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- 2010 (17) (remove)
In this dissertation, a new, unique and original biaxial device for testing unsaturated soil was designed and developed. A study on the mechanical behaviour of unsaturated sand in plane-strain conditions using the new device is presented. The tests were mainly conducted on Hostun sand specimens. A series of experiments including basic characterisation, soil water characteristic curves, and compression biaxial tests on dry, saturated, and unsaturated sand were conducted. A set of bearing capacity tests of strip model footing on unsaturated sand were performed. Additionally, since the presence of fine content (i.e., clay) influences the behavior of soils, soil water characteristic tests were also performed for sand-kaolin mixtures specimens.
Die Behandlung von geometrischen Singularitäten bei der Lösung von Randwertaufgaben der Elastostatik stellt erhöhte Anforderungen an die mathematische Modellierung des Randwertproblems und erfordert für eine effiziente Auswertung speziell angepasste Berechnungsverfahren. Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der systematischen Verallgemeinerung der Methode der komplexen Spannungsfunktionen auf den Raum, wobei der Schwerpunkt in erster Linie auf der Begründung des mathematischen Verfahrens unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der praktischen Anwendbarkeit liegt. Den theoretischen Rahmen hierfür bildet die Theorie quaternionenwertiger Funktionen. Dementsprechend wird die Klasse der monogenen Funktionen als Grundlage verwendet, um im ersten Teil der Arbeit ein räumliches Analogon zum Darstellungssatz von Goursat zu beweisen und verallgemeinerte Kolosov-Muskhelishvili Formeln zu konstruieren. Im Hinblick auf die vielfältigen Anwendungsbereiche der Methode beschäftigt sich der zweite Teil der Arbeit mit der lokalen und globalen Approximation von monogenen Funktionen. Hierzu werden vollständige Orthogonalsysteme monogener Kugelfunktionen konstruiert, infolge dessen neuartige Darstellungen der kanonischen Reihenentwicklungen (Taylor, Fourier, Laurent) definiert werden. In Analogie zu den komplexen Potenz- und Laurentreihen auf der Grundlage der holomorphen z-Potenzen werden durch diese monogenen Orthogonalreihen alle wesentlichen Eigenschaften bezüglich der hyperkomplexen Ableitung und der monogenen Stammfunktion verallgemeinert. Anhand repräsentativer Beispiele werden die qualitativen und numerischen Eigenschaften der entwickelten funktionentheoretischen Verfahren abschließend evaluiert. In diesem Kontext werden ferner einige weiterführende Anwendungsbereiche im Rahmen der räumlichen Funktionentheorie betrachtet, welche die speziellen Struktureigenschaften der monogenen Potenz- und Laurentreihenentwicklungen benötigen.
The advent of high-performance mobile phones has opened up the opportunity to develop new context-aware applications for everyday life. In particular, applications for context-aware information retrieval in conjunction with image-based object recognition have become a focal area of recent research. In this thesis we introduce an adaptive mobile museum guidance system that allows visitors in a museum to identify exhibits by taking a picture with their mobile phone. Besides approaches to object recognition, we present different adaptation techniques that improve classification performance. After providing a comprehensive background of context-aware mobile information systems in general, we present an on-device object recognition algorithm and show how its classification performance can be improved by capturing multiple images of a single exhibit. To accomplish this, we combine the classification results of the individual pictures and consider the perspective relations among the retrieved database images. In order to identify multiple exhibits in pictures we present an approach that uses the spatial relationships among the objects in images. They make it possible to infer and validate the locations of undetected objects relative to the detected ones and additionally improve classification performance. To cope with environmental influences, we introduce an adaptation technique that establishes ad-hoc wireless networks among the visitors’ mobile devices to exchange classification data. This ensures constant classification rates under varying illumination levels and changing object placement. Finally, in addition to localization using RF-technology, we present an adaptation technique that uses user-generated spatio-temporal pathway data for person movement prediction. Based on the history of previously visited exhibits, the algorithm determines possible future locations and incorporates these predictions into the object classification process. This increases classification performance and offers benefits comparable to traditional localization approaches but without the need for additional hardware. Through multiple field studies and laboratory experiments we demonstrate the benefits of each approach and show how they influence the overall classification rate.
