74 Geographie, Raumordnung, Städtebau
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A more careful consideration of food waste is needed for planning the urban environment. The research signals links between the organization of individuals, the built environment and food waste management through a study conducted in Mexico. It recognizes the different scales within which solid waste management operates, explores food waste production at household levels, and investigates the urban circumstances that influence its management. This is based on the idea that sustainable food waste management in cities requires a constellation of processes through which a ‘people centered’ approach offers added value to technical and biological facts. This distinction addresses how urban systems react to waste and what behavioral and structural factors affect current sanitary practices in Mexico. Food waste is a resource-demanding item, which makes for a considerable amount of refuse being disposed of in landfills in developing cities. The existing data shortage on waste generation at household levels debilitates implementation strategies and there is a need for more contextual knowledge associated with waste. The evidence-based study includes an explorative phase on the culture of waste management and a more in-depth examination of domestic waste composition. Mixed data collection tools including a household based survey, a food waste diary and weighing recording system were developed to enquire into the daily practices of waste disposal in households. The contrasting urban environment of Mexico City Metropolitan Area holds indistinctive boundaries between the core and the periphery, which hinder the implementation of integrated environmental plans. External determinants are different modes of urban transformation and internal determinants are building features and their consolidation processes. At the household level, less and more affluents groups responded differently to external environmental stressors. A targeted planning proposition is required for each group. Local alternative waste management is more likely to be implement in less affluent contexts. Further, more effective demand-driven service delivery implies better integration between the formal and informal sectors. The results show that efforts toward securing long-term changes in Mexico and other cities with similar circumstances require creating synergy between education, building consolidation, local infrastructure and social engagement.
Resumen
La pregunta de investigación que guía el trabajo es: ¿cuál es la lógica de reproducción urbana de una ciudad intermedia en el contexto de los territorios possocialista? y ¿por qué referimos a esa lógica en términos de desarrollo urbano posfordista? Lo que se demuestra con esta investigación es cómo la forma particular de entrecruzamiento de territorialidades - estrategias espacializadas de los agentes - y las sinergias que de ellas se derivan con sus respectivas expresiones en el espacio, caracterizan el desarrollo urbano de Weimar.
El objetivo general del trabajo es interpretar el tipo de desarrollo urbano posfordista alcanzado por esta ciudad intermedia, que se configura en relación a su hinterland inmediato como una ciudad-región en una región de ciudades. Los objetivos específicos son: contextualizar geohistóricamente la ciudad-región Weimar, analizar los factores que posibilitan y condicionan el desarrollo urbano, identificar la constelación de agentes sociales que participan en el proceso de governance de la ciudad considerando sus estrategias, e indagar sobre las sinergias territoriales a partir del cruce y convergencia de esas estrategias convertidas en territorialidades.
En el trabajo se aplico una lógica metodológica cualitativa de investigación basada en: relevamiento bibliográfico, lectura de periódicos locales y regionales, observaciones in situ, captación de atmósfera, entrevistas complementadas con estadísticas oficiales y recolección de folletos informativos.
Uno de los principales aportes del trabajo es la definición del concepto de desarrollo urbano posfordista como una modalidad de reproducción urbana en el contexto de relaciones capitalistas de producción caracterizadas por producción flexible, terciarización de servicios públicos, creación de nuevos niveles territoriales de regulación, flexibilización de los mercados de trabajo urbano y precarización de las condiciones de vida. En las últimas décadas se asiste a cambios profundos en las ciudades. Así, es posible hablar de ciudades en transición que ensayan diversidad de modalidades ante los desafíos que implican estos cambios. En efecto, en muchos espacios urbanos comenzaron a suceder procesos de rápida desindustrialización y/o reindustrialización, con lo cual las ciudades han perdido parcialmente su base económica o han debido reestructurarse como un lugar vinculado a la economía de servicios. Incluso en aquellas ciudades que mantuvieron industrias de producción masiva, propias de las llamadas economía fordista, como por ejemplo la industria automotriz, requirieron importantes cambios en sus planificaciones espaciales. De este modo, los cambios en las modalidades de producción y sus impactos socioterritoriales en el contexto de la glocalización permiten observar el paso de una sociedad fordista a una posfordista.
