@article{AndersKoenig, author = {Anders, Frauke and K{\"o}nig, Reinhard}, title = {Analyse und Generierung von Straßennetzwerken mittels graphenbasierter Methoden}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.1651}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20120509-16514}, abstract = {Der vorliegende Beitrag ist in zwei thematische Teilebereiche gegliedert. Der erste Teil besch{\"a}ftigt sich mit der Analyse von Graphen, insbesondere von Graphen, die Straßennetzwerke repr{\"a}sentieren. Hierzu werden Methoden aus der Graphentheorie angewendet und Kenngr{\"o}ßen aus der Space Syntax Methode ausgewertet. Ein Framework, welches basierend auf der Graphentheorie in Architektur und Stadtplanung Einzug gehalten hat, ist die Space Syntax Methode. Sie umfasst die Ableitung unterschiedlicher Kenngr{\"o}ßen eines Graphen bzw. Netzwerkes, wodurch eine Analyse f{\"u}r architektonische und stadtplanerische Zwecke erm{\"o}glicht wird. Der zweite Teil dieses Berichts besch{\"a}ftigt sich mit der Generierung von Graphen, insbe-sondere der von Straßennetzwerkgraphen. Die generativen Methoden basieren zum Teil auf den gewonnenen Erkenntnissen der Analyse von Straßennetzwerken. Es werden unterschiedliche Ans{\"a}tze untersucht, um verschiedene Parameterwerte zur Generierung von Straßengraphen festzulegen. Als Ergebnis der Arbeiten ist ein Softwaretool entstanden, welches es erlaubt, auf Grundlage einer Voronoi-Tesselierung realistische Straßennetzwerkgraphen zu erzeugen.}, subject = {Graph}, language = {de} } @article{SchuchKaps, author = {Schuch, Kai and Kaps, Christian}, title = {Reifungs- und Strukturbildungsprozesse bei Bindern mit w{\"a}ssrigen Alkalisilikat-L{\"o}sungen}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.3268}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20170728-32682}, pages = {1 -- 17}, abstract = {Durch Reifungs- und Strukturbildungsprozesse kann es bei silikatischen und alumosilikatischen Bindern zu Rissbildung bei behinderter Verformung, Festigkeitsverlust und somit Verlust der Dauerhaftigkeit kommen. Die Bewertung dieser Prozesse erfolgt an silikatischen Materialien mit einem Ausblick auf die alumosilikatischen Binder.}, subject = {Alkalisilikat}, language = {de} } @article{SchuchKaps, author = {Schuch, Kai and Kaps, Christian}, title = {Reifungs- und Strukturbildungsprozesse bei Bindern mit w{\"a}ssrigen Alkalisilikat-L{\"o}sungen}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.3267}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20170718-32675}, pages = {1 -- 17}, abstract = {Durch Reifungs- und Strukturbildungsprozesse kann es bei silikatischen und alumosilikatischen Bindern zu Rissbildung bei behinderter Verformung, Festigkeitsverlust und somit Verlust der Dauerhaftigkeit kommen. Die Bewertung dieser Prozesse erfolgt an silikatischen Materialien mit einem Ausblick auf die alumosilikatischen Binder}, subject = {Alkalisilikat}, language = {de} } @article{KnechtKoenig, author = {Knecht, Katja and K{\"o}nig, Reinhard}, title = {Evolution{\"a}re Generierung von Grundriss-Layouts mithilfe von Unterteilungsalgorithmen}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.1653}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20120509-16534}, abstract = {Das Unterteilen einer vorgegebenen Grundfl{\"a}che in Zonen und R{\"a}ume ist eine im Architekturentwurf h{\"a}ufig eingesetzte Methode zur Grundrissentwicklung. F{\"u}r deren Automatisierung k{\"o}nnen Unterteilungsalgorithmen betrachtet werden, die einen vorgegebenen, mehrdimensionalen Raum nach einer festgelegten Regel unterteilen. Neben dem Einsatz in der Computergrafik zur Polygondarstellung und im Floorplanning zur Optimierung von Platinen-, Chip- und Anlagenlayouts finden Unterteilungsalgorithmen zunehmend Anwendung bei der automatischen Generierung von Stadt- und Geb{\"a}udegrundrissen, insbesondere in Computerspielen. Im Rahmen des Forschungsprojekts Kremlas wurde das gestalterische und generative Potential von Unterteilungsalgorithmen im Hinblick auf architektonische Fragestellungen und ihre Einsatzm{\"o}glichkeiten zur Entwicklung einer kreativen evolution{\"a}ren Entwurfsmethode zur L{\"o}sung von Layoutproblemen in Architektur und St{\"a}dtebau untersucht. Es entstand ein generativer Mechanismus, der eine Unterteilungsfolge zuf{\"a}llig erstellt und Grundrisse mit einer festgelegten Anzahl an R{\"a}umen mit bestimmter Raumgr{\"o}ße durch Unterteilung generiert. In Kombination mit evolution{\"a}ren Algorithmen lassen sich die erhaltenen Layoutl{\"o}sungen zudem hinsichtlich architektonisch relevanter Kriterien optimieren, f{\"u}r die im vorliegenden Fall Nachbarschaftsbeziehungen zwischen einzelnen R{\"a}umen betrachtet wurden.}, subject = {Unterteilungsalgorithmus}, language = {de} } @techreport{Asslan, author = {Asslan, Milad}, title = {Factors Influencing Small-Strain Stiffness of soils and its Determination}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.1587}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20120402-15870}, abstract = {This term paper presents a literature review and discusses concepts of the following point: 1- Factors affecting small-strain stiffness in soil; 2- Methods to determine small-strain shear stiffness in laboratory and in-situ; 3- Brief introduction into wave propagation and 4- Bender elements technique to determine shear wave velocity in soil.