Seit 1969 werden für die Bundesrepublik kontinuierlich Berechnungen zu den Gesamtkosten des Straßenverkehrs der Bundesfernstraßen und deren Verteilung auf die Verkehrsteilnehmer durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse der Wegekostenrechnungen der Jahre 2002 und 2007 sind die Grundlage für die mittlerweile für das deutsche Autobahnnetz eingeführte fahrleistungsbezogene Benutzungsgebühr für Lkw mit einem zulässigen Gesamtgewicht von mindestens zwölf Tonnen. Damit wird die Forderung der EU-Richtlinie 1999/62/EG umgesetzt, nach der sich die durchschnittlichen Straßenbenutzungsgebühren an den Kosten für den Bau, den Betrieb und den Ausbau des betreffenden Verkehrswegenetzes orientieren sollen. Mit der EU-Richtlinie 2006/38/EG kündigt sich die weitere Entwicklung bei der Berechnung von Straßenbenutzungsgebühren an. Zukünftig sollen auch externe Kosten in die Berechnung einfließen. Ein erster Schritt zur Berücksichtigung dieser externen Kosten erfolgte mit Erstellung eines Handbuchs im Rahmen eines EU-Forschungsprojektes. Das Handbuch enthält aufgrund der unterschiedlichen Rahmenbedingungen in den Mitgliedsstaaten der EU keine exakten Berechnungsvorschriften, sondern stellt verschiedene methodische Ansätze bisher durchgeführter Studien zu externen Kosten vor, gibt Empfehlungen hinsichtlich der Methodenwahl und beinhaltet Schätzungen über die Höhe der externen Kosten. Die im europäischen Raum in den vergangenen Jahren durchgeführten Studien zur Ermittlung externer Kosten des Verkehrs zeichnen sich durch einander ähnelnde Vorgehensweisen aus, die aber vor allem hinsichtlich der Kostenrechnungsart und der verwendeten Kostensätze aus Sicht des Verfassers der vorliegenden Arbeit kritische Aspekte aufweisen. In der vorliegenden Dissertationsschrift wird daher eine alternative Berechnungsmethodik zur Ermittlung abschnitts-, fahrzeugklassen- und fahrleistungsbezogener externer Kosten für Autobahnen entwickelt und an einem ausgewählten Beispielnetz zur Anwendung gebracht. Dabei wird in einigen wesentlichen Punkten von der in aktuellen Studien überwiegend gewählten Vorgehensweise abgewichen, um eine andere Sichtweise darzustellen. Damit trägt die vorliegende Arbeit substanziell zur Erweiterung des Erkenntnisstands zu Berechnungsmethoden externer Kosten des Straßenverkehrs bei. Die hier entwickelte Berechnungsmethodik ist außerdem als Grundlage für ein in der Praxis anwendbares Verfahren zu verstehen und zeichnet sich auch daher durch eine einfach zu handhabende Übertragbarkeit auf das gesamte Autobahnnetz Deutschlands aus. Die Abschnitte entsprechen den Teilstrecken zwischen zwei Autobahnanschlussstellen. Es wird zwischen den beiden Fahrzeugklassen "Lkw ab 12 t zulässigem Gesamtgewicht" und "Sonstigen Fahrzeugen" unterschieden. Obwohl momentan nur eine Benutzungsgebühr für Lkw ab 12 t zulässigem Gesamtgewicht erhoben wird, ist es mit der entwickelten Methodik möglich, fahrleistungsbezogene externe Kosten für alle Kfz angeben zu können. Die Einbeziehung externer Nutzen wird in diesem Zusammenhang andiskutiert; der Schwerpunkt liegt allerdings auf den externen Kosten. Im Rahmen der Arbeit werden zunächst Definitionen wesentlicher Terminologien dargestellt, soweit diese für das Verständnis der sich anschließenden Diskussion und Festlegung der Grundlagen der entwickelten Berechnungsmethodik notwendig erscheinen. Diese Diskussion und Festlegung umfasst die Bereiche Kostenrechnungsart, Bewertungsverfahren zur Ermittlung des Wertegerüsts, Diskontrate, zu betrachtende Kostenbereiche, Mengengerüst und Allokationsrechnung. Darauf folgend werden die betrachteten Kostenbereiche anhand vorliegender Studien und eigener Überlegungen detailliert dargestellt und das Wertegerüst bestimmt. Außerdem wird die Allokationsrechnung und das für die Berechnung heranzuziehende Mengengerüst für jeden Bereich separat vorgestellt. Anschließend wird die entwickelte Berechnungsmethodik auf ein Beispielnetz (Autobahnnetz Thüringen) angewendet. Neben der Vorstellung des Untersuchungsgebiets, der Berechnung der externen Kosten und der disaggregierten Ergebnisdarstellung wird die Einteilung des Beispielnetzes in unterschiedliche Preiskategorien auf der Grundlage der abschnittsbezogen vorliegenden Ergebnisse diskutiert, auf deren Basis die externen Kosten über Straßenbenutzungsgebühren internalisiert werden könnten. Im Rahmen einer Sensitivitätsanalyse werden einzelne Annahmen der Berechnungsmethodik bzw. Kostensätze des Wertegerüsts variiert. Die Auswirkungen dieser Variationen werden wiederum am Beispielnetz, für das erneute Kostenberechnungen vorgenommen werden, dargelegt. Abschließend werden offen gebliebene Fragestellungen und Empfehlungen für weitere Untersuchungen benannt.