The aim of this doctoral thesis was to investigate whether the German term “shrinking city” is appropriate to depopulating Polish cities. In order to do so an attempt to define the currently still vague notion of “shrinking city” was made. The urban development of Eastern Germany was thoroughly examined both in a short term perspective and in a wide historical as well as international context, with the Polish urban development used as reference. 25 cities (kreisfreie Städte) in Eastern Germany and depopulating Polish cities: Łódź and the Metropolis Silesia were chosen as case studies.
On the basis of the gathered information a “shrinking city” in Eastern Germany was defined as a city with a long-lasting population decrease coupled with over-dimensioned, growth-oriented development policies carried out for decades. Such a development path is triggering negative consequences in the spatial, economic and also demographic dimension, which tend to intensify each other.
The thesis postulates that the definition of the “shrinking city in Eastern Germany” is not appropriate to depopulating cities in Poland. Polish cities are characterized by a short-lasting population decrease and this trend is not triggering negative spatial and economic consequences. Oversized growth development policies were never present in the cities and they still suffer from great deficiencies in housing and other basic infrastructure, which derive from the socialist period. Furthermore, radical de-economization, known from Eastern German cities, did not occur in the Polish cities. Both Łódź and the Metropolis Silesia remain main production centers of the country.
This doctoral thesis presents a contradictory view to contemporary publications on “shrinking cities”, in which this phenomenon is regarded as having occurred suddenly after the collapse of the socialism. It proved that “shrinking cities” in Eastern Germany are not the outcome of short-lasting processes, but are deeply rooted in the past. Moreover, they represent a very distinct development pattern that highly differentiates from the one found in Central Eastern Europe and the one in Western Europe. In this way the doctoral thesis provided a new, critical approach to the discourse on “shrinking cities” in Germany. It also draws attention to the importance of the historical analysis in cities’ development research, particularly in cross border studies. In time of European integration peculiarities resulting from centuries of different spatial, economic and social development paths should not be underestimated.
Der Artikel behandelt fünf für das wissenschaftliche Arbeiten besonders relevante Themenfelder: 1) Ziele und Gegenstand wissenschaftlichen Arbeitens, 2) der Zusammenhang von Wissenschaft, Erkenntnis und Fortschritt, 3) eine Darstellung der Forschungslandschaft in Deutschland unter Berücksichtigung der Wissenschaftsorganisation, 4) eine ausführliche, praxisorientierte Erläuterung des typischen Ablaufs eines Forschungsprozesses,
5) eine Skizze zur literaturbasierten Forschung. Der Beitrag stellte zahlreiche Bezüge zur Stadtforschung her und nutzt Beispiele zur Illustration der Inhalte.
Post Conflict Reconstruction is a very complex topic, whether it is to be undertaken by the Local or the International Community. The process of the Post Conflict Development is to be very hard to investigate, primarily for the combination of socio-cultural phenomena, war and political instability; having difficulties of conducting solid empirical analysis (obtaining reliable data) and dealing with war-torn communities. The multifaceted process of the reconstruction is ought to touch a lot of countries vital segments, whereas each of them requires different approach; coordination with one another; and unification in their common aim.
The emergency of the assistance programs are not equal, same as with the priority and weight when compared with each other, therefore occasionally there are programs for the success of which the other less important actions are violated or neglected.
The case is with the International Community presence ( the set up), which aside from their mission and projects, it is considered to play a very important role on the urban development of a post conflict city; the setting was never planned or considered in a holistic manner, therefore IC establishment was done ad hoc and it was guided by issues which did not help at its greatest to the urban development of the city and more over to the citizens who were most in need.
The study is about the Urban Development, due to the fact that the biggest concentration of the International Community is likely to be in the urban centers, and the experienced changes are of a much considerable magnitude. The reconstruction phase is likely to be lasting at about 10 years and more , consequently the International Community for that time being tends to be recognized as temporary citizens of the city, and it is inevitably that they will be having an impact on the urban development of the city; in that basis it is considered to be significant that the International Community Establishment/Set Up be included into the International Organizations mission and assist in the overall mission of the reconstruction.