TY - THES A1 - Hollberg, Alexander T1 - A parametric method for building design optimization based on Life Cycle Assessment N2 - The building sector is responsible for a large share of human environmental impacts. Architects and planners are the key players for reducing the environmental impacts of buildings, as they define them to a large extent. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) allows for the holistic environmental analysis of a building. However, it is currently not employed to improve the environmental performance of buildings during the design process, although the potential for optimization is greatest there. One main reason is the lack of an adequate means of applying LCA in the architectural design process. As such, the main objective of this thesis is to develop a method for environmental building design optimization that is applicable in the design process. The key concept proposed in this thesis is to combine LCA with parametric design, because it proved to have a high potential for design optimization. The research approach includes the analysis of the characteristics of LCA for buildings and the architectural design stages to identify the research gap, the establishment of a requirement catalogue, the development of a method based on a digital, parametric model, and an evaluation of the method. An analysis of currently available approaches for LCA of buildings indicates that they are either holistic but very complex or simple but not holistic. Furthermore, none of them provide the opportunity for optimization in the architectural design process, which is the main research gap. The requirements derived from the analysis have been summarized in the form of a catalogue. This catalogue can be used to evaluate both existing approaches and potential methods developed in the future. In this thesis, it served as guideline for the development of the parametric method – Parametric Life Cycle Assessment (PLCA). The unique main feature of PLCA is that embodied and operational environmental impact are calculated together. In combination with the self-contained workflow of the method, this provides the basis for holistic, time-efficient environmental design optimization. The application of PLCA to three examples indicated that all established mandatory requirements are met. In all cases, environmental impact could be significantly reduced. In comparison to conventional approaches, PLCA was shown to be much more time-efficient. PLCA allows architects to focus on their main task of designing the building, and finally makes LCA practically useful as one of several criteria for design optimization. With PLCA, the building design can be time-efficiently optimized from the beginning of the most influential early design stages, which has not been possible until now. PLCA provides a good starting point for further research. In the future, it could be extended by integrating the social and economic aspects of sustainability. T3 - bauhaus.ifex research series - 4 KW - Bauentwurf KW - Architektur KW - Bauökologie KW - Nachhaltigkeit KW - Life Cycle Assessment KW - Parametric Design KW - Building Information Modelling KW - BIM KW - Optimization Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20180928-38000 ER - TY - THES A1 - Stahr, Alexander T1 - Das wohltemperierte Netz - Zum Konstruktiven Entwurf direkt verglaster Stabnetze auf Freiformflächen T1 - The well-tempered Grid - To the Constructive Design of freeformed, direct glazed Grids N2 - Direkt verglaste Stabnetze repräsentieren ein strukturell und geometrisch hochgradig variables Prinzip zur Realisierung transparenter architektonischer Freiformflächen. Dieses beinhaltet die funktionale Entkopplung der Fassadenkonstruktion in ein tragendes Stabnetz und eine hüllende Verglasung. Ein formal universales, dimensional variables Knotenelement bildet dabei das Herzstück der Konstruktion. Die vorliegende Arbeit widmet sich dem Konstruktiven Entwurf frei geformter, direkt verglaster Stabnetze. Dieser umfasst schwerpunktmäßig die formale und dimensionale Konzeptionierung der Knotenelemente. Er wird maßgeblich beeinflusst von der Dimensionalitätsdifferenz zwischen dem formbeschreibenden Flächennetz aus nulldimensionalen Knoten und eindimensionalen Kanten sowie dem Stabnetz aus dreidimensionalen Knoten bzw. Stäben. Darüber hinaus definieren das freiformbedingte Erfordernis einer unikaten Ausrichtung der Stabnetzelemente sowie die materialspezifische Anforderung einer zwängungsfreien Lagerung der Gläser weitere dominante Einflussgrößen im Entwurfsprozess. In der Arbeit werden zunächst die geometrischen und konstruktiven Randbedingungen des Konstruktiven Stabnetzentwurfs dargestellt. Darauf aufbauend wird ein Zylinder-Achsen- Modell entwickelt, welches die unikate lokale Situation am Knoten unter Berücksichtigung einer variablen Ausrichtung der Stabnetzelemente sowie beliebig polygonaler Stabquerschnitte abstrahiert. Die Modellierung ermöglicht eine Bewertung des knotenbezogenen Status unter konstruktiven und mechanischen Aspekten. Sie bildet somit die Grundlage für eine Konstruktive Optimierung direkt verglaster Stabnetze. Mit Hilfe des Zylinder-Achsen-Modells werden alle bisher bekannten Prinzipien zur Ausrichtung der Stabnetzelemente analysiert. Dabei offenbaren sich verschiedene Defizite. Zu deren Überwindung werden drei neuartige Lösungsansätze entwickelt. Eine alternative Methode dient folglich zur Bestimmung einer konstruktiv optimierten Ausrichtung der Knotenachse. Ein zweiter Ansatz zielt auf die Definition einer neuartigen Stablängsbezugsachse, welche unabhängig von der Flächenkrümmung eine zwängungsfreie Lagerung der Glaselemente gewährleistet. Schließlich ermöglicht das dritte innovative Prinzip die konsistente Bestimmung einer Stabquerachse auch bei nicht ebenen Viereckmaschen. N2 - Direct glazed lattice grids represent a structural and geometrical highly variable constructive approach for the realisation of transparent architectural freeforms. This principle is characterised by a functional decoupling of the cladding construction into a loadbearing grid of members and nodes on the one hand and covering glass panels on the other. A formal universal but dimensionally variable node builds the core of the construction. This work addresses the constructive design of freeformed, direct glazed grids. This primarily implies the formal and dimensional design of the nodal elements. The design is significantly inuenced by the difference of mesh dimensions, which describe the freeform and consist of zero-dimensional vertices and one-dimensional edges, as well as by the structural grid, made up of three-dimensional members and nodes. Moreover the free form determines a need for individual adjustment of all structural elements. Furthermore material-specific demands regarding restrained-free bearing of the glass panels define further dominant parameters in the design process. First of all geometrical and constructive edge conditions of the constructive grid design were described in this work. Based on this a cylinder-axle-model was developed. This model abstracts individual local situations at the nodes including variable adjustment of the structural grid elements as well as variable cross-section of the members. The model allows evaluation of the nodal status in relation to constructive and mechanical aspects. It provides a basis for constructive optimisation of direct glazed structural grids. With the aid of this model state-of-the-art approaches for the adjustment of structural elements relative to the form describing surface mesh were analysed. Several shortcomings were observed which can be solved through three new approaches developed within this work. The first approach describes an alternative method for the determination of a constructively optimised orientation of the nodal axis. The second one describes a method for a restrained-free bearing of the glass panels independent of their local curvature through definition of a new longitudinal member-axis. The last approach defines a new methodology for the determination of an axis crosswise the edge of the mesh even for non planar quadrilateral meshes. KW - Entwurf KW - Konstruktion KW - Glas KW - Optimierung KW - Konstrutkiver Entwurf KW - Parametrischer Entwurf KW - Stabnetz KW - Knoten KW - Freiform KW - Zylinder-Achsen-Modell KW - Konstruktive Optimierung KW - Constructive Design KW - Parametric Design KW - Freeform KW - Lattice Grids KW - Glass KW - Cylinder-Axle-Model KW - Constructive Optimisation Y1 - 2008 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20090427-14602 N1 - Die gedruckte Ausgabe ist im Universitätsverlag der Bauhaus-Universität Weimar erschienen, seit 2014 Bauhaus-Universitätsverlag Weimar. ER -