Public Private Partnership (PPP) setzt sich zunehmend als alternative Beschaffungsvariante für die öffentliche Hand durch. Im Krankenhausbereich bestehen erste Erfahrungen mit PPP, allerdings kann hier im Gegensatz zu anderen öffentlichen Bereichen noch nicht von einer Etablierung gesprochen werden. In vielen Krankenhäusern besteht Unklarheit über dieses neue Organisationskonzept. Was steckt hinter diesem Begriff, der teilweise synonym zur „Privatisierung“ verwendet wird? Ausgehend von dieser Fragestellung wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit gezeigt, dass PPP bei richtiger Anwendung eine Alternative zum Verkauf eines öffentlichen Krankenhauses darstellt. PPP ist ein Instrument, mit dem privates Know-how und Kapital für den öffentlichen Krankenhausträger nutzbar gemacht wird. Die öffentliche Trägerschaft des Krankenhauses bleibt dabei, im Gegensatz zu einer materiellen Privatisierung, erhalten. Die Rahmenbedingungen des Gesundheitswesens stellen insbesondere die öffentlichen Krankenhäuser vor große Herausforderungen. Die Lage ist zunehmend geprägt von Mittelknappheit, Sanierungsstau und stetig steigendem Wettbewerbsdruck um die Patienten. Die Reformbemühungen der Bundesregierung zur Senkung der Gesundheitsausgaben haben in den letzten Jahrzehnten zu immer neuen Gesetzesregelungen in immer kürzeren Zeitabständen geführt. Den bisher letzten großen Schritt in dieser Entwicklung stellt die Umstellung der Krankenhausvergütung auf DRG-Fallpauschalen dar. Die Auswirkungen sind insbesondere in den öffentlichen Krankenhäusern zu spüren. Defizitäre Einrichtungen, die bisher durch Subventionen gestützt wurden, werden nun nicht mehr „künstlich am Leben“ erhalten. Alle Krankenhäuser erhalten eine leistungsorientierte Vergütung, weitgehend unabhängig von den krankenhausspezifisch anfallenden Kosten. Durch diese Entwicklungen wurde das Bestreben in den Krankenhäuser, die internen Leistungsprozesse zu optimieren, weiter forciert. Dabei kommt den mit der Gebäudesubstanz verbundenen Leistungen eine besondere Bedeutung zu. Aufgrund hoher Investitionskosten und bedeutender Aufwendungen in der Nutzungsphase erreichen die nicht-medizinischen Leistungen in einem Krankenhaus einen beachtlichen Anteil an den Gesamtkosten. Fast ein Drittel der Krankenhaus-Kosten steht nicht in direkter Beziehung zum Heilungsprozess. In Deutschland macht dieser Anteil der nicht-medizinischen Abläufe jährlich rd. 18 Mrd. Euro aus. Das Optimierungspotenzial des nicht-medizinischen Leistungsbereichs, der auch die bau- und immobilienwirtschaftlichen Leistungen umfasst, wird bisher oft noch unterschätzt und ist in den meisten Fällen noch nicht ausgeschöpft. Allein schon aufgrund dessen finanzieller Bedeutung bedarf es einer verstärkten wissenschaftlichen Auseinandersetzung. Dieser Notwendigkeit ist bisher noch unzureichend Rechnung getragen wurden. Die vorliegende Arbeit will mit der Erforschung der Anwendbarkeit von PPP für Krankenaus-Immobilien einen Beitrag dazu leisten, diese Lücke zu schließen. Mit dieser für den deutschen Krankenhausbereich neuartigen Beschaffungsvariante wird ein Weg aufgezeigt, wie bei den nicht-medizinischen Leistungen nachhaltig Effizienzpotenziale erschlossen werden können und auf diese Weise ein Beitrag zum wirtschaftlichen Erfolg des gesamten Krankenhauses erzielt werden kann.
One of the main focuses of recent Chinese urban development is the creation and retrofitting of public spaces driven by the market force and demand. However, researches concerning human and cultural influences on shaping public spaces have been scanty. There still exist many undefined ambiguous planning aspects institutionally and legislatively. This is an explanatory research to address interactions, incorporations and interrelationship between the lived environment and its peoples. It is knowledge-seeking and normative. Theoretically, public space in a Chinese context is conceptualized; empirically, a selected case is inquired. The research has unfolded a comparatively complete understanding of China’s planning evolution and on-going practices. Data collection emphasizes the concept of ‘people’ and ‘space’. First-hand data is derived from the intensive fieldwork and observatory and participatory documentations. The ample detailed authentic empirical data empowers space syntax as a strong analysis tool in decoding how human’s activities influence the public space. Findings fall into two categories but interdependent. Firstly, it discloses the studied settlement as a generic, organic and incremental development model. Its growth and established environment is evolutionary and incremental, based on its intrinsic traditions, life values and available resources. As a self-sustaining settlement, it highlights certain vernacular traits of spatial development out of lifestyles and cultural practices. Its spatial articulation appears as a process parallel to socio-economic transitions. Secondly, crucial planning aspects are theoretically summarized to address the existing gap between current planning methodology and practicalities. It pinpoints several most significant and particular issues, namely, disintegrated land use system and urban planning; missing of urban design in the planning system, loss of a human-responsive environment resulted from standardized planning and under-estimation of heritage in urban development. The research challenges present Chinese planning laws and regulations through urban public space study; and pinpoints to yield certain growth leverage for planning and development. Thus, planning is able to empower inhabitants to make decisions along the process of shaping and sustaining their space. Therefore, it discusses not only legislative issues, concerning land use planning, urban design and heritage conservation. It leads to a pivotal proposal, i.e., the integration of human and their social spaces in formulating a new spatial strategy. It expects to inform policymakers of underpinning social values and cultural practices in reconfiguring postmodern Chinese spatiality. It propounds that social context endemic to communities shall be integrated as a crucial tool in spatial strategy design, hence to strengthen spatial attributes and improve life quality.