}, subject = {Soil}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Schneider, author = {Schneider, Jens}, title = {Untersuchungen zum Alterungsverhalten und zur Langzeitstabilit{\"a}t von Y-TZP/Al2O3-Dispersionskeramiken (ATZ) f{\"u}r die Anwendung in der H{\"u}ft-Endoprothetik}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.1776}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20121130-17761}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, pages = {151}, abstract = {6 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick Die hydrothermal induzierte Phasentransformation konnte f{\"u}r ATZ-Keramik mit tiefenge-mittelten und tiefenaufgel{\"o}sten Methoden charkterisiert und quantifiziert werden. Die zeit- und temperaturabh{\"a}ngige Alterungskinetik von ATZ wurde durch neun Tempera-turstufen in einem Temperaturbereich von 50 °C bis 134 °C untersucht und die kinetischen Parameter nummerisch bestimmt. F{\"u}r 3Y-TZP wurde diese Prozedur bei drei Temperaturen im Temperaturbereich von 70 °C bis 134 °C angewendet. Aufgrund des ARRHENIUS-Verhaltens der Umwandlungskinetik konnte der zeitliche Verlauf der isotherm stattfinden-den hydrothermal induzierten Phasentransformation bei K{\"o}rpertemperatur simuliert wer-den. Die Simulation dient zur Bewertung der Langzeitstabilit{\"a}t von medizinischen Implanta-ten aus ATZ bzw. 3Y-TZP. Die Untersuchungen wurden in Wasser und in Wasserdampf bzw. wasserdampfges{\"a}ttigter Luft durchgef{\"u}hrt. Die Langzeitsimulation f{\"u}r 3Y-TZP wurde an-hand von Explantat-Untersuchungen verifiziert. ATZ zeigt gegen{\"u}ber 3Y-TZP eine h{\"o}here Alterungsstabilit{\"a}t bezogen auf die zeitliche Ent-wicklung der monoklinen Phase. Im Hinblick auf die Oberfl{\"a}chenh{\"a}rte, die durch die Pha-senumwandlung stark beeinflusst wird, erweist sich ATZ {\"u}ber einen langen Alterungszeit-raum stabiler als 3Y-TZP. Bis zu einem monoklinen Gehalt von 40 \% beweist ATZ einen deutlichen H{\"a}rtevorteil gegen{\"u}ber 3Y TZP, dieser entspricht in der Langzeitsimulation f{\"u}r die Wasserlagerung ca. 35 Jahre. Das wirkt sich insbesondere bei Verschleißpaarungen wie beim k{\"u}nstlichen H{\"u}ftgelenk positiv aus. Verschleißuntersuchungen an einer neu entwickelten Kugel-auf-Scheibe-Geometrie mit li-nearer Kinematik, die dem H{\"u}ftgelenk nachempfunden wurde, belegen die vorteilhaften Verschleißeigenschaften von ATZ in Form von sehr geringen Abtragsraten und einer intak-ten Oberfl{\"a}che nach 720 000 absolvierten Zyklen. Dabei wurde sogar eine Aufh{\"a}rtung der Oberfl{\"a}che durch die Verschleißbeanspruchung um bis zu 8 \% nachgewiesen. Bei der tiefengemittelten Charakterisierung der hydrothermalen Alterung wurde in beiden Materialtypen festgestellt, dass die Geschwindigkeit der Phasentransformation neben der Temperatur merklich von der {\"A}nderung der H2O-Stoffmengenkonzentrantion an der Ober-fl{\"a}che der Keramik abh{\"a}ngig ist, was sich mit den unterschiedlichen Aktivierungsenergien f{\"u}r Wasser- bzw. Wasserdampflagerung belegen l{\"a}sst. Die Aktivierungsenergie Ea der hyd-rothermalen Phasentransformation wurde mit Hilfe der ARRHENIUS-Beziehung ermittelt und betr{\"a}gt f{\"u}r ATZ bei Wasserdampflagerung 102 kJ/mol und bei Wasserlagerung 92 kJ/mol. F{\"u}r Y-TZP betr{\"a}gt die Aktivierungsenergie 114 kJ/mol bei Wasserdampflagerung und 102 kJ/mol bei Wasserlagerung. Der resultierende pr{\"a}exponentielle Faktor k0 unterscheidet sich f{\"u}r Wasserlagerung und Wasserdampflagerung um eine Gr{\"o}ßenordnung, was auf einen leicht andersartigen thermisch aktivierten Gesamtprozess hinweist. Der Avrami-Exponent n, der einen Hinweis auf den Mechanismus der Keimbildung sowie deren geometrische Ordnung geben kann, zeigte keine signifikante Abh{\"a}ngigkeit von der Temperatur und vom Umgebungsmedium. Er ist dagegen zeitabh{\"a}ngig und f{\"a}llt mit zuneh-mender Alterungszeit, d.h. mit zunehmendem monoklinem Gehalt von ca. 4 auf 0,5 ab, was auf eine abnehmende Keimbildungsrate hindeutet. In Verbindung mit weiteren Untersu-chungen durch unabh{\"a}ngige und zum Teil tiefenaufl{\"o}sende Methoden wie GIXRD, NRA und Knoop-Mikroh{\"a}rte-Messungen l{\"a}sst sich der Alterungsmechanismus, bzw. sein zeitlicher und {\"o}rtlicher Ablauf, durch die drei Stadien A, B und C beschreiben: A 0-5 ma. \% m-ZrO2 Quasi-homogene Keimbildung an bevorzugten Orten wie Kornkan-ten und Kornecken (n≈4), Wassertransport wahrscheinlich via Korngrenzendiffusion, Aufh{\"a}rtung der Oberfl{\"a}che B 5-40 ma. \% m-ZrO2 Keimbildung an den Korngrenzfl{\"a}chen bis zur Keims{\"a}ttigung (n≈2), monokline Randschicht w{\"a}chst zeitlich linear, Wassertransport konvektiv {\"u}ber Mikrorisse, deutlicher H{\"a}rteverlust der Oberfl{\"a}che C ≥ 40 ma. \% m-ZrO2 Wachstum der monoklinen Kristallite von den Korngrenzfl{\"a}chen in die tetragonalen Kristallite unter starker Verzwillingung (n≈0,5), Abnahme der tetragonalen Kristallitgr{\"o}ße, starke Mikrorissbildung, dramatischer R{\"u}ckgang der Oberfl{\"a}chenh{\"a}rte Die Kristallitgr{\"o}ße der monoklinen Phase verbleibt im ATZ {\"u}ber alle drei Abschnitte bei 30 ±5 nm. Ein Anwachsen der Kristallite ist mechanische behindert. Kleinere monokline Kristallite sind im ATZ thermodynamisch instabil. Die Kristallitgr{\"o}ße der tetragonalen Phase f{\"a}llt in den Abschnitten A und B sehr langsam und in C sehr schnell bis auf 25 nm ab. Bei dieser Kristallitgr{\"o}ße ist die tetragonale Phase gegen{\"u}ber der monoklinen Phase thermody-namisch stabil. Diese residualen tetragonalen Kristallite weisen nach vollst{\"a}ndigem Reakti-onsablauf einem Anteil von 7 ma. \% auf. Der S{\"a}ttigungsgehalt der monoklinen Phase betrug in beiden Materialen unabh{\"a}ngig von der Temperatur bzw. dem Umgebungsmedium 75 \% der ZrO2-Phase. In Abschnitt C besitzt die residuale tetragonale Phase eine starke Orientierung. Dadurch wird die geometrische Bedingtheit der hydrothermal induzierten Phasenumwandlung ver-deutlicht. Die monokline Phase ist {\"u}ber den gesamten Alterungsprozess stark nach m(1 1  1) orientiert, was mit einer bevorzugten Umklapprichtung der c-Achse zur freien Oberfl{\"a}che hin verbunden ist. Mit Hilfe der tiefenaufgel{\"o}sten Phasenanalyse konnte die Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit der monoklinen Randschicht von der Oberfl{\"a}che in das Volumen untersucht werden. Die Ge-schwindigkeit des Schichtwachstums ist in Abschnitt B nicht zeit- und tiefenabh{\"a}ngig, son-dern konstant mit ausgepr{\"a}gtem ARRHENIUS-Verhalten (Temperaturabh{\"a}ngigkeit). Die Akti-vierungsenergie der