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Year of publication
- 2022 (94) (remove)
We present a stochastic deep collocation method (DCM) based on neural architecture search (NAS) and transfer learning for heterogeneous porous media. We first carry out a sensitivity analysis to determine the key hyper-parameters of the network to reduce the search space and subsequently employ hyper-parameter optimization to finally obtain the parameter values. The presented NAS based DCM also saves the weights and biases of the most favorable architectures, which is then used in the fine-tuning process. We also employ transfer learning techniques to drastically reduce the computational cost. The presented DCM is then applied to the stochastic analysis of heterogeneous porous material. Therefore, a three dimensional stochastic flow model is built providing a benchmark to the simulation of groundwater flow in highly heterogeneous aquifers. The performance of the presented NAS based DCM is verified in different dimensions using the method of manufactured solutions. We show that it significantly outperforms finite difference methods in both accuracy and computational cost.
In machine learning, if the training data is independently and identically distributed as the test data then a trained model can make an accurate predictions for new samples of data. Conventional machine learning has a strong dependence on massive amounts of training data which are domain specific to understand their latent patterns. In contrast, Domain adaptation and Transfer learning methods are sub-fields within machine learning that are concerned with solving the inescapable problem of insufficient training data by relaxing the domain dependence hypothesis. In this contribution, this issue has been addressed and by making a novel combination of both the methods we develop a computationally efficient and practical algorithm to solve boundary value problems based on nonlinear partial differential equations. We adopt a meshfree analysis framework to integrate the prevailing geometric modelling techniques based on NURBS and present an enhanced deep collocation approach that also plays an important role in the accuracy of solutions. We start with a brief introduction on how these methods expand upon this framework. We observe an excellent agreement between these methods and have shown that how fine-tuning a pre-trained network to a specialized domain may lead to an outstanding performance compare to the existing ones. As proof of concept, we illustrate the performance of our proposed model on several benchmark problems.
Compactly, this thesis encompasses two major parts to examine mechanical responses of polymer compounds and two dimensional materials:
1- Molecular dynamics approach is investigated to study transverse impact behavior of polymers, polymer compounds and two dimensional materials.
2- Large deflection of circular and rectangular membranes is examined by employing continuum mechanics approach.
Two dimensional materials (2D), including, Graphene and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), exhibited new and promising physical and chemical properties, opening new opportunities to be utilized alone or to enhance the performance of conventional materials. These 2D materials have attracted tremendous attention owing to their outstanding physical properties, especially concerning transverse impact loading.
Polymers, with the backbone of carbon (organic polymers) or do not include carbon atoms in the backbone (inorganic polymers) like polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), have extraordinary characteristics particularly their flexibility leads to various easy ways of forming and casting. These simple shape processing label polymers as an excellent material often used as a matrix in composites (polymer compounds).
In this PhD work, Classical Molecular Dynamics (MD) is implemented to calculate transverse impact loading of 2D materials as well as polymer compounds reinforced with graphene sheets. In particular, MD was adopted to investigate perforation of the target and impact resistance force . By employing MD approach, the minimum velocity of the projectile that could create perforation and passes through the target is obtained. The largest investigation was focused on how graphene could enhance the impact properties of the compound. Also the purpose of this work was to discover the effect of the atomic arrangement of 2D materials on the impact problem. To this aim, the impact properties of two different 2D materials, graphene and MoS2, are studied. The simulation of chemical functionalization was carried out systematically, either with covalently bonded molecules or with non-bonded ones, focusing the following efforts on the covalently bounded species, revealed as the most efficient linkers.
To study transverse impact behavior by using classical MD approach , Large-scale Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator (LAMMPS) software, that is well-known among most researchers, is employed. The simulation is done through predefined commands in LAMMPS. Generally these commands (atom style, pair style, angle style, dihedral style, improper style, kspace style, read data, fix, run, compute and so on) are used to simulate and run the model for the desired outputs. Depends on the particles and model types, suitable inter-atomic potentials (force fields) are considered. The ensembles, constraints and boundary conditions are applied depends upon the problem definition. To do so, atomic creation is needed. Python codes are developed to generate particles which explain atomic arrangement of each model. Each atomic arrangement introduced separately to LAMMPS for simulation. After applying constraints and boundary conditions, LAMMPS also include integrators like velocity-Verlet integrator or Brownian dynamics or other types of integrator to run the simulation and finally the outputs are emerged. The outputs are inspected carefully to appreciate the natural behavior of the problem. Appreciation of natural properties of the materials assist us to design new applicable materials.