On the mechanisms of shrinkage reducing admixtures in self con-solidating mortars and concretes
(2010)
Self Consolidating Concrete – a dream has come true!(?) Self Consolidating Concrete (SCC) is mainly characterised by its special rheological properties. With-out any vibration this concrete can be placed and compacted under its own weight, without segrega-tion or bleeding. The use of such concrete can increase the productivity on construction sites and en-able the use of a higher degree of well distributed reinforcement for thin walled structural members. This new technology also reduces health risks since in contrast to the traditional handling of concrete, the emission of noise and vibration are substantially decreased. The specific mix design for self consolidating concretes was introduced around the 1980s in Japan. In comparison to normal vibrated concrete an increased paste volume enables a good distribution of aggregates within the paste matrix, minimising the influence of aggregates friction on the concrete flow property. The introduction of inert and/or pozzolanic additives as part of the paste provides the required excess paste volume without using disproportionally high amounts of plain cement. Due to further developments of concrete admixtures such as superplasticizers, the cement paste can gain self levelling properties without causing segregation of aggregates. Whereas SCC differs from normal vibrated concrete in its fresh attributes, it should reach similar properties in the hardened state. Due to the increased paste volume it usually shows higher shrinkage. Furthermore, owing to strength requirements, SCC is often produced at low water to cement ratios and hence may additionally suffer from autogenous shrinkage. This means that cracking caused by drying or autogenous shrinkage is a real risk for SCC and can compromise its durability as cracks may serve as ingression paths for gases and salts or might permit leaching. For the time being SCC still exhibits increased shrinkage and cracking probability and hence may be discarded in many practical applications. This can be overcome by a better understanding of those mechanisms and the ways to mitigate them. It is a target of this thesis to contribute to this. How to cope with increased shrinkage of SCC? In general, engineers are facing severe problems related to shrinkage and cracking. Even for normal and high performance concrete, containing moderate amounts of binder, a lot of effort was put on counteracting shrinkage and avoiding cracking. For the time being these efforts resulted in the knowledge of how to distribute cracks rather to avoid them. The most efficient way to decrease shrinkage turned out to be to decrease the cement content of concrete down to a minimum but still sufficient amount. For SCC this obviously seems to be contradictory with the requirement of a high paste volume. Indeed, the potential for shrinkage reduction is limited to some small range modifications in the mix design following two major concepts. The first one is the reduction of the required paste volume by optimising the aggregate grading curve. The second one involves high volume substitution of cement, preferentially using inert mineral additives. The optimization of grading curves is limited by several severe practical issues. Problems start with the availability of sufficiently fractionated aggregates. Usually attempts fail because of the enormous effort in composing application-optimized grading curves or mix designs. Due to durability reasons, the substitution rate for cement is limited depending on the application purpose and on environmental exposure of the hardened concrete. In the early 1980s Shrinkage Reducing Admixtures (SRA) were introduced to counteract drying shrinkage of concrete. The first publications explicitly dealing with SRA go back to Goto and Sato (Japan). They were published in 1983, which is also the time when the SCC concept was introduced. SRA modified concretes showed a substantial reduction of free drying shrinkage contributing to crack prevention or at least a significant decrease of crack width in situations of restrained drying shrinkage. Will shrinkage reducing admixtures contribute to a broader application of SCC? Within the last three decades performance tests on several types of concrete proved the efficiency of shrinkage reducing admixtures. So, at least in terms of shrinkage and cracking, concretes in general and SCC in particular can benefit from SRA application. But "One man's meat is another man's poison" and with respect to long term performance of SRA modified concretes there are still several issues to be clarified. One of these concerns the impact of SRAs on cement hydration. It is therefore an issue to know if changes in the hydrated phase composition, induced by SRA, result in undesired properties or decreased durability. Another issue is that the long term shrinkage reduction has to be evaluated. For example, one can wonder if SRA leaching may diminish or even eliminate long term shrinkage reduction and if the release of admixtures could be a severe environmental issue. It should also be noted that the basic mechanism or physical impact of SRA as well as its implementation in recent models for shrinkage of concrete is still being discussed. The present thesis tries to shed light on the role of SRA in self consolidating concrete focusing on the three questions outlined above: basic mechanisms of cement hydration, physical impact on shrinkage and the sustainability of SRA-application. Which contributions result from this study? Based on an extensive patent search, commercial SRAs could be identified to be synergistic mixtures of non-ionic surfactants and glycols. This turns out to be most important information for more than one reason and is the subject of chapter 4. An abundant literature focuses on properties of these non-ionic surfactants. Moreover, from this rich pool of information, the behaviour of SRAs and their interactions in cementitious systems were better understood through this thesis. For example, it could be anticipated how SRAs behave in strong electrolytes and how surface activity, i.e. surface tension, and interparticle forces might be affected. The synergy effect regarding enhanced performance induced by the presence of additional glycol in SRAs could be derived from the literature on the co-surfactant nature of glycols. Generally it now can be said that glycols ensure that the non-ionic surfactant is properly distributed onto the paste interfaces to efficiently reduce surface tension. In literature, the impact of organic matter on cement hydration was extensively studied for other admixtures like superplasticizer. From there, main impact factors related to the nature of these molecules could be identified. In addition, here again, the literature on non-ionic surfactants provides sufficient information to anticipate possible interactions of SRA with cement hydration based on the nature of non-ionic surfactants. All in all, the extensive study on the nature of non-ionic