Schichtwachstumsgeschwindigkeit km liegt in der gleichen Gr{\"o}ßenord-nung wie die der Transformationskonstante k. Die Umwandlungszone schreitet also mit konstanter Geschwindigkeit in das Volumen fort und hinterl{\"a}sst ein verzweigtes Mikro- und Nanoriss-System. FESEM-Aufnahmen best{\"a}tigen das Vorhandensein einer por{\"o}sen Randschicht, durch die das Wasser nahezu ungehindert eindringen kann. NRA Untersuchungen deuten in Stadium A auf Korngrenzendiffusion hin und best{\"a}tigen in Stadium B einen konvektiven Transport des Wassers an die Transformationszone. Eine Dif-fusion {\"u}ber Sauerstoffleerstellen im Gitter konnte anhand von Proben aus 8YSZ nicht nach-gewiesen werden. Dagegen kommt es in dem verzweigten Riss- und Porensystem in der gealterten Randschicht zum R{\"u}cktransport des Wassers an die Oberfl{\"a}che, sobald die Pro-ben aus der hydrothermalen Atmosph{\"a}re genommen, an Luft gelagert oder in die Hochva-kuumkammer der NRA-Messapparatur eingeschleust werden. Mikrostrukturelle Untersuchungen an eigens entwickelten Verschleißpaarungen zeigten nach 720000 Zyklen {\"a}hnliche Oberfl{\"a}cheneigenschaften wie im Alterungsstadium A. Man kann daher davon ausgehen, dass die Stadien B und C aus Stabilit{\"a}tsgr{\"u}nden in der tribolo-gischen Kontaktzone nicht existieren k{\"o}nnen und es dass sich im Falle einer gleichzeitigen, hydrothermalen und tribologischen Beanspruchung um einen station{\"a}ren Alterungs- und Verschleißprozess handelt. Durch quasiplastische Deformation der monoklinen und tetra-gonalen Kristallite wird die Verschleißrate und die Abriebpartikel bei einer hart /hart Paa-rung aus ATZ deutlich minimiert, so dass ATZ f{\"u}r die H{\"u}ftendoprothetik ein durchaus geeig-neten Werkstoff darstellt, der sich auf der Grundlage der in dieser Arbeit gewonnenen Daten {\"u}ber eine Imlantationsdauer von .mehr als 15 Jahre stabil verhalten kann.}, subject = {Dispersionskeramik}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Romallosa, author = {Romallosa, Aries Roda D.}, title = {Briquette Production By The Informal Sector: The Case of UCLA in Iloilo City, Philippines}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.3233}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20170620-32335}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, pages = {156}, abstract = {The construction and operation of a sanitary landfill (SLF) in the Philippines presents concerns on the regulation of the activities of the informal sector in the area. In anticipation of these directives, an association of informal waste reclaimers group called Uswag Calajunan Livelihood Association, Inc. (UCLA) was formed in May 2009. One option identified was the waste-to-energy activity through the production of fuel briquettes. With the availability of raw materials in the area, what was lacking then was an appropriate technology that would cater to their needs. This study, therefore, presented the case of UCLA on how socio-economic and technical aspects was integrated for the development and improvement of a briquetting technology needed in the production of quality briquettes as part of their income generating activities. A non-experimental posttest only design was utilized for the collection of descriptive information. Descriptions and discussions were also made on the enhancement of the briquetting machine from the first hand-press molder developed until the finalized design was attained. Results revealed that the improved briquetting technology withstood the wear and tear of operation showing a significant (P<0.01) increase on the production rate (220 pcs/hr; 4 kg/hr) and bulk density (444.83 kg/m3) of briquettes produced. The quality of cylindrical briquettes produced in terms of bulk density, heating value (15.13 MJ/kg), moisture (6.2\%), N and S closely met or has met the requirements of DIN 51731. Based on the operating expenses, the briquettes may be marked-up to Php0.25/pc (USD0.006) or Php15.00/kg (USD0.34) for profit generation. The potential daily earnings of Php130.00 (USD2.95) to Php288.56 (USD6.56) generated in producing briquettes are higher when compared to the majority of waste reclaimers' daily income of Php124.00 (USD2.82). The high positive response (93\%) on the usability of briquettes and the willingness of the respondents (81\%) to buy them when sold in the market indicates its promising potential as fuel in the nearby communities. Results of briquette production citing the case of UCLA could be considered as potential source of income given the social, technical, economic and environmental feasibility of the experiment. This method of utilizing wastes in an urban setting of a developing country with similar socio-economic and physical set-ups may also be recommended for testing or replication.}, subject = {Biotechnologie}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Nayono, author = {Nayono, Suwartanti}, title = {Development of a Sustainability-based Sanitation Planning Tool (SusTA) for Developing Countries}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.2222}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20140619-22227}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, pages = {153; mit Anh{\"a}ngen 209}, abstract = {Background and Research Goal Despite all the efforts in the sanitation sector, it is acknowledged that the world is not on track to meet the MDG sanitation target to reduce the number of people without access to sanitation by 2015. Furthermore, a large number of existing sanitation facilities in developing countries is out of order. This leads to the conclusion that, besides technical failures, the planning process in the sanitation sector was ineffective. This ineffectiveness may be attributed to the lack of knowledge of the sanitation planners about the local conditions of the sanitation project. In addition, sustainability of a technology is often approached from a fragmented perspective that often leads to an unsustainable