In investigation on the large deflection of circular and rectangular membranes, which is related to the second part of this thesis, continuum mechanics approach is implemented. Nonlinear Föppl membrane theory, which carefully release nonlinear governing equations of motion, is considered to establish the non-linear partial differential equilibrium equations of the membranes under distributed and centric point loads. The Galerkin and energy methods are utilized to solve non-linear partial differential equilibrium equations of circular and rectangular plates respectively. Maximum deflection as well as stress through the film region, which are kinds of issue in many industrial applications, are obtained.
The computational costs of newly developed numerical simulation play a critical role in their acceptance within both academic use and industrial employment. Normally, the refinement of a method in the area of interest reduces the computational cost. This is unfortunately not true for most nonlocal simulation, since refinement typically increases the size of the material point neighborhood. Reducing the discretization size while keep- ing the neighborhood size will often require extra consideration. Peridy- namic (PD) is a newly developed numerical method with nonlocal nature. Its straightforward integral form equation of motion allows simulating dy- namic problems without any extra consideration required. The formation of crack and its propagation is known as natural to peridynamic. This means that discontinuity is a result of the simulation and does not demand any post-processing. As with other nonlocal methods, PD is considered an expensive method. The refinement of the nodal spacing while keeping the neighborhood size (i.e., horizon radius) constant, emerges to several nonphysical phenomena.
This research aims to reduce the peridynamic computational and imple- mentation costs. A novel refinement approach is introduced. The pro- posed approach takes advantage of the PD flexibility in choosing the shape of the horizon by introducing multiple domains (with no intersections) to the nodes of the refinement zone. It will be shown that no ghost forces will be created when changing the horizon sizes in both subdomains. The approach is applied to both bond-based and state-based peridynamic and verified for a simple wave propagation refinement problem illustrating the efficiency of the method. Further development of the method for higher dimensions proves to have a direct relationship with the mesh sensitivity of the PD. A method for solving the mesh sensitivity of the PD is intro- duced. The application of the method will be examined by solving a crack propagation problem similar to those reported in the literature.
New software architecture is proposed considering both academic and in- dustrial use. The available simulation tools for employing PD will be collected, and their advantages and drawbacks will be addressed. The challenges of implementing any node base nonlocal methods while max- imizing the software flexibility to further development and modification
will be discussed and addressed. A software named Relation-Based Sim- ulator (RBS) is developed for examining the proposed architecture. The exceptional capabilities of RBS will be explored by simulating three dis- tinguished models. RBS is available publicly and open to further develop- ment. The industrial acceptance of the RBS will be tested by targeting its performance on one Mac and two Linux distributions.
Encapsulation-based self-healing concrete (SHC) is the most promising technique for providing a self-healing mechanism to concrete. This is due to its capacity to heal fractures effectively without human interventions, extending the operational life and lowering maintenance costs. The healing mechanism is created by embedding capsules containing the healing agent inside the concrete. The healing agent will be released once the capsules are fractured and the healing occurs in the vicinity of the damaged part. The healing efficiency of the SHC is still not clear and depends on several factors; in the case of microcapsules SHC the fracture of microcapsules is the most important aspect to release the healing agents and hence heal the cracks. This study contributes to verifying the healing efficiency of SHC and the fracture mechanism of the microcapsules. Extended finite element method (XFEM) is a flexible, and powerful discrete crack method that allows crack propagation without the requirement for re-meshing and has been shown high accuracy for modeling fracture in concrete. In this thesis, a computational fracture modeling approach of Encapsulation-based SHC is proposed based on the XFEM and cohesive surface technique (CS) to study the healing efficiency and the potential of fracture and debonding of the microcapsules or the solidified healing agents from the concrete matrix as well. The concrete matrix and a microcapsule shell both are modeled by the XFEM and combined together by CS. The effects of the healed-crack length, the interfacial fracture properties, and microcapsule size on the load carrying capability and fracture pattern of the SHC have been studied. The obtained results are compared to those obtained from the zero thickness cohesive element approach to demonstrate the significant accuracy and the validity of the proposed simulation. The present fracture simulation is developed to study the influence of the capsular clustering on the fracture mechanism by varying the contact surface area of the CS between the microcapsule shell and the concrete matrix. The proposed fracture simulation is expanded to 3D simulations to validate the 2D computational simulations and to estimate the accuracy difference ratio between 2D and 3D simulations. In addition, a proposed design method is developed to design the size of the microcapsules consideration of a sufficient volume of healing agent to heal the expected crack width. This method is based on the configuration of the unit cell (UC), Representative Volume Element (RVE), Periodic Boundary Conditions (PBC), and associated them to the volume fraction (Vf) and the crack width as variables. The proposed microcapsule design is verified through computational fracture simulations.