surfactants, presented in chapter 4, provides fundamental understanding of the behaviour of SRAs in cement paste. Taking a step further to relate this to the impact on drying and shrinkage required to review recent models for drying and shrinkage of cement paste as presented in chapter 3. There, it is shown that macroscopic thermodynamics of the open pore systems can be successfully applied to predict drying induced deformation, but that surface activity of SRA still has to be implemented to explain the shrinkage reduction it causes. Because of severe issues concerning the importance of capillary pressure on shrinkage, a new macroscopic thermodynamic model was derived in a way that meets requirements to properly incorporate surface activity of SRA. This is the subject of chapter 5. Based on theoretical considerations, in chapter 5 the broader impact of SRA on drying cementitious matter could be outlined. In a next step, cement paste was treated as a deformable, open drying pore system. Thereby, the drying phenomena of SRA modified mortars and concrete observed by other authors could be retrieved. This phenomenological consistency of the model constitutes an important contribution towards the understanding of SRA mechanisms. Another main contribution of this work came from introducing an artificial pore system, denominated the normcube. Using this model system, it could be shown how the evolution of interfacial area and its properties interact in presence of SRAs and how this impacts drying characteristics. In chapter 7, the surface activity of commercial SRAs in aqueous solution and synthetic pore solution was investigated. This shows how the electrolyte concentration of synthetic pore solution impacts the phase behaviour of SRA and conversely, how the presence of SRA impacts the aqueous electrolyte solution. Whilst electrolytes enhance self-aggregation of SRAs into micelles and liquid crystals, the presence of SRAs leads to precipitation of minerals as syngenite and mirabilite. Moreover, electrolyte solutions containing SRAs comprise limited miscibility or rather show miscibility gaps, where the liquid separates into isotropic micellar solutions and surfactant rich reverse micellar solutions. The investigation of surface activity and phase behaviour of SRA unravelled another important contribution. From macroscopic surface tension measurements, a relationship between excess surface concentration of SRA, bulk concentration of SRA and exposed interfacial area could be derived. Based on this, it is now possible to predict the actual surface tension of the pore fluid in the course of drying once the evolution of internal interfacial area is known. This is used later in this thesis to describe the specific drying and shrinkage behaviour of SRA modified pastes and mortars. Calorimetric studies on normal Portland cement and composite binders revealed that SRA alone show only minor impact on hydration kinetics. In presence of superplasticizer however the cement hydration can be significantly decelerated. The delaying impact of SRA could be related to a selective deceleration of silicate phase hydration. Moreover, it could be shown that portlandite precipitation in presence of SRA is changed, turning the compact habitus into more or less layered structures. Thereby, the specific surface increases, causing the amount of physically bound water to increase, which in turn reduces the maximum degree of hydration achievable for sealed systems. Extensive phase analysis shows that the hydrated phase composition of SRA modified binders re-mains almost unaffected. The appearance of a temporary mineral phase could be detected by environmental scanning electron microscopy. As could be shown for synthetic pore solutions, syngenite precipitates during early hydration stages and is later consumed in the course of aluminate hydration, i.e. when sulphates are depleted. Moreover, for some SRAs, the salting out phenomena supposed to be enhanced in strong electrolytes could also be shown to take place. The resulting organic precipitates could be identified by SEM-EDX in cement paste and by X-ray diffraction on solid residues of synthetic pore solution. The presence of SRAs could also be identified to impact microstructure of well cured cement paste. Based on nitrogen adsorption measurements and mercury intrusion porosimetry the amount of small pores is seen to increase with SRA dosage, whilst the overall porosity remains unchanged. The question regarding sustainability of SRA application is the subject of chapter 10. By means of leaching studies it could be shown that SRA can be leached significantly. The mechanism could be identified as a diffusion process and a range of effective diffusion coefficients could be estimated. Thereby, the leaching of SRA can now be estimated for real structural members. However, while the admixture can be leached to high extents in tank tests, the leaching rates in practical applications can be assumed to be low because of much reduced contact with water. This could be proven by quantifying admixture loss during long term drying and rewetting cycles. Despite a loss of admixture shrinkage reduction is hardly impacted. Moreover, the cyclic tests revealed that the total deformations in presence of SRA remain low due to a lower extent of irreversibly shrinkage deformations. Another important contribution towards the better understanding of the working mechanism of SRA for drying and shrinkage came from the same leaching tests. A significant fraction of SRA is found to be immobile and does not diffuse in leaching. This fraction of SRA is probably strongly associated to cement phases as the calcium-silicate-hydrates or portlandite. Based on these findings, it is now also possible to quantify the amount of admixture active at the interfaces. This means that, the evolution of surface tension in the course of drying can be approximated, which is a fundamental requirement for modeling shrinkage in presence of SRA. The last experimental chapter of this study focuses on the working mechanism and impact of SRA on drying and shrinkage. Based on the thermodynamics of the open deformable pore system introduced in chapter 5, energy balances are set up using desorption and shrinkage isotherms of actual samples. Information on distribution of SRA in the hydrated paste is used to estimate the actual surface tensions of the pore solution. In other words, this is the first time that the surface activity of the SRA in the course of the drying is fully accounted for. From the energy balances the evolution and properties of the internal interface are then obtained. This made it possible to explain why SRAs impact drying and shrinkage and in what specific range of relative humidity they are active. Summarising the findings of this thesis it can be said that the understanding of the impact of SRAs on hydration, drying and shrinkage was brought forward. Many of the new insights came from the careful investigation of the theory of non-ionic surfactants, something that the cement community had generally overlooked up to now.