solution. The dissertation is conducted within the framework of the Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) Indonesia project. The goal of this work is to contribute to the development of a methodology of a planning tool for sustainable sanitation technology. The tool is designed for sanitation planners in developing countries, where a top-down planning approach is common practice. The proposed tool enables comprehensive sustainability assessments (using the Helmholtz Concept of Sustainability as reference), taking into account local conditions. State of the Science In the planning practice, many sanitation planning tools focus on technology selection. However, it has become evident that the selection criteria for sustainable technologies are not always considered in the tools' framework. In other cases, when the criteria are provided by the tool, there is no clear indication of the conditions to be fulfilled in order to meet these criteria. Specifically, there is no reference to what is meant by sustainable technology in a particular context and how to comprehensively assess the sustainability of different technology options. Research Methodology Developing a planning tool is an empirical process, combining theory and practical experience. Hence, the development process of such a tool requires extensive observations, particularly on the interaction between stakeholders in the sanitation sector as well as between technology and its environment. For this purpose, a case study within the project area was carried out. Pucanganom, a village representing common strategic problems in developing countries (e.g. top-down planning approaches, lack of involvement of beneficiaries in the planning process, lack of sustainability assessments) was finally selected as the case study area. After the in-depth case study, an analytical generalisation was developed to enable the tool's application to a broader context. Results The result of this research is a new tool - the Sustainability-based Sanitation Planning Tool (SusTA). SusTA enables comprehensive sustainability assessment in its five generic steps, namely: (1) analysis of stakeholders and sanitation policy in the region, (2) distance-to-target analysis on sanitation conditions in the region, (3) examination of physical and socio-economic conditions in the project area, (4) contextualisation of the technology assessment process in the project area, and (5) sustainability-oriented technology assessment at the project level. These steps are conducted at two levels of planning - the region and the project area - in order to identify the specific problems and interests which influence the selection of a sanitation system. Each planning step is equipped with tool elements (e.g. set of indicators, household questionnaires, technology assessment matrices) to support the analysis. From the development of SusTA, it can be concluded that four elements are required for an effective and widely applicable sanitation planning tool: sustainability concept, participatory approach, contextualisation framework and modification framework. SusTA provides both a theoretical and a practical basis for assessing the sustainability of sanitation technologies in developing countries. The tool's main advantages for decision makers in these countries are: It is simple and transparent in its steps, does not require vast amounts of data and does not need a sophisticated computer program.}, subject = {sanitation planning, sustainable technology, sustainability assessment}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Seiffarth, author = {Seiffarth, Torsten}, title = {Sorptionsverhalten von Cu2+ und NH4+ an Bentoniten unter Ber{\"u}cksichtigung von Nebengemengteilen sowie Struktur{\"a}nderungen nach moderater W{\"a}rmebehandlung}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.1979}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20130718-19791}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, pages = {133}, abstract = {Bentonite sind quellf{\"a}hige Tone, die h{\"a}ufig in der Umwelttechnik (in Abdichtungsbauwerken oder in der Bodensanierung) eingesetzt werden. Ziel der Arbeit war die Kl{\"a}rung, wie eine unterschiedliche Kationenbelegung mit Cu2+ und NH4+ die Eigenschaften der Bentonite bei Raumtemperatur und nach moderater W{\"a}rmebehandlung (300 - 450°C) beeinflusst. Im Blickpunkt stand insbesondere die gleichzeitige Pr{\"a}senz von Kupfer- und Ammoniumionen, die als Vertreter f{\"u}r h{\"a}ufig auftretende Inhaltsstoffe von W{\"a}ssern in der Umgebung von technischen Bentoniten ausgew{\"a}hlt wurden. Die Untersuchungen zur Cu2+-Sorption bei Raumtemperatur und nach moderater W{\"a}rmebehandlung (300 - 450°C) erfolgten an Pulverproben von zwei technischen Bentoniten, die sich in der urspr{\"u}nglichen Kationenbelegung, Art und Anteil an Nebengemengteilen, sowie der Schichtladungsverteilung in den Montmorilloniten unterscheiden. Vor der W{\"a}rmebehandlung wurden die Bentonite durch Kontakt mit verschieden konzentrierten Kupfer- und Ammoniuml{\"o}sungen mit unterschiedlichen Gehalten der Kationen Cu2+, NH4+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ belegt. Der Eintrag von Kupferionen in die Bentonite durch Kationenaustausch bei Raumtemperatur wurde erwartungsgem{\"a}ß durch pr{\"a}sente Nebengemengteile (wie Carbonat) beeinflusst, so dass die Kupferionen zus{\"a}tzlich spezifisch adsorbiert und in festen Phasen angereichert wurden. Die Cu2+-Fixierung infolge der W{\"a}rmebehandlung wurde vom Cu2+-Totalgehalt in den Bentoniten, der Pr{\"a}senz von Nebengemengteilen und die Schichtladungsverteilung in den Montmorilloniten beeinflusst. Es waren generell Behandlungstemperaturen von > 400°C erforderlich, um Cu2+-Fixierungsraten von > 95\% zu erzielen. Waren w{\"a}hrend der W{\"a}rmebehandlung neben Cu2+-Ionen gleichzeitig NH4+-Ionen in den Bentoniten pr{\"a}sent, konnte die Cu2+-Fixierungstemperatur herabgesetzt werden. Die Deammonisierung (NH4+ --> NH3 + H+) der NH4+-belegten Bentonite fand gr{\"o}ßtenteils unterhalb der Dehydroxylierungstemperatur der Bentonite statt. Durch Untersuchungen (XRD, FTIR, NMR, ESR) zum Mechanismus der Cu2+-Einbindung in die Bentonite an speziell aufbereiteten Proben (carbonatfrei, < 2 µm) konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass in den Cu2+-belegten Montmorilloniten die Cu2+-Ionen infolge der W{\"a}rmebehandlung nicht bis in die Oktaederschicht der Tonminerale vordringen, sondern nur bis in die Tetraederschicht wandern. In den NH4+-belegten Montmorilloniten treten im Zusammenhang mit der Deammonisierung keine zus{\"a}tzlichen Struktur{\"a}nderungen (wie Aufl{\"o}sung der Oktaederschicht) infolge der W{\"a}rmebehandlung auf.