The current thesis presents research about new methods of citizen participation based on digital technologies. The focus on the research lies on decentralized methods of participation where citizens take the role of co-creators. The research project first conducted a review of the literature on citizen participation, its origins and the different paradigms that have emerged over the years. The literature review also looked at the influence of technologies on participation processes and the theoretical frameworks that have emerged to understand the introduction of technologies in the context of urban development. The literature review generated the conceptual basis for the further development of the thesis.
The research begins with a survey of technology enabled participation applications that examined the roles and structures emerging due to the introduction of technology. The results showed that cities use technology mostly to control and monitor urban infrastructure and are rather reluctant to give citizens the role of co-creators. Based on these findings, three case studies were developed. Digital tools for citizen participation were conceived and introduced for each case study. The adoption and reaction of the citizens were observed using three data collection methods.
The results of the case studies showed consistently that previous participation and engagement with informal citizen participation are a determinining factor in the potential adoption of digital tools for decentralized engagement. Based on these results, the case studies proposed methods and frameworks that can be used for the conception and introduction of technologies for decentralized citizen participation.
Tropical coral reefs, one of the world’s oldest ecosystems which support some of the highest levels of biodiversity on the planet, are currently facing an unprecedented ecological crisis during this massive human-activity-induced period of extinction. Hence, tropical reefs symbolically stand for the destructive effects of human activities on nature [4], [5]. Artificial reefs are excellent examples of how architectural design can be combined with ecosystem regeneration [6], [7], [8]. However, to work at the interface between the artificial and the complex and temporal nature of natural systems presents a challenge, i.a. in respect to the B-rep modelling legacy of computational modelling.
The presented doctorate investigates strategies on how to apply digital practice to realise what is an essential bulwark to retain reefs in impossibly challenging times. Beyond the main question of integrating computational modelling and high precision monitoring strategies in artificial coral reef design, this doctorate explores techniques, methods, and linking frameworks to support future research and practice in ecology led design contexts.
Considering the many existing approaches for artificial coral reefs design, one finds they often fall short in precisely understanding the relationships between architectural and ecological aspects (e.g. how a surface design and material composition can foster coral larvae settlement, or structural three-dimensionality enhance biodiversity) and lack an integrated underwater (UW) monitoring process. Such a process is necessary in order to gather knowledge about the ecosystem and make it available for design, and to learn whether artificial structures contribute to reef regeneration or rather harm the coral reef ecosystem.
For the research, empirical experimental methods were applied: Algorithmic coral reef design, high precision UW monitoring, computational modelling and simulation, and validated through parallel real-world physical experimentation – two Artificial Reef Prototypes (ARPs) in Gili Trawangan, Indonesia (2012–today). Multiple discrete methods and sub techniques were developed in seventeen computational experiments and applied in a way in which many are cross valid and integrated in an overall framework that is offered as a significant contribution to the field. Other main contributions include the Ecosystem-aware design approach, Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for coral reef design, algorithmic design and fabrication of Biorock cathodes, new high precision UW monitoring strategies, long-term real-world constructed experiments, new digital analysis methods and two new front-end web-based tools for reef design and monitoring reefs. The methodological framework is a finding of the research that has many technical components that were tested and combined in this way for the very first time.
In summary, the thesis responds to the urgency and relevance in preserving marine species in tropical reefs during this massive extinction period by offering a differentiated approach towards artificial coral reefs – demonstrating the feasibility of digitally designing such ‘living architecture’ according to multiple context and performance parameters. It also provides an in-depth critical discussion of computational design and architecture in the context of ecosystem regeneration and Planetary Thinking. In that respect, the thesis functions as both theoretical and practical background for computational design, ecology and marine conservation – not only to foster the design of artificial coral reefs technically but also to provide essential criteria and techniques for conceiving them.
Keywords: Artificial coral reefs, computational modelling, high precision underwater monitoring, ecology in design.
