TY  - JOUR
A1  - Band, Shahab S.
A1  - Janizadeh, Saeid
A1  - Chandra Pal, Subodh
A1  - Chowdhuri, Indrajit
A1  - Siabi, Zhaleh
A1  - Norouzi, Akbar
A1  - Melesse, Assefa M.
A1  - Shokri, Manouchehr
A1  - Mosavi, Amir Hosein
T1  - Comparative Analysis of Artificial Intelligence Models for Accurate Estimation of Groundwater Nitrate Concentration
JF  - Sensors
N2  - Prediction of the groundwater nitrate concentration is of utmost importance for pollution control and water resource management. This research aims to model the spatial groundwater nitrate concentration in the Marvdasht watershed, Iran, based on several artificial intelligence methods of support vector machine (SVM), Cubist, random forest (RF), and Bayesian artificial neural network (Baysia-ANN) machine learning models. For this purpose, 11 independent variables affecting groundwater nitrate changes include elevation, slope, plan curvature, profile curvature, rainfall, piezometric depth, distance from the river, distance from residential, Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), and topographic wetness index (TWI) in the study area were prepared. Nitrate levels were also measured in 67 wells and used as a dependent variable for modeling. Data were divided into two categories of training (70%) and testing (30%) for modeling. The evaluation criteria coefficient of determination (R2), mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) were used to evaluate the performance of the models used. The results of modeling the susceptibility of groundwater nitrate concentration showed that the RF (R2 = 0.89, RMSE = 4.24, NSE = 0.87) model is better than the other Cubist (R2 = 0.87, RMSE = 5.18, NSE = 0.81), SVM (R2 = 0.74, RMSE = 6.07, NSE = 0.74), Bayesian-ANN (R2 = 0.79, RMSE = 5.91, NSE = 0.75) models. The results of groundwater nitrate concentration zoning in the study area showed that the northern parts of the case study have the highest amount of nitrate, which is higher in these agricultural areas than in other areas. The most important cause of nitrate pollution in these areas is agriculture activities and the use of groundwater to irrigate these crops and the wells close to agricultural areas, which has led to the indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers by irrigation or rainwater of these fertilizers is washed and penetrates groundwater and pollutes the aquifer.
KW  - Grundwasser
KW  - Nitratbelastung
KW  - Künstliche Intelligenz
KW  - ground water contamination
KW  - machine learning
KW  - big data
KW  - hydrological model
KW  - OA-Publikationsfonds2020
Y1  - 2020
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20210122-43364
UR  - https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/20/5763
VL  - 2020
IS  - Volume 20, issue 20, article 5763
SP  - 1
EP  - 23
PB  - MDPI
CY  - Basel
ER  -