TY - THES A1 - Nayono, Suwartanti T1 - Development of a Sustainability-based Sanitation Planning Tool (SusTA) for Developing Countries N2 - Background and Research Goal Despite all the efforts in the sanitation sector, it is acknowledged that the world is not on track to meet the MDG sanitation target to reduce the number of people without access to sanitation by 2015. Furthermore, a large number of existing sanitation facilities in developing countries is out of order. This leads to the conclusion that, besides technical failures, the planning process in the sanitation sector was ineffective. This ineffectiveness may be attributed to the lack of knowledge of the sanitation planners about the local conditions of the sanitation project. In addition, sustainability of a technology is often approached from a fragmented perspective that often leads to an unsustainable solution. The dissertation is conducted within the framework of the Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) Indonesia project. The goal of this work is to contribute to the development of a methodology of a planning tool for sustainable sanitation technology. The tool is designed for sanitation planners in developing countries, where a top-down planning approach is common practice. The proposed tool enables comprehensive sustainability assessments (using the Helmholtz Concept of Sustainability as reference), taking into account local conditions. State of the Science In the planning practice, many sanitation planning tools focus on technology selection. However, it has become evident that the selection criteria for sustainable technologies are not always considered in the tools’ framework. In other cases, when the criteria are provided by the tool, there is no clear indication of the conditions to be fulfilled in order to meet these criteria. Specifically, there is no reference to what is meant by sustainable technology in a particular context and how to comprehensively assess the sustainability of different technology options. Research Methodology Developing a planning tool is an empirical process, combining theory and practical experience. Hence, the development process of such a tool requires extensive observations, particularly on the interaction between stakeholders in the sanitation sector as well as between technology and its environment. For this purpose, a case study within the project area was carried out. Pucanganom, a village representing common strategic problems in developing countries (e.g. top-down planning approaches, lack of involvement of beneficiaries in the planning process, lack of sustainability assessments) was finally selected as the case study area. After the in-depth case study, an analytical generalisation was developed to enable the tool’s application to a broader context. Results The result of this research is a new tool – the Sustainability-based Sanitation Planning Tool (SusTA). SusTA enables comprehensive sustainability assessment in its five generic steps, namely: (1) analysis of stakeholders and sanitation policy in the region, (2) distance-to-target analysis on sanitation conditions in the region, (3) examination of physical and socio-economic conditions in the project area, (4) contextualisation of the technology assessment process in the project area, and (5) sustainability-oriented technology assessment at the project level. These steps are conducted at two levels of planning – the region and the project area – in order to identify the specific problems and interests which influence the selection of a sanitation system. Each planning step is equipped with tool elements (e.g. set of indicators, household questionnaires, technology assessment matrices) to support the analysis. From the development of SusTA, it can be concluded that four elements are required for an effective and widely applicable sanitation planning tool: sustainability concept, participatory approach, contextualisation framework and modification framework. SusTA provides both a theoretical and a practical basis for assessing the sustainability of sanitation technologies in developing countries. The tool’s main advantages for decision makers in these countries are: It is simple and transparent in its steps, does not require vast amounts of data and does not need a sophisticated computer program. KW - sanitation planning, sustainable technology, sustainability assessment KW - sanitation planning KW - sustainable technology KW - sustainability assessment Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20140619-22227 