}, subject = {Bentonit}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Splittgerber, author = {Splittgerber, Frank}, title = {Identifizierung der Zementart in Zementsteinen und die {\"U}bertragbarkeit auf M{\"o}rtel und Betone}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.1817}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20130114-18179}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, pages = {173}, abstract = {Der Einsatz ungeeigneter Materialien ist eine der h{\"a}ufigsten Ursachen f{\"u}r Bauwerkssch{\"a}den. Da die Beseitigung dieser Sch{\"a}den oft mit hohen Kosten verbunden ist, besteht in der Baupraxis der Bedarf an einer Identifizierungsmethode f{\"u}r eingesetzte Baustoffe. Daneben w{\"a}re eine Kenntnis der in einem Bauwerk vorliegenden Materialien auch f{\"u}r Instandhaltungsarbeiten hilfreich. Die Identifizierung der in einem Festbeton oder Festm{\"o}rtel vorliegenden Zementart gilt auch gegenw{\"a}rtig noch als schwierig oder sogar unm{\"o}glich. Die Schwierigkeiten ergeben sich in erste Linie daraus, dass die Hydratationsprodukte verschiedener Zementarten oft nur geringe Unterschiede in ihrer chemischen und mineralogischen Zusammensetzung aufweisen und die Hydratationsmechanismen bei einigen Zementarten noch nicht vollst{\"a}ndig erforscht sind. Prim{\"a}res Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es zu untersuchen, ob anhand des Mineralphasenbestandes, der sich w{\"a}hrend einer thermischen Behandlung von Zementsteinen einstellt, eine Identifizierung der vorliegenden Zementart m{\"o}glich ist. Weiterhin sollte die {\"U}bertragbarkeit dieser Ergebnisse auf Betone und M{\"o}rtel eingesch{\"a}tzt werden. Zur Schaffung von Identifizierungsmerkmalen wurden die (angereicherten) Zementsteine bei Temperaturen im Bereich zwischen 600 °C und 1400 °C thermisch behandelt. An den getemperten Proben wurde der Mineralphasenbestand mittels R{\"o}ntgendiffraktometrie bestimmt. Mit der gleichen Methode wurden die Ausgangszemente und die (angereicherten) Zementsteine untersucht. Aus der Gegen{\"u}berstellung der nachgewiesenen Mineralphasen konnten die gesuchten Identifizierungsmerkmale abgeleitet werden. Um den Einfluss der Gesteinsk{\"o}rnungen auf die Identifizierungsm{\"o}glichkeiten gesondert zu erfassen, wurde das Versuchsprogramm auf 3 Abstraktionsebenen angelegt. F{\"u}r die Auswertung der Ergebnisse wurden die Proben zu Klassen zusammengefasst, welche jeweils charakteristische Zusammensetzungen der Ausgangszemente repr{\"a}sentieren. F{\"u}r die Analyseergebnisse wurden die klassenspezifischen die Mittel- und Grenzwerte bestimmt. Als die effektivste Methode zur Anreicherung der Zementsteinmatrix aus M{\"o}rtel- und Betonproben erwies sich die Kombination aus einer Zerkleinerung in einem Laborbackenbrecher. Die fein partikul{\"a}ren Fraktionen, welche Zementsteingehalte von 70-80 Ma.-\% aufwiesen, wurden als Analyseproben verwendet. Es zeigte sich aber auch, dass das Anreicherungsergebnis von der Gesteinsk{\"o}rnungsart abh{\"a}ngt. Bei Laborbetonen mit einer Kalkstein-Gesteinsk{\"o}rnung wurde mit der gleichen Methode lediglich eine Anreicherung des Zementsteins auf etwa 50 Ma.-\% erreicht. Die Untersuchungen auf Abstraktionsebene 1 lieferten die Erkenntnis, dass der Hydratationsprozess der Klinkerphasen, der Klinkerphasengemische sowie des H{\"u}ttensandes, auch in Gegenwart des Sulfattr{\"a}gers f{\"u}r Behandlungstemperaturen im Bereich des Klinkerbrandes vollst{\"a}ndig reversibel ist. Im Hinblick auf die Identifizierungsm{\"o}glichkeiten wurde 1100 °C als optimale Behandlungstemperatur ermittelt, da hier eine Schmelzphasenbildung ausgeschlossen werden kann. Durch eine Gegen{\"u}berstellung der chemischen Zusammensetzung der Ausgangszemente und des Phasenbestandes nach der Temperung konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass bei reinen Zementsteinen grunds{\"a}tzlich alle Bestandteile an der Reaktion, die w{\"a}hrend der thermischen Behandlung bei 1100 °C stattfindet, beteiligt sind. Der sich einstellende Phasen bestand ist nur von der chemischen Zusammensetzung der Probe und dabei besonders von derem CaO-Gehalt abh{\"a}ngig. Empirisch wurde eine Priorit{\"a}tenfolge f{\"u}r die Phasenbildung ermittelt. Daraus geht hervor, dass bevorzugt CaO-reiche Phasen, wie Aluminatferritphase, Belit und Ye'elimit entstehen und dass {\"u}bersch{\"u}ssiger Kalk als freies CaO vorliegt. Nur wenn der CaO-Gehalt der Probe nicht f{\"u}r die vollst{\"a}ndige Bildung der - in der Summe - kalkreichsten Phasen ausreicht, entstehen partiell oder vollst{\"a}ndig kalk{\"a}rmere Phasen, wie Merwinit und Melilith. Basierend auf den Priorit{\"a}ten zur Phasenbildung wurde ein Satz von Berechnungsgleichungen aufgestellt, mit denen der CaO-Typ aus der Phasenzusammensetzung der bei 1100 °C getemperten Probe bestimmt werden kann. CaO-Typen repr{\"a}sentieren Bereiche f{\"u}r die chemische Zusammensetzung der Ausgangsprobe, welche bei der Temperaturbehandlung zu einer charakteristischen qualitativen Phasenzusammensetzung f{\"u}hren. Die CaO-Typen der markt{\"u}blichen Zementarten wurden anhand der in der Norm EN 197 festgelegten Bereiche f{\"u}r die Zusammensetzung der Zemente aus ihren