Verkehrsmengenrisiko bei PPP-Projekten im Straßensektor - Determinanten effizienter Risikoallokation
(2010)
Trotz weltweit umfangreichen Erfahrungen mit Public Private Partnership Projekten im Straßensektor bleibt der Umgang mit dem Verkehrsmengenrisiko für die Projektbeteiligten eine Herausforderung. Die Arbeit widmet sich daher der wesentlichen Fragestellung nach einer effizienten Allokation dieses Risikos, dem nicht weniger Bedeutung zukommt als für den gesamtwirtschaftlichen Erfolg eines Straßenkonzessionsprojektes eine entscheidende Rolle zu spielen. Untersucht werden zunächst die Charakteristika des Verkehrsmengenrisikos mit seinen umfänglichen Einflussfaktoren. Anschließend werden die in der Praxis zur Anwendung kommenden Vertragsmodelle zur Bewirtschaftung von Straßeninfrastruktur dargestellt und analysiert, wie in den einzelnen Modellen Verkehrsmengenrisiko auf die verschiedenen Vertragspartner verteilt wird. Auf Basis dieser Grundlagen wird ein kriteriengestützter Analyserahmen entwickelt, der die Effizienz unterschiedlicher Risikoallokationen zwischen den Vertragspartner bewertet. Dabei werden einerseits die effizienzbeeinflussenden Eigenschaften der potentiellen Risikoträger eines PPP-Projektes berücksichtigt als auch die die effizienzbeeinflussenden Wirkungen der unterschiedlichen Vertragsmodelle. Aus den Erkenntnissen dieser Analyse werden letztlich Handlungs- und Gestaltungsempfehlungen zum Umgang mit dem Verkehrsmengenrisiko abgeleitet.
In the last two decades, many cities have faced changes in their economic basis and therefore adopted an entrepreneurial approach in the municipal administration accompanied by city marketing strategies. Brazilian cities have also adopted this approach, like the case of Florianópolis. Florianópolis has promoted advertising campaigns on the natural resources of the Island of Santa Catarina as well as on its quality of life in comparison to other cities. However, due also to such campaigns, it has experienced a great demographic growth and, consequently, infrastructural and social problems. Nevertheless, it seems to have a good image within the national urban scenario and has been commonly considered an “urban consumption dream” for many Brazilians. This paradoxical situation is the reason why it has been chosen as the research object in this dissertation. Thus, the questions of this research are: is there a gap between the promise and the performance of the city of Florianópolis? If so, can tourists and residents recognize it? And finally, how can this gap be demonstrated? Accordingly, the main objective of this research is to propose a conformity assessment approach applicable to cities, by which the content of city advertisement campaigns can be compared to its performance indicators and satisfaction degree of its consumers. Therefore, this approach is composed by different methods: literature and legislation reviews, semi-structured and structured interviews with experts and inhabitants, an urban centrality development analysis, a qualitative discourse analysis of advertising material (including images), a qualitative content analysis of newspaper reports and a questionnaire survey. Finally, the theses are: yes, there is a gap between promise and performance of Florianópolis; this promise is a result of city marketing campaigns which advertise its natural features and at the same time hiding its urban aspects, supported by some political and private actors, mainly interested in the development of tourism and real estate market in the city; this gap has been already recognized by tourists and more intensively by residents; the selected methods worked as a kind of conformity assessment for cities and tourist destinations; and last but not least, since there is a gap, it designates the practice of “make-up urbanism”. Research limitations are the short time frame covered by this analysis and small and non-representative samples. However, its relevance lies in the attempt to fill in two disciplinary lacunas: a conformity assessment approach for cities and the creation of knowledge about Florianópolis and its further presentation at an international level, on the one hand. On the other hand, the transfer of this approach to other cities would help explaining a (common) contemporary urban phenomenon and appeal for more ethical conduct and transparency in the practices of city marketing.
