TY  - THES
A1  - Manzano Gómez, Noel A.
T1  - The reverse of urban planning. Towards a 20th century history of informal urbanization in Europe and its origins in Madrid and Paris (1850-1940)
N2  - The objective of this thesis was to understand the 20th-century history of informal urbanisation in Europe and its origins in Madrid and Paris. The concept of informal urbanisation was employed to refer to the process of developing shacks and precarious single-family housing areas that were not planned by the public powers and were considered to be substandard because of their below-average materials and social characteristics. Our main hypothesis was that despite being a phenomenon with ancient roots, informal urbanisation emerged as a public problem and was subsequently prohibited in connection with another historical process occurred: the birth of contemporary urban planning. Therefore, its transformation into a deviant and illegal urban growth mechanism would have been a pan-European process occurring at the same pace that urban planning developed during the first decades of the 20th century. 
Analysing the 20th-century history of informal urbanisation in Europe was an ambitious task that required using a large number of sources. To contend with this issue, this thesis combined two main methods: historiographical research about informal urbanisation in Europe and archival research of two case studies, Madrid and Paris, to make the account more precise by analysing primary sources of the subject. 
Our research of these informal areas, which were produced mainly through poor private allotments and housing developed on land squats, revealed two key moments of explosive growth across Europe: the 1920s and 1960s. The near disappearance of informal urbanisation throughout the continent seemed to be a consequence not of the historical development of urban planning—which was commonly transgressed and bypassed—but of the exacerbation of global economic inequalities, permitting the development of a geography of privilege in Europe.
Concerning the cases of Paris and Madrid, the origins of informal urbanisation—that is, the moment the issue started to be problematised—seemed to occur in the second half of the 19th century, when a number of hygienic norms and surveillance devices began to control housing characteristics. From that moment onwards, informal urbanisation areas formed peripheral belts in both cities. This growth became the object of an illegalisation process of which we have identified three phases: (i) the unregulated development of the phenomenon during the second half of the 20th century, (ii) the institutional production of “exception regulations” to permit a controlled development of substandard housing in the peripheral fringes of both cities, and (iii) the synchronic prohibition of informal urbanisation in the 1920s and its illegal reproduction.
KW  - Stadtplanung
KW  - Verstädterung
KW  - Historische Soziologie
KW  - Urban Planning
KW  - Informal Urbanization
KW  - Comparative History
KW  - Historical Sociology
KW  - European Urban Studies
Y1  - 2022
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20220119-45693
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Baron, Nicole
A1  - Mandavere, Melody
A1  - Cheruiyot, Roselyne
T1  - SE/ NPO Ecosystems and urban Governance in Johannesburg
T2  - ISTR, Fifteenth International Conference, Montreal, Canada
N2  - This paper presents initial findings from the empirical analysis of community based social enterprise (SE) and non-profit organisation (NPO) ecosystems in Johannesburg. SEs and NPOs are widely recognised as contributors to the resilience of marginalised urban communities. However, the connection between these organisations , urban governance, and community resilience has not yet been sufficiently understood , particularly in African urban contexts. The 'Resilient Urban Communities' project focuses on Johannesburg as a case study to shed light on this under-researched topic. The key to exploring it is understanding SEs and NPOs as providers of public services, job creators, and promoters of good governance, all of which contribute to community resilience. Using this premise as a starting point, this paper investigates ecosystem conditions with a particular focus on state-civil society partnerships. Empirical data was generated through semi-struc-tured interviews and analysed with a grounded theory approach. Preliminary results of this ongoing research reveal that urban geography is a relevant ecosystem factor for SEs and NPOs from marginalised communities. We also suggest that co-production could be an opportunity for growth within the investigated state-civil society partnership.
KW  - Südafrika
KW  - Johannesburg
KW  - Nonprofit-Organisation
KW  - Regionalentwicklung
KW  - Governance
KW  - Unterstützungsökosystem
KW  - Sozialunternehmen
Y1  - 2023
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20230517-63643
ER  -