Hauptbestandteilen sowie der aus der Fachliteratur ermittelten Bereiche f{\"u}r die chemische Zusammensetzung dieser Hauptbestandteile ermittelt. Damit kann f{\"u}r die Zementarten der Phasenbestand vorhergesagt werden, welcher sich w{\"a}hrend der Temperaturbehandlung des entsprechenden Zementsteins einstellt. Ein Vergleich mit dem gemessenen Phasenbestand erlaubt so die Identifizierung der Zementart. Die {\"U}bertragbarkeit der durch die Untersuchungen an den Zementsteinen gewonnenen Erkenntnisse und die daraus abgeleiteten Identifizierungsm{\"o}glichkeiten auf Zementsteine, welche aus quarzsandhaltigen Normm{\"o}rteln angereichert wurden, konnte nachgewiesen werden. Dabei wurde eine leichte Verschiebung des Phasenbestandes hin zu kalk{\"a}rmeren Phasen beobachtet, welche auf die Reaktionsbeteiligung eines Teils der in den Proben enthaltenen Restgesteinsk{\"o}rnung zur{\"u}ckzuf{\"u}hren ist. Die Unterscheidungsm{\"o}glichkeiten zwischen den Zementarten blieben jedoch {\"u}berwiegend erhalten. Bei Betonen nimmt der Einfluss der Gesteinsk{\"o}rnung auf den Phasenbestand deutlich zu und kann zum Teil nicht mehr vernachl{\"a}ssigt werden. Die Identifizierungsm{\"o}glichkeiten m{\"u}ssen deshalb nach der chemischen Zusammensetzung und der Reaktivit{\"a}t der Gesteinsk{\"o}rnung differenziert ermittelt werden. Dazu sind weitere Untersuchungen notwendig. F{\"u}r Zementsteine, zementsteinreiche Systeme sowie M{\"o}rtel und Betone mit wenig reaktiven Gesteinsk{\"o}rnungen kann die Zementart bereits mit der in dieser Arbeit vorgestellten Methode identifiziert werden. In F{\"a}llen, f{\"u}r die sich die Bereiche der chemischen Zusammensetzung mehrerer Zementarten {\"u}berschneiden, kann es dabei notwendig sein, zus{\"a}tzliche chemische bzw. mineralogische Untersuchungen durchzuf{\"u}hren, z. B. am unbehandelten Zementstein.}, subject = {Baustoff}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Hogan, author = {Hogan, Trevor}, title = {Data and Dasein - A Phenomenology of Human-Data Relations}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.2905}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20170323-29056}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, abstract = {In contemporary society, data representation is an important and essential part of many aspects of our daily lives. This thesis aims to contribute to our understanding on how people experience data and what role representational modality plays in the process of perception and interpretation. This research is grounded in phenomenology - I align my theoretical exploration to ideas and concepts from philosophical phenomenology, while also respecting the essence of a phenomenological approach in the choice and application of methods. Alongside offering a rich description of people's experience of data representation, the key contributions I claim transcend four areas: theory, methods, design, and empirical findings. From a theoretical perspective, besides describing a phenomenology of human-data relations, I define, for the first time, multisensory data representation and establish a design space for the study of this class of representation. In relation to methodologies, I describe and deploy two methods to investigate different aspects of data experience. I blend the Repertory Grid technique with a focus group session and show how this adaption can be used to elicit rich design relevant insight. I also introduce the Elicitation Interview technique as a method for gathering detailed and precise accounts of human experience. Furthermore, I describe for the first time, how this technique can be used to elicit accounts of experience with data. My contribution to design relates to the creation of a series of bespoke data-driven artefacts, as well as describing an approach to design that I call Design Probes, which allows researchers to focus their enquiry on specific design features. To answer the research questions I set out in this thesis, I report on a series of empirical studies that used the aforementioned methods. The findings of these studies show, for instance, how certain representational modalities cause us to have heightened awareness of our body, some are more difficult to interpret than others, some rely heavily on instinct and each of them solicit us to reference external events during the process of interpretation. I conclude that a phenomenology of human-data relations show how representational modality affects the way we experience data, it also shows how this experience unfolds and it offers insight into particular moments such as the formation of meaning.}, subject = {Design}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{LopezZermeno, author = {L{\´o}pez Zerme{\~n}o, Jorge Alberto}, title = {Isogeometric and CAD-based methods for shape and topology optimization: Sensitivity analysis, B{\´e}zier elements and phase-field approaches}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.4710}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20220831-47102}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, abstract = {The Finite Element Method (FEM) is widely used in engineering for solving Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) over complex geometries. To this end, it is required to provide the FEM software with a geometric model that is typically constructed in a Computer-Aided Design (CAD) software. However, FEM and CAD use different approaches for the mathematical description of the geometry. Thus, it is required to generate a mesh, which is suitable for FEM, based on the CAD model. Nonetheless, this procedure is not a trivial task and it can be time consuming. This issue becomes more significant for solving shape and topology optimization problems, which consist in evolving the geometry iteratively. Therefore, the computational cost associated to the mesh generation process is increased exponentially for this type of applications. The main goal of this work is