ER - TY - THES A1 - Pang, Zhiqi T1 - Phosphorus enrichment in the treatment of pig manure in China using anaerobic digestion technology N2 - Phosphorus (P) is a key irreplaceable nutrient element in all life forms. Almost all phosphorus used by society is mined from non-renewable phosphate rock. Approximately 80% of global phosphate rock consumption is used for fertilizer production. However, as a finite resource, the world phosphate reserve could be exhausted within the next 100-250 years. The phosphate resource in China is also limited. The exploitable deposits could be exhausted within 70 years. Investigations show that the largest recoverable phosphate resource in China is found in animal manure. It was estimated that the potential phosphate resource in intensive-scale animal plants accounts for 47% of the total consumption of phosphate rock of the country each year. Pig manure contains phosphorus and nitrogen in high concentration. The objective of this study is to investigate forced P-precipitation in pig manure combined with anaerobic digestion; when biogas is generated, an enriched P-containing digested manure sludge can be obtained. Anaerobic digestion experiments indicated that total concentrations of phosphorus (TP) and kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) remained basically constant before and after anaerobic digestion. However, the composition of nitrogen and phosphorus in digested manure was quite different; 37.7% of phosphorus existed as PO4-P in the raw pig manure, whilst 20.8% of PO4-P was present in the digested pig manure. NH4-N accounted for 50.4% of the total TKN in raw pig manure, while most of the TKN in digested manure (79.3%) was composed of NH4-N. The pH value of pig manure rose by 0.88 units after anaerobic digestion. PO4-P was reduced by 45% during anaerobic digestion. The average molar ratios of Mg/P and Ca/P achieved were 1.3 and 1.7. It was found that solid/liquid separation has little influence on the change in the molar ratios. The optimal position for P-precipitation is after anaerobic digestion. P-precipitation should be conducted in homogeneous digested pig manure. The ideal pH range for P-precipitation is between 8.0 and 9.5. In the pH range of 8.8-9.5, struvite precipitation dominates the precipitation reaction. The existence of calcium ions results in competitive reaction with magnesium ions. In the pH range of 8.0-8.8, calcium phosphate was apt to form. Both MgCl2•6H2O and MgO can be adopted as a magnesium source. MgO is suitable for supplementation in raw manure. Without the addition of other alkali, the pH value rose to 8.5. Nearly 85% of soluble phosphorus (PO4-P) could be removed from liquid portion. MgCl2•6H2O has good solubility. When MgCl2•6H2O was used at a pH value of 9.0, the equilibrium time required was 30 minutes. The appropriate Mg2+/PO4-P molar ratio was 1.3. Under these conditions, whether with raw or digested manure, 90% of PO4-P could be removed. Forced P-precipitation combined with anaerobic digestion is suitable for application in China. More than 90% of the soluble phosphorus could be removed from the liquid portion of pig manure through forced P-precipitation. With the aid of flocculants, 95.7% of the total phosphorus could be precipitated in the final manure solid. N2 - Phosphor (P) ist ein zentrales Element und ein unersetzbarer Nährstoff in allen Lebensformen. Phosphathaltige Mineraldünger werden aus Phosphaterz hergestellt. Ungefähr 80% des weltweiten Phosphaterzverbrauchs wird von der Düngemittelindustrie genutzt. Allerdings werden als eine endliche Ressource die weltwirtschaftlich abbaubaren Phosphatreserven für nur noch ca. 100-250 Jahre reichen. Die Ressource Phosphat in China ist ebenfalls begrenzt. Die verwertbaren Lagerstätten können noch 70 Jahre genutzt werden. Die Kosten für den Abbau steigen, es ist daher notwendig nach Recyclingmöglichkeiten zu suchen. Bilanzen zeigen, dass die größten wiedergewinnbaren Phosphatressourcen in China sich in tierischer Gülle befinden. Es wurde geschätzt, dass die potenzielle Phosphatressource in Massentierhaltungsanlagen 47% des gesamten Verbrauchs von Phosphaterz des Landes pro Jahr beträgt. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Untersuchung der P-Fällung in der Schweinegülle, kombiniert mit anaerober Vergärung, um einen mit Phosphat angereicherten stabilisiersten Gülleschlamm zu erhalten, der landwirtschaftlich verwertet werden kann. Der Fokus liegt auf einem Einsatz in China. Die anaeroben Vergärungsversuche deuteten darauf hin, dass die Gesamtkonzentrationen von Phosphor (TP) und Total-Kjeldahl-Stickstoff (TKN) im Wesentlichen konstant vor und nach der anaeroben Vergärung blieben. Allerdings veränderte sich die Bindungsformen von Stickstoff und Phosphor durch die Vergärung. 