This thesis focuses on the cryptanalysis and the design of block ciphers and hash func- tions. The thesis starts with an overview of methods for cryptanalysis of block ciphers which are based on differential cryptanalysis. We explain these concepts and also sev- eral combinations of these attacks. We propose new attacks on reduced versions of ARIA and AES. Furthermore, we analyze the strength of the internal block ciphers of hash functions. We propose the first attacks that break the internal block ciphers of Tiger, HAS-160, and a reduced round version of SHACAL-2. The last part of the thesis is concerned with the analysis and the design of cryptographic hash functions. We adopt a block cipher attack called slide attack into the scenario of hash function cryptanalysis. We then use this new method to attack different variants of GRINDAHL and RADIOGATUN. Finally, we propose a new hash function called TWISTER which was designed and pro- posed for the SHA-3 competition. TWISTER was accepted for round one of this com- petition. Our approach follows a new strategy to design a cryptographic hash function. We also describe several attacks on TWISTER and discuss the security issues concern- ing these attack on TWISTER.
Besides home entertainment and business presentations, video projectors are powerful tools for modulating images spatially as well as temporally. The re-evolving need for stereoscopic displays increases the demand for low-latency projectors and recent advances in LED technology also offer high modulation frequencies. Combining such high-frequency illumination modules with synchronized, fast cameras, makes it possible to develop specialized high-speed illumination systems for visual effects production. In this thesis we present different systems for using spatially as well as temporally modulated illumination in combination with a synchronized camera to simplify the requirements of standard digital video composition techniques for film and television productions and to offer new possibilities for visual effects generation. After an overview of the basic terminology and a summary of related methods, we discuss and give examples of how modulated light can be applied to a scene recording context to enable a variety of effects which cannot be realized using standard methods, such as virtual studio technology or chroma keying. We propose using high-frequency, synchronized illumination which, in addition to providing illumination, is modulated in terms of intensity and wavelength to encode technical information for visual effects generation. This is carried out in such a way that the technical components do not influence the final composite and are also not visible to observers on the film set. Using this approach we present a real-time flash keying system for the generation of perspectively correct augmented composites by projecting imperceptible markers for optical camera tracking. Furthermore, we present a system which enables the generation of various digital video compositing effects outside of completely controlled studio environments, such as virtual studios. A third temporal keying system is presented that aims to overcome the constraints of traditional chroma keying in terms of color spill and color dependency. ...
This cumulative dissertation investigates aspects of consumer decision making in hedonic contexts and its implications for the marketing of media goods through a series of three empirical studies. All three studies take place within a common theoretical framework of decision making models, applying parts of the framework in novel ways to solve real-world marketing research problems (study 1 and 2), and examining theoretical relationships between variables within of the framework (study 3). One notable way in which the studies differ is their theoretical treatment of the hedonic component of decision making, i.e. the role and conceptualization of emotions.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird eine kraftschlüssige Verbindungstechnik für modulare, schalenartige Faserverbundbauteile vorgestellt. Die Verbindung basiert auf der Verklebung mit lokal begrenzten Stahlblechen. Aus dem Verbindungsansatz wird die Verklebung zwischen Stahl und Faserverbundkunststoff vertiefend betrachtet. Ziel sind die Wahl von technologischen Randbedingungen, die Erarbeitung eines Vorschlages zur numerischen Berechnung und Bemessung und die Formulierung konstruktiver Empfehlungen zum Entwurf von Verklebungen. Mechanische Kennwerte werden in Zugversuchen ermittelt und direkt auf die nichtlinearen Berechnungen übertragen. Technologische Einflüsse und die Streuungen aus realen Verklebungen werden über die Nachrechnung von Zugscherversuchen in die Bemessung integriert. Es wird gezeigt, dass die Verklebungen ausreichende Festigkeiten und ein zufriedenstellendes Bruchverhalten aufweisen. Die Kombination aus einer Werkstattverklebung und einer baustellengerechten Montage ermöglicht eine materialgerechte und effiziente Verbindungen für Faserverbundkonstruktionen unter den Randbedingungen des Bauwesens.
The numerical simulation of damage using phenomenological models on the macroscale was state of the art for many decades. However, such models are not able to capture the complex nature of damage, which simultaneously proceeds on multiple length scales. Furthermore, these phenomenological models usually contain damage parameters, which are physically not interpretable. Consequently, a reasonable experimental determination of these parameters is often impossible. In the last twenty years, the ongoing advance in computational capacities provided new opportunities for more and more detailed studies of the microstructural damage behavior. Today, multiphase models with several million degrees of freedom enable for the numerical simulation of micro-damage phenomena in naturally heterogeneous materials. Therewith, the application of multiscale concepts for the numerical investigation of the complex nature of damage can be realized. The presented thesis contributes to a hierarchical multiscale strategy for the simulation of brittle intergranular damage in polycrystalline materials, for example aluminum. The numerical investigation of physical damage phenomena on an atomistic microscale and the integration of these physically based information into damage models on the continuum meso- and macroscale is intended. Therefore, numerical methods for the damage analysis on the micro- and mesoscale including the scale transfer are presented and the transition to the macroscale is discussed. The investigation of brittle intergranular damage on the microscale is realized by the application of the nonlocal Quasicontinuum method, which fully describes the material behavior by atomistic potential functions, but reduces the number of atomic degrees of freedom by introducing kinematic couplings. Since this promising method is applied only by a limited group of researchers for special problems, necessary improvements have been realized in an own parallelized implementation of the 3D nonlocal Quasicontinuum method. The aim of this implementation was to develop and combine robust and efficient algorithms for a general use of the Quasicontinuum method, and therewith to allow for the atomistic damage analysis in arbitrary grain boundary configurations. The implementation is applied in analyses of brittle intergranular damage in ideal and nonideal grain boundary models of FCC aluminum, considering arbitrary misorientations. From the microscale simulations traction separation laws are derived, which describe grain boundary decohesion on the mesoscale. Traction separation laws are part of cohesive zone models to simulate the brittle interface decohesion in heterogeneous polycrystal structures. 2D and 3D mesoscale models are presented, which are able to reproduce crack initiation and propagation along cohesive interfaces in polycrystals. An improved Voronoi algorithm is developed in 2D to generate polycrystal material structures based on arbitrary distribution functions of grain size. The new model is more flexible in representing realistic grain size distributions. Further improvements of the 2D model are realized by the implementation and application of an orthotropic material model with Hill plasticity criterion to grains. The 2D and 3D polycrystal models are applied to analyze crack initiation and propagation in statically loaded samples of aluminum on the mesoscale without the necessity of initial damage definition.