to investigate the integration of CAD and CAE in shape and topology optimization. To this end, numerical tools that close the gap between design and analysis are presented. The specific objectives of this work are listed below: • Automatize the sensitivity analysis in an isogeometric framework for applications in shape optimization. Applications for linear elasticity are considered. • A methodology is developed for providing a direct link between the CAD model and the analysis mesh. In consequence, the sensitivity analysis can be performed in terms of the design variables located in the design model. • The last objective is to develop an isogeometric method for shape and topological optimization. This method should take advantage of using Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines (NURBS) with higher continuity as basis functions. Isogeometric Analysis (IGA) is a framework designed to integrate the design and analysis in engineering problems. The fundamental idea of IGA is to use the same basis functions for modeling the geometry, usually NURBS, for the approximation of the solution fields. The advantage of integrating design and analysis is two-fold. First, the analysis stage is more accurate since the system of PDEs is not solved using an approximated geometry, but the exact CAD model. Moreover, providing a direct link between the design and analysis discretizations makes possible the implementation of efficient sensitivity analysis methods. Second, the computational time is significantly reduced because the mesh generation process can be avoided. Sensitivity analysis is essential for solving optimization problems when gradient-based optimization algorithms are employed. Automatic differentiation can compute exact gradients, automatically by tracking the algebraic operations performed on the design variables. For the automation of the sensitivity analysis, an isogeometric framework is used. Here, the analysis mesh is obtained after carrying out successive refinements, while retaining the coarse geometry for the domain design. An automatic differentiation (AD) toolbox is used to perform the sensitivity analysis. The AD toolbox takes the code for computing the objective and constraint functions as input. Then, using a source code transformation approach, it outputs a code for computing the objective and constraint functions, and their sensitivities as well. The sensitivities obtained from the sensitivity propagation method are compared with analytical sensitivities, which are computed using a full isogeometric approach. The computational efficiency of AD is comparable to that of analytical sensitivities. However, the memory requirements are larger for AD. Therefore, AD is preferable if the memory requirements are satisfied. Automatic sensitivity analysis demonstrates its practicality since it simplifies the work of engineers and designers. Complex geometries with sharp edges and/or holes cannot easily be described with NURBS. One solution is the use of unstructured meshes. Simplex-elements (triangles and tetrahedra for two and three dimensions respectively) are particularly useful since they can automatically parameterize a wide variety of domains. In this regard, unstructured B{\´e}zier elements, commonly used in CAD, can be employed for the exact modelling of CAD boundary representations. In two dimensions, the domain enclosed by NURBS curves is parameterized with B{\´e}zier triangles. To describe exactly the boundary of a two-dimensional CAD model, the continuity of a NURBS boundary representation is reduced to C^0. Then, the control points are used to generate a triangulation such that the boundary of the domain is identical to the initial CAD boundary representation. Thus, a direct link between the design and analysis discretizations is provided and the sensitivities can be propagated to the design domain. In three dimensions, the initial CAD boundary representation is given as a collection of NURBS surfaces that enclose a volume. Using a mesh generator (Gmsh), a tetrahedral mesh is obtained. The original surface is reconstructed by modifying the location of the control points of the tetrahedral mesh using B{\´e}zier tetrahedral elements and a point inversion algorithm. This method offers the possibility of computing the sensitivity analysis using the analysis mesh. Then, the sensitivities can be propagated into the design discretization. To reuse the mesh originally generated, a moving B{\´e}zier tetrahedral mesh approach was implemented. A gradient-based optimization algorithm is employed together with a sensitivity propagation procedure for the shape optimization cases. The proposed shape optimization approaches are used to solve some standard benchmark problems in structural mechanics. The results obtained show that the proposed approach can compute accurate gradients and evolve the geometry towards optimal solutions. In three dimensions, the moving mesh approach results in faster convergence in terms of computational time and avoids remeshing at each optimization step. For considering topological changes in a CAD-based framework, an isogeometric phase-field based shape and topology optimization is developed. In this case, the diffuse interface of a phase-field variable over a design domain implicitly describes the boundaries of the geometry. The design variables are the local values of the phase-field variable. The descent direction to minimize the objective function is found by using the sensitivities of the objective function with respect to the design variables. The evolution of the phase-field is determined by solving the time dependent Allen-Cahn equation. Especially for topology optimization problems that require C^1 continuity, such as for flexoelectric structures, the isogeometric phase field method is of great advantage. NURBS can achieve the desired continuity more efficiently than the traditional employed functions. The robustness of the method is demonstrated when applied to different geometries, boundary conditions, and material configurations. The applications illustrate that compared to piezoelectricity, the electrical performance of flexoelectric microbeams is larger under bending. In contrast, the electrical power for a structure under compression becomes larger with piezoelectricity.