37,7% des Phosphors lag als PO4-P in der rohen Gülle vor, während nur noch 20,8% als PO4-P in der vergorenen Schweinegülle enthalten war. NH4-N stellte 50,4% des gesamten TKN in der rohe Schweinegülle dar, während die größte Teil des TKN (79,3%) in der vergorenen Gülle aus NH4-N bestand. Der pH-Wert von Schweinegülle stieg um 0,88 Einheiten nach der anaeroben Vergärung an. 45% des PO4-P wurde während der anaeroben Vergärung reduziert. Die durchschnittlichen Molarverhältnisse von Mg/P und Ca/P betrugenen 1,3 und 1,7. Die Fest/Flüssig-Trennung hat wenig Einfluss auf die Änderung der Molarenverhältnisse. Es optimal ist die P-Fällung in der homogenen vergorenen Schweinegülle durchzuführen. Der optimale pH-Bereich für die P-Fällung liegt zwischen 8,0 und 9,5. Im pH-Bereich von 8,8-9.5 wird die Fällungsreaktion der Struviteformation dominiert. Die Existenz von Calcium-Ionen führt zu einer konkurrierenden Reaktion mit Magnesium-Ionen. Im pH-Bereich von 8,0 bis 8,8 bildete sich tendenziell mehr Calciumphosphat. Sowohl MgCl2•6H2O als auch MgO können als Magnesiumquelle verwendet werden. MgO ist geeignet zur Zugabe in roher Gülle. Ohne den Zusatz von anderen Alkalinen stieg der pH-Wert an auf 8,5. Fast 85% des löslichen Phosphors (PO4-P) konnte aus dem Flüssiganteil entfernt werden. MgCl2•6H2O ist gut löslich. Als MgCl2•6H2O mit einem pH-Wert von 9,0 verwendet wurde, betrug die Gleichgewichtszeit 30 Minuten. Das entsprechende Mg/P Molareverhältnis betrug 1,3. Die P-Fällung in Kombination mit anaerober Vergärung eignet sich für den Einsatz in China. Mehr als 90% des löslichen Phosphors konnten aus dem Flüssiganteil der Schweinegülle durch P-Fällung entfernt werden. Mit Hilfe von Flockungsmitteln konnten bis zu 95,7% des gesamten Phosphors (TP) in das Gärrest-Endprodukt eingebunden werden. T2 - Anreicherung von Phosphor an die Gärreste bei der anaeroben Schweinegüllebehandlung KW - Phosphor KW - Schweinegülle KW - Vergärung KW - Struvite KW - phosphorus KW - pig manure KW - anaerobic digestion Y1 - 2008 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20080704-13640 ER - TY - THES A1 - Sorge, Hans-Christian T1 - Technische Zustandsbewertung metallischer Wasserversorgungsleitungen als Beitrag zur Rehabilitationsplanung T1 - Technical condition assessment of metallic water supply pipes as part of their rehabilitation planning N2 - Die Instandhaltung der städtischen Trinkwassernetze ist Aufgabenschwerpunkt der Wasserversorgungsunternehmen bzw. Netzbetreiber. Dazu notwendige Rehabilitationsplanungen stützen sich zurzeit weitgehend auf die Trendprognose von Schadensraten und die Erfahrungen der Mitarbeiter. Der Einfluss wesentlicher Kenngrößen wie Werkstoffeigenschaften oder die Resttragfähigkeit des Rohres bleiben hierbei größtenteils unberücksichtigt. Über materialtechnische Untersuchungen werden die notwendigen Kenngrößen ermittelt, die eine zuverlässige Bewertung des technischen Zustands des Rohrstrangs ermöglichen. So lassen sich die Prognose der technischen Nutzungsdauer und Rehabilitationsplanungen auf eine solide Basis stellen. In dieser Dissertationsschrift wird hierzu ein Untersuchungs- und Bewertungsalgorithmus mit integrierten Prognoseverfahren erarbeitet. N2 - The maintenance of water supply systems is the main task for water utilities. The requisite planning of rehabilitation/ maintenance is based on forecasting methods of failure frequency of water mains and the experience of the staff. But the influences of important parameters like material characteristics or remaining structural load capacity are mostly unconsidered. Technical tests and the analysis of the properties of the pipe material provide specific parameters. These parameters allow forecasting methods of the operating life and the planning of rehabilitation on a sound basis. Therefore algorithms for examination and assessments with integrated forecast methods were created in this dissertation. KW - Instandhaltungsplanung KW - Nutzungsdauer KW - Rohrleitung KW - Korrosionsprüfung KW - Metallographie KW - Prognosemodell KW - technische Nutzungsdauer KW - Korrosionsgeschwindigkeit KW - Resttragfähigkeit KW - Bodenaggressivität KW - Wasserversorgung KW - Maintenance KW - remaining load capacitiy KW - leakages Y1 - 2006 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20070516-8681 ER -