Der Siedlungsbau in Hanoi kan heutzutage - über 20 Jahre nach dem Beginn der Renovierungspolitik udn der Markwirtschaft, die dem Städtebau eine große Gelegenheit zur Verbesserung gegeben haben - zurückblickend und eingeschätz werden. Die letzten 20 Jahre sind eine kurze Zeit in der tausendjährigen Geschichte der Stadt, trotzdem entwickelte sich die Stadt in diesem Zeitraum am schnellsten und auch am problematischten aus Sicht der Umwelt. Ohne eine passende Entwicklungsstategie oder eine geeignete Maßnahme bei der Stadtplanung vergrößert sich der Konflikt Ökonomie - Ökologie immer weiter. ... Die Findung eines neuen Wohnkonzeptes im Gleichgewicht zwischen Ökonomie und der Ökologie ist eine hochaktuelle Frage geworden.
Virtual reality systems offer substantial potential in supporting decision processes based purely on computer-based representations and simulations. The automotive industry is a prime application domain for such technology, since almost all product parts are available as three-dimensional models. The consideration of ergonomic aspects during assembly tasks, the evaluation of humanmachine interfaces in the car interior, design decision meetings as well as customer presentations serve as but a few examples, wherein the benefit of virtual reality technology is obvious. All these tasks require the involvement of a group of people with different expertises. However, current stereoscopic display systems only provide correct 3D-images for a single user, while other users see a more or less distorted virtual model. This is a major reason why these systems still face limited acceptance in the automotive industry. They need to be operated by experts, who have an advanced understanding of the particular interaction techniques and are aware of the limitations and shortcomings of virtual reality technology. The central idea of this thesis is to investigate the utility of stereoscopic multi-user systems for various stages of the car development process. Such systems provide multiple users with individual and perspectively correct stereoscopic images, which are key features and serve as the premise for the appropriate support of collaborative group processes. The focus of the research is on questions related to various aspects of collaboration in multi-viewer systems such as verbal communication, deictic reference, embodiments and collaborative interaction techniques. The results of this endeavor provide scientific evidence that multi-viewer systems improve the usability of VR-applications for various automotive scenarios, wherein co-located group discussions are necessary. The thesis identifies and discusses the requirements for these scenarios as well as the limitations of applying multi-viewer technology in this context. A particularly important gesture in real-world group discussions is referencing an object by pointing with the hand and the accuracy which can be expected in VR is made evident. A novel two-user seating buck is introduced for the evaluation of ergonomics in a car interior and the requirements on avatar representations for users sitting in a car are identified. Collaborative assembly tasks require high precision. The novel concept of a two-user prop significantly increases the quality of such a simulation in a virtual environment and allows ergonomists to study the strain on workers during an assembly sequence. These findings contribute toward an increased acceptance of VR-technology for collaborative development meetings in the automotive industry and other domains.
Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der geometrischen Suffosionsbeständigkeit von Erdstoffen. Mit dem wahrscheinlichkeitstheoretischen Ansatz der Perkolationstheorie wurde ein analytisches Verfahren gewählt, mit dem suffosive Materialtransportprozesse modelliert und quantifiziert werden können. Mit dem verwendeten Perkolationsmodell wurde eine beliebige Porenstruktur eines realen Erdstoffes im 3-Dimensionalen modelliert. Mögliche Materialtransportprozesse innerhalb der modellierten Porenstruktur wurden anschließend simuliert. Allgemein gültige Gesetzmäßigkeiten wurden hergeleitet und Grenzbedingungen formuliert. Diese sind vom Erdstoff unabhängig und beschreiben Zusammenhänge zwischen Materialtransport und Porenstruktur. Anwendbar sind diese Ergebnisse auf homogene, isotrope und selbstähnliche Erdstoffgefüge. Aussagen über konkrete Erdstoffe können über die Transformationsmethode erfolgen. Für die Verwendung der Transformationsmethode ist vorab die relevante Porenstruktur, d. h. die Porenengstellenverteilung, zu ermitteln.