In this work, we present a deep collocation method (DCM) for three-dimensional potential problems in non-homogeneous media. This approach utilizes a physics-informed neural network with material transfer learning reducing the solution of the non-homogeneous partial differential equations to an optimization problem. We tested different configurations of the physics-informed neural network including smooth activation functions, sampling methods for collocation points generation and combined optimizers. A material transfer learning technique is utilized for non-homogeneous media with different material gradations and parameters, which enhance the generality and robustness of the proposed method. In order to identify the most influential parameters of the network configuration, we carried out a global sensitivity analysis. Finally, we provide a convergence proof of our DCM. The approach is validated through several benchmark problems, also testing different material variations.
Subscription-based news platforms (such as “Apple News+” or “Readly”) that bundle content from different publishers into one comprehensive package and offer it to media users at a fixed monthly rate are a new way of accessing and consuming digital journalism. These services have received little attention in journalism studies, although they differ greatly from traditional media products and distribution channels. This article empirically investigates the perception of journalism platforms based on eight qualitative focus group discussions with 55 German news consumers.
Results show that the central characteristics these platforms should fulfill in order to attract users are strikingly similar to the characteristics of media platforms from the music and video industries, in particular regarding price points, contract features, and modes of usage. Against this background, the potential and perspectives of a subscription-based news platform for journalism’s societal role are discussed.
The reduction of the cement clinker content is an important prerequisite for the improvement of the CO2-footprint of concrete. Nevertheless, the durability of such concretes must be sufficient to guarantee a satisfactory service life of structures. Salt frost scaling resistance is a critical factor in this regard, as it is often diminished at increased clinker substitution rates. Furthermore, only insufficient long-term experience for such concretes exists. A high salt frost scaling resistance thus cannot be achieved by applying only descriptive criteria, such as the concrete composition. It is therefore to be expected, that in the long term a performance based service life prediction will replace the descriptive concept.
To achieve the important goal of clinker reduction for concretes also in cold and temperate climates it is important to understand the underlying mechanisms for salt frost scaling. However, conflicting damage theories dominate the current State of the Art. It was consequently derived as the goal of this thesis to evaluate existing damage theories and to examine them experimentally. It was found that only two theories have the potential to describe the salt frost attack satisfactorily – the glue spall theory and the cryogenic suction theory.
The glue spall theory attributes the surface scaling to the interaction of an external ice layer with the concrete surface. Only when moderate amounts of deicing salt are present in the test solution the resulting mechanical properties of the ice can cause scaling. However, the results in this thesis indicate that severe scaling also occurs at deicing salt levels, at which the ice is much too soft to damage concrete. Thus, the inability of the glue spall theory to account for all aspects of salt frost scaling was shown.
The cryogenic suction theory is based on the eutectic behavior of salt solutions, which consist of two phases – water ice and liquid brine – between the freezing point and the eutectic temperature. The liquid brine acts as an additional moisture reservoir, which facilitates the growth of ice lenses in the surface layer of the concrete. The experiments in this thesis confirmed, that the ice formation in hardened cement paste increases due to the suction of brine at sub-zero temperatures. The extent of additional ice formation was influenced mainly by the porosity and by the chloride binding capacity of the hardened cement paste.
Consequently, the cryogenic suction theory plausibly describes the actual generation of scaling, but it has to be expanded by some crucial aspects to represent the salt frost scaling attack completely. The most important aspect is the intensive saturation process, which is ascribed to the so-called micro ice lens pump. Therefore a combined damage theory was proposed, which considers multiple saturation processes. Important aspects of this combined theory were confirmed experimentally.
As a result, the combined damage theory constitutes a good basis to understand the salt frost scaling attack on concrete on a fundamental level. Furthermore, a new approach was identified, to account for the reduced salt frost scaling resistance of concretes with reduced clinker content.
This study deals with design for AI/ML systems, more precisely in the industrial AI context based on case studies from the factory automation field. It therefore touches on core concepts from Human-Centered-Design (HCD), User Experience (UX) and Human Computer Interaction (HCI) on one hand, as well as concepts from Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML) and the impact of technology on the other. The case studies the research is based on are within the industrial AI domain. However, the final outcomes, the findings, solutions, artifacts and so forth, should be transferable to a wider spectrum of domains. The study’s aim is to examine the role of designers in the age of AI and the factors which are relevant, based on the hypothesis that current AI/ML development lacks the human perspective, which means that there are pitfalls and challenges that design can help resolve. The initial literature review revealed that AI/ML are perceived as a new design material that calls for a new design paradigm. Additional research based on qualitative case study research was conducted to gain an overview of the relevant issues and challenges. From this, 17 themes emerged, which together with explorative expert interviews and a structured literature review, were further analyzed to produce the relevant HCD, UX and HCI themes. It became clear that designers need new processes, methods, and tools in the age of AI/ML in combination with not only design, but also data science and business expertise, which is why the proposed solution in this PhD features process modules for design, data science and business collaboration. There are seven process modules and their related activities and dependencies that serve as guidelines for practitioners who want to design intelligence. A unified framework for collecting use case exemplars was created, based on a workshop with different practitioners and researchers from the area of AI/ML to support and enrich the process modules with concrete projects examples.