}, subject = {CAD}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Ailland, author = {Ailland, Karin}, title = {Ereignisbasierte Abbildung von Bau-Ist-Zust{\"a}nden}, publisher = {Verlag der Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, address = {Weimar}, isbn = {978-3-86068-508-2}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.2065}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20131029-20651}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, pages = {220}, abstract = {Der Komplexit{\"a}t einer großen Baumaßnahme steht meist ein relativ unpr{\"a}zises Termincontrolling gegen{\"u}ber. Die Gr{\"u}nde daf{\"u}r liegen in unzureichenden Baufortschrittsinformationen und der Schwierigkeit, eine geeignete Steuerungsmaßnahme auszuw{\"a}hlen. In der Folge kommt es h{\"a}ufig zu Terminverz{\"u}gen und Mehrkosten. Ziel der Arbeit war es, die realen Bau-Ist-Zust{\"a}nde eines Bauprojektes so genau zu erfassen, dass es m{\"o}glich wird, t{\"a}glich ein zutreffendes Abbild des Baufortschrittes und der Randbedingungen des Bauablaufes zu schaffen und mit Hilfe eines Simulationswerkzeuges nachzubilden. Zu diesem Zweck sollte ein Erfassungskonzept ausgearbeitet werden, mit dessen Hilfe unter Verwendung von Erfassungstechniken aussagekr{\"a}ftige sowie belastbare Daten zu einer auf die Anforderungen der Simulation abgestimmten Datenbasis zusammengef{\"u}hrt werden. Um der Zielstellung gerecht zu werden, wurde anhand eines Beispiels ein Prozessmodell aufgebaut und definiert, welche Informationen zum Aufbau eines Simulationsmodells, das die reaktive Ablaufplanung unterst{\"u}tzt, erfasst werden m{\"u}ssen. Die einzelnen Prozessgr{\"o}ßen wurden detailliert beschrieben und die Erfassungsgr{\"o}ßen daraus abgeleitet. Weiterhin wurden Aussagen zur Prozessstrukturierung erarbeitet. Somit wurden Informationsst{\"u}tzstellen definiert. Es wurden Methoden zur Erfassung des Bau-Ist-Zustandes hinsichtlich ihrer Eignung sowie Anwendungsm{\"o}glichkeiten analysiert und ausgew{\"a}hlte Anwendungsbeispiele f{\"u}r RFID, Barcodes und Bautageb{\"u}cher dargestellt. Außerdem wurde betrachtet, welche Daten der baustelleneigenen Bauablaufdokumentation zur Belegung der Informationsst{\"u}tzstellen genutzt werden k{\"o}nnen. Diese Betrachtung stellte Dokumente in den Fokus, welche aufgrund von Vorschriften oder Vertragsbedingungen ohnehin auf Baustellen erfasst werden m{\"u}ssen. Schließlich wurden die vorangegangenen Betrachtungen hinsichtlich der Erfassungsgr{\"o}ßen und der Erfassungsmethoden in einem Erfassungskonzept zusammengef{\"u}hrt und eine geeignete Kombination von Erfassungsmethoden entwickelt. Der Baufortschritt soll anhand der Beschreibung, welchen Status die einzelnen Vorg{\"a}nge angenommen haben, mit Hilfe eines digitalen Bautagebuchs erfasst werden. Die Randbedingungen, wie die Verf{\"u}gbarkeit von Personal-, Material- und Ger{\"a}teressourcen, werden mit Hilfe von RFID-Tags identifiziert, auf denen alle weiteren ben{\"o}tigten Informationen hinterlegt sind. Informationen {\"u}ber Ressourcen, welche geplante Termine wiedergeben, m{\"u}ssen ebenfalls im digitalen Bautagebuch hinterlegt und aktuell gehalten werden. Traditionelle Lieferscheine in Papierform m{\"u}ssen durch digitale Lieferscheine ersetzt werden. Abgeschlossen wurde die Ausarbeitung des Erfassungskonzeptes durch Ans{\"a}tze, mit deren Hilfe der Erfassungsaufwand reduziert werden kann. Zu diesem Zweck wurde eine hierarchische Ordnung des Erfassungskonzeptes eingef{\"u}hrt. Im Ergebnis ist somit ein Erfassungskonzept entstanden, mit dessen Hilfe die realen Bau-Ist-Zust{\"a}nde einer Baumaßnahme so genau erfasst werden k{\"o}nnen, dass t{\"a}glich ein zutreffendes Abbild des Baufortschrittes und der Randbedingungen des Bauablaufes in einer Simulations¬umgebung generiert werden kann. Die Erfassungskonzeption liefert eine Datenbasis, die auf die Anforderungen der Simulation abgestimmt ist.}, subject = {Simulation}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Dang, author = {Dang, Trang}, title = {Automated Detailing of 4D Schedules}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.2310}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20141006-23103}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, pages = {120}, abstract = {The increasing success of BIM (Building Information Model) and the emergence of its implementation in 3D construction models have paved a way for improving scheduling process. The recent research on application of BIM in scheduling has focused on quantity take-off, duration estimation for individual trades, schedule visualization, and clash detection. Several experiments indicated that the lack of detailed planning causes about 30\% non-productive time and stacking of trades. However, detailed planning still has not been implemented in practice despite receiving a lot of interest from researchers. The reason is associated with the huge amount and complexity of input data. In order to create a detailed planning, it is time consuming to manually decompose activities, collect and calculate the detailed information in relevant. Moreover, the coordination of detailed activities requires much effort for dealing with their complex constraints. This dissertation aims to support the generation of detailed schedules from a rough schedule. It proposes a model for automated detailing of 4D schedules by integrating BIM, simulation and Pareto-based optimization.}, subject = {Simulation}, language = {en} } @misc{Miller, type = {Master Thesis}, author = {Miller, Martin}, title = {BIM-basierte Digitalisierung von Bestandsgeb{\"a}uