many planners and contractors and may therefore widen the acceptance of 3D building modeling in general.
Transport problems, as, for instance, the transport of sediment in hydraulic engineering and the transport of harmful substances through porous media, play an important role in many fields of civil engineering. Other examples include the dissipation of heat or sound as well as the simulation of traffic with macroscopic models. The contribution explains the analysis of the applicability of Voronoi-based finite volume methods for the approximation of solutions of transport problems. A special concern is the discretisation of the transport equation. Current limitations of the method as well as ideas for stabilisation are explained with examples.
All construction project are constrained by their schedules, budgets and specifications, and safety and environmental regulations. These constraints made construction management more complex and difficult. At the same time, many historical data that can support the decisions in the future are kept in construction enterprises,. To use the historical data effectively and efficiently, it is essential to apply the data warehouse and data mining technologies. This paper introduces a research which aims to develop a data warehouse system according to the requirements of construction enterprises and use data mining technology to learn useful information and knowledge from the data warehouse system. The design, the development and the application of this system are detailedly introduced in this paper.
The construction industry is a supportive industry in China. IT (information technolgy), including computer technology and communication technology, as a whole is regarded as the most important means to upgrade the construction industry so that research projects were organized by Chinese government to further the application of IT in the construction industry. This study originated from one of the projects and is aimed at grasping the general situation on the application of IT in the construction industry. A questionnaire was designed for the survey, which used stratified proportional sampling method, and was carried out under the help of a government agency. This study can not only provide sound foundation for the government to make relative policies, but also reveal references for the firms in construction industry to apply IT in their business. This paper presents the preliminary result of the survey.