The growing complexity of modern engineering problems necessitates development of advanced numerical methods. In particular, methods working directly with discrete structures, and thus, representing exactly some important properties of the solution on a lattice and not just approximating the continuous properties, become more and more popular nowadays. Among others, discrete potential theory and discrete function theory provide a variety of methods, which are discrete counterparts of the classical continuous methods for solving boundary value problems. A lot of results related to the discrete potential and function theories have been presented in recent years. However, these results are related to the discrete theories constructed on square lattices, and, thus, limiting their practical applicability and
potentially leading to higher computational costs while discretising realistic domains.
This thesis presents an extension of the discrete potential theory and discrete function theory to rectangular lattices. As usual in the discrete theories, construction of discrete operators is strongly influenced by a definition of discrete geometric setting. For providing consistent constructions throughout the whole thesis, a detailed discussion on the discrete geometric setting is presented in the beginning. After that, the discrete fundamental solution of the discrete Laplace operator on a rectangular lattice, which is the core of the discrete potential theory, its numerical analysis, and practical calculations are presented. By using the discrete fundamental solution of the discrete Laplace operator on a rectangular lattice, the discrete potential theory is then constructed for interior and exterior settings. Several discrete interior and exterior boundary value problems are then solved. Moreover, discrete transmission problems are introduced and several numerical examples of these problems are discussed. Finally, a discrete fundamental solution of the discrete Cauchy-Riemann operator on a rectangular lattice is constructed, and basics of the discrete function theory on a rectangular lattice are provided. This work indicates that the discrete theories provide
solution methods with very good numerical properties to tackle various boundary value problems, as well as transmission problems coupling interior and exterior problems. The results presented in this thesis provide a basis for further development of discrete theories on irregular lattices.
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird das Charakterisieren struktureller Veränderungen zementgebundener Baustoffe durch zwei auf dem Ultraschall-Transmissionsverfahren beruhenden Methoden der zerstörungsfreien Prüfung (ZfP) mit mechanischen Wellen vorgenommen.
Zur kontinuierlichen Charakterisierung der Erstarrung und Erhärtung frischer zementgebundener Systeme wird ein auf Ultraschallsensoren für Longitudinal- und Scherwellen basierendes Messsystem in Kombination mit zugehörigen Verfahrensweisen zur Datenauswertung konzipiert, charakterisiert und angewandt. Gegenüber der bislang üblichen alleinigen Bewertung der Verfestigung anhand indirekter Ultraschallparameter wie Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit, Signalenergie oder Frequenzgehalt der Longitudinalwelle lässt sich damit eine direkte, sensible Erfassung der sich während der Strukturbildung entwickelnden dynamischen elastischen Eigenschaften auf der Basis primärer physikalischer Werkstoffparameter erreichen. Insbesondere Scherwellen und der dynamische Schubmodul sind geeignet, den graduellen Übergang zum Festkörper mit Überschreiten der Perkolationsschwelle sensibel und unabhängig vom Luftgehalt zu erfassen. Die zeitliche Entwicklung der dynamischen elastischen Eigenschaften, die Strukturbildungsraten sowie die daraus extrahierten diskreten Ergebnisparameter ermöglichen eine vergleichende quantitative Charakterisierung der Strukturbildung zementgebundener Baustoffe aus mechanischer Sicht. Dabei lassen sich typische, oft unvermeidbare Unterschiede in der Zusammensetzung der Versuchsmischungen berücksichtigen.
