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The hydraulic properties of the polymer-enhanced bentonite-sand mixtures (PEBSMs) investigated in this study consisted of the water retention behaviour (or the soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC)) and the saturated and unsaturated coefficients of permeability. The SWCCs of the compacted polymer-enhanced bentonite-sand mixtures were measured using two techniques; namely, axis-translation technique and vapour equilibrium technique. The results obtained from both methods were combined to establish a single SWCC for each specimen. The saturated coefficient of permeability of the material was measured using the constant-head flexible wall permeameter method. The unsaturated coefficient of permeability was computed from the SWCCs and the saturated permeability values using the statistical model. The study revealed that the wetting curves for the PEBSM and clay are above the drying curves. The fact is thought be due to the specimens being not saturated before starting the drying tests. Since the specimens are expensive soil such a trend can be expected. The permeability deduced from the oedometer test data over-estimates the actual water flow rate resulting in a higher computed saturated coefficient of permeability compared to the measured values. The nets of polymer and bentonite clusters are thought to retard the flow of water during the direct measurement. However, the net of polymer and bentonite clusters are compressed during loading and rebound during unloading. Hysteresis effect was found for the PEBSMs in the permeability versus degree of saturation curve. This is due to possible difference in the spatial distribution of water in the specimens depending whether the specimens were on drying or wetting path.
Diese Diplomarbeit beschreibt die Durchführung eines dynamischen Sandsäulenversuches zur Bestimmung der Wassercharakteristikkurven (SWCC) und der teilgesättigten Durchlässigkeiten des Sandes. Als Messinstrumente wurden TDR-Sonden und Tensiometer verwendet. Die TDR-Sonden wurden eigens für diesen Versuch kalibriert. Messgrößen waren der volumetrische Wassergehalt und die Kapillarspannung im Sand. Für die Auswertung kamen statistische Modelle zum Einsatz, insbesondere das Modell nach FREDLUND & XING. Darüber hinaus wurde geprüft, in wie weit die Wassercharakteristikkurven (SWCC) auch über inverse Berechnungsverfahren ermittelbar sind.
The initial shear modulus, Gmax, of soil is an important parameter for a variety of geotechnical design applications. This modulus is typically associated with shear strain levels about 5*10^-3% and below. The critical role of soil stiffness at small-strains in the design and analysis of geotechnical infrastructure is now widely accepted.
Gmax is a key parameter in small-strain dynamic analyses such as those to predict soil behavior or soil-structure interaction during earthquake, explosions, machine or traffic vibration where it is necessary to know how the shear modulus degrades from its small-strain value as the level of shear strain increases. Gmax can be equally important for small-strain cyclic situations such as those caused by wind or wave loading and for small-strain static situations as well. Gmax may also be used as an indirect indication of various soil parameters, as it, in many cases, correlates well to other soil properties such as density and sample disturbance. In recent years, a technique using bender elements was developed to investigate the small-strain shear modulus Gmax.
The objective of this thesis is to study the initial shear stiffness for various sands with different void ratios, densities, grain size distribution under dry and saturated conditions, then to compare empirical equations to predict Gmax and results from other testing devices with results of bender elements from this study.