Der Einsatz laserbasierter Methoden zur Anregung und Erfassung von mechanischen Wellen und deren Kombination zu Laser-Ultraschall zielt darauf ab, die mit der Anwendung des konventionellen Ultraschall-Transmissionsverfahrens verbundenen Nachteile zu eliminieren. Diese resultieren aus der Sensorgeometrie, der mechanischen Ankopplung und bei einer Vielzahl von Oberflächenpunkten aus einem hohen prüftechnischen Aufwand. Die laserbasierte, interferometrische Erfassung mechanischer Wellen ist gegenüber Ultraschallsensoren rauschbehaftet und vergleichsweise unsensibel. Als wesentliche Voraussetzung der scannenden Anwendung von Laser-Ultraschall auf zementgebundene Baustoffe erfolgen systematische experimentelle Untersuchungen zur laserinduzierten ablativen Anregung. Diese sollen zum Verständnis des Anregungsmechanismus unmittelbar auf den Oberflächen von zementgebundenen Baustoffen, Gesteinskörnungen und metallischen Werkstoffen beitragen, relevante Einflussfaktoren aus den charakteristischen Materialeigenschaften identifizieren, geeignete Prozessparameter gewinnen und die Verfahrensgrenzen aufzeigen. Unter Einsatz von Longitudinalwellen erfolgt die Anwendung von Laser-Ultraschall zur zeit- und ortsaufgelösten Charakterisierung der Strukturbildung und Homogenität frischer sowie erhärteter Proben zementgebundener Baustoffe. Während der Strukturbildung wird erstmals eine simultane berührungslose Erfassung von Longitudinal- und Scherwellen vorgenommen. Unter Anwendung von tomographischen Methoden (2D-Laufzeit¬tomo¬graphie) werden überlagerungsfreie Informationen zur räumlichen Verteilung struktureller Gefügeveränderungen anhand der longitudinalen Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit bzw. des relativen dynamischen Elastizitätsmoduls innerhalb von virtuellen Schnittebenen geschädigter Probekörper gewonnen. Als beton-schädigende Mechanismen werden exemplarisch der kombinierte Frost-Tausalz-Angriff sowie die Alkali-Kieselsäure-Reaktion (AKR) herangezogen.
Die im Rahmen dieser Arbeit entwickelten Verfahren der zerstörungsfreien Prüfung bieten erweiterte Möglichkeiten zur Charakterisierung zementgebundener Baustoffe und deren strukturellen Veränderungen und lassen sich zielgerichtet in der Werkstoffentwicklung, bei der Qualitätssicherung sowie zur Analyse von Schadensprozessen und -ursachen einsetzen.
Bauablaufplänen kommt bei der Realisierung von Bauprojekten eine zentrale Rolle zu. Sie dienen der Koordination von Schnittstellen und bilden für die am Projekt Beteiligten die Grundlage für ihre individuelle Planung. Eine verlässliche Terminplanung ist daher von großer Bedeutung, tatsächlich sind aber gerade Bauablaufpläne für ihre Unzuverlässigkeit bekannt.
Aufgrund der langen Vorlaufzeiten bei der Planung von Bauprojekten sind zum Zeitpunkt der Planung viele Informationen nur als Schätzwerte bekannt. Auf der Grundlage dieser geschätzten und damit mit Unsicherheiten behafteten Daten werden im Bauwesen deterministische Terminpläne erstellt. Kommt es während der Realisierung zu Diskrepanzen zwischen Schätzungen und Realität, erfordert dies die Anpassung der Pläne. Aufgrund zahlreicher Abhängigkeiten zwischen den geplanten Aktivitäten können einzelne Planänderungen vielfältige weitere Änderungen und Anpassungen nach sich ziehen und damit einen reibungslosen Projektablauf gefährden.
In dieser Arbeit wird ein Vorgehen entwickelt, welches Bauablaufpläne erzeugt, die im Rahmen der durch das Projekt definierten Abhängigkeiten und Randbedingungen in der Lage sind, Änderungen möglichst gut zu absorbieren. Solche Pläne, die bei auftretenden Änderungen vergleichsweise geringe Anpassungen des Terminplans erfordern, werden hier als robust bezeichnet.
Ausgehend von Verfahren der Projektplanung und Methoden zur Berücksichtigung von Unsicherheiten werden deterministische Terminpläne bezüglich ihres Verhaltens bei eintretenden Änderungen betrachtet. Hierfür werden zunächst mögliche Unsicherheiten als Ursachen für Änderungen benannt und mathematisch abgebildet. Damit kann das Verhalten von Abläufen für mögliche Änderungen betrachtet werden, indem die durch Änderungen erzwungenen angepassten Terminpläne simuliert werden. Für diese Monte-Carlo-Simulationen der angepassten Terminpläne wird sichergestellt, dass die angepassten Terminpläne logische Weiterentwicklungen des deterministischen Terminplans darstellen. Auf der Grundlage dieser Untersuchungen wird ein stochastisches Maß zur Quantifizierung der Robustheit erarbeitet, welches die Fähigkeit eines Planes, Änderungen zu absorbieren, beschreibt. Damit ist es möglich, Terminpläne bezüglich ihrer Robustheit zu vergleichen.
Das entwickelte Verfahren zur Quantifizierung der Robustheit wird in einem Optimierungsverfahren auf Basis Genetischer Algorithmen angewendet, um gezielt robuste Terminpläne zu erzeugen. An Beispielen werden die Methoden demonstriert und ihre Wirksamkeit nachgewiesen.
Wer von Erbe im Zusammenhang mit Identität spricht, verspricht sich und Anderen »Kontinuität« und »Stabilität«. Das Versprechen hält indes nur so lange, wie sich Menschen auf die damit verbundenen Erzählungen einlassen. Da diese zunehmend hinterfragt werden und der Begriff »Identität« im politischen Raum zu einer umkämpften Kategorie avanciert ist, werden auch die lange gehegten, gewohnten »Konstruktionen« instabil. Dies zeigt sich insbesondere in Momenten des Konflikts, der übergriffigen Inanspruchnahme und des Verlusts. Der Titel »Instabile Konstruktionen« verweist zugleich auf die beiden Kernbereiche des Kollegs: einerseits auf Architektur und Denkmalpflege, in denen der Begriff Konstruktion sich auf bauliche Manifestationen bezieht, von denen eine gewisse Haltbarkeit und Dauerhaftigkeit erwartet wird und andererseits auf die Kultur- und Sozialwissenschaften, wo Konstruktion die soziale Herstellung symbolischer Sinnwelten meint. Ins Zentrum rückt so der Anspruch, die materielle Umwelt im Wechselverhältnis zu ihrer sozialen Gemachtheit zu verstehen.
Immanuel Kant’s thought is a central historical and theoretical reference in Hans Blumenberg’s metaphorological project. This is demonstrated by the fact that in the Paradigms the author outlines the concept of absolute metaphor by explicitly referring to §59 of the Critique of the Power of Judgment and recognizing in the Kantian symbol a model for his own metaphorics. However, Kant’s name also appears in the chapter on the metaphor of the “terra incognita” that not only did he theorize the presence of symbolic hypotyposis in our language [...] but also made extensive use of metaphors linked to “determinate historical experiences”. In particular: geographical metaphors. In my essay, I would like to start from the analysis of Kant’s geographical metaphors in order to try to rethink Blumenberg’s archaeological method as an archaeology of media that grounds the study of metaphors in the materiality of communication and the combination of tools, agents and media.
Die Auswirkungen einer Fassadenbegrünung auf den Wärmeinseleffekt in Stuttgart wurde für eine Hitzeperiode numerisch simuliert und bewertet. Die Ergebnisse zeigten positive Auswirkungen innerhalb des Simulationsgebiets sowie eine geringe Fernwirkung auf benachbarte Stadtquartiere. Diese Änderungen können zur Verbesserung des thermischen Komforts im Außenraum beitragen. Eine reduzierte Temperatur der Außenoberfläche führt darüber hinaus auch zu einer geringeren Oberflächentemperatur der Wandinnenseite, welche die Innenraumtemperatur beeinflusst. Folglich kann die thermische Behaglichkeit auch im Innenraum erhöht werden.
Ausgehend von der Bemerkung des Philosophen Jacques Derrida, dass Erbe immer auch eine Aufgabe sei, widmet sich der dritte Band der Schriftenreihe des Graduiertenkollegs „Identität und Erbe“ den sozialen und kulturellen Praktiken der Bezugnahme auf Vergangenheit(en) und Identität(en). Mit einem (kulturellen) Erbe soll und muss etwas getan werden, um es überhaupt hervorzubringen. Es konstituiert sich erst im Akt des (Nicht-)Erbens, das heißt im Wechselverhältnis mit den mit und an ihm ausgeführten Praktiken. Gleichwohl ermöglicht erst deren Verbindung mit den materiellen Überresten und Überlieferungen des Erbes eine Aneignung oder Ablehnung der Vergangenheit sowie die Fort- und Umschreibung eines bereits bestehenden Erbes. Diese Vorgänge sind nicht willkürlicher Natur: Die Möglichkeiten zur Interpretation und Deutung werden durch die sozialen, politischen, kulturellen, ökonomischen und technischen Bedingungen der Gegenwart sowie durch die Geschichte und Materialität des Erbes beschränkt, erweitert und gelenkt. Erbe und Erbeprozesse müssen deshalb notwendigerweise miteinander in Beziehung gesetzt werden.
Mit Beiträgen von Simone Bogner und Michael Karpf, Stefan Willer, Giorgia Aquilar, Jörg Springer, Bernd Euler-Rolle, Elizabeth Sikiaridi und Frans Vogelaar, Verena von Beckerath, Alexandra Klei, Oluwafunminiyi Raheem, Ronny Grundig, Özge Sezer, Anna Kutkina, Inge Manka, Karolina Hettchen und Monique Jüttner sowie Julian Blunk.
Bei Analysen des Gebäudebestands im Quartierskontext werden zu Dokumentationszwecken viele Bilddaten erzeugt. Diese Daten sind im Nachhinein häufig keinen eindeutig genauen Standorten und Blickwinkeln auf das Bauwerk zuzuordnen. Insbesondere gilt dies für Ortsunkundige oder für Detailaufnahmen. Eine zusätzliche Herausforderung stellt die Aufnahme von Wärmebrücken- oder andersartigen Gebäudedetails durch Thermogramme dar. In der Praxis kommen hier oftmals analoge, fehleranfällige Lösungen zum Einsatz.
Durch die Nutzung von Georeferenzierung kann diese Lücke geschlossen und eine eindeutige Kommunikation und Auswertung gewährleistet werden. Im Gegensatz zu den üblichen Kameras sind Smartphones nach Stand der Technik ausreichend ausgestattet, um neben Daten zu Standort auch die Orientierungswinkel einer Bildaufnahme zu dokumentieren. Die georefenzierten Bilder können auf Grundlage der in den sogenannten Exif-Daten mitgeschriebenen Informationen händisch in ein bestehendes Quartiersmodell integriert werden.
Anhand eines universitären Musterquartiers wird die nutzerfreundliche Realisierung beispielhaft erprobt und auf ihre Potentiale zur Automatisierung in Python untersucht. Hierfür wurde ein bestehendes Quartiersmodell als geometrische Grundlage genutzt und um RGB-Bilder sowie Thermogramme erweitert. Das beschriebene Vorgehen wird im Rahmen der Anwendung auf seinen möglichen Einsatz im Rahmen einer energetischen Quartierserfassung sowie einer Bauschadensdokumentation untersucht.
Mit dem vorliegenden Beitrag wird dem Nutzenden ein Werkzeug bereitgestellt, das die hochwertige Dokumentation einer Bestandserfassung, auch im Quartierskontext, ermöglicht.
The Gated Community (GC) phenomenon in Latin American cities has become an inherent element of their urban development, despite academical debate, their approach thrives within the housing market; not surprisingly, as some of the premises on which GCs are based, namely safety, control and supervision intersperse seamlessly with the insecure conditions of the contexts from which they arise. The current security crisis in Mexico, triggered in 2006 by the so-called war on drugs, has reached its peak with the highest insecurity rates in decades, representing a unique chance to study these interactions. Although the leading term of this research, Urban Agoraphobia, implies a causal dichotomy between the rise in the sense of fear amongst citizens and housing confinement as lineal consequence, I acknowledge that GCs represent a complex phenomenon, a hub of diverse factors and multidimensional processes held on four fundamental levels: global, social, individual and state-related. The focus of this dissertation is set on the individual plane and contributes, from the analysis of the GC’s resident’s perspective, experiences and perceptions, to a debate that has usually been limited to the scrutiny of other drivers, disregarding the role of dweller’s underlying fears, motivations and concerns. Assuming that the current ruling security model in Mexico tends to empower its commodification rather than its collective quality, this research draws upon the use of a methodological triangulation, along conceptual and contextual analyses, to test the hypothesis that insecurity plays an increasingly major role, leading citizens into the belief that acquiring a household in a controlled and surveilled community represents a counterweight against the feared environment of the open city. The focus of the analysis lies on the internal hatch of community ties as potential palliative for the provision of a sense of security, aiming to transcend the unidimensional discourse of GCs as defined mainly by their defensive apparatus. Residents’ perspectives acquired through ethnographical analyses may provide the chance to gain an essential view into a phenomenon that further consolidates without a critical study of its actual implications, not only for Mexican cities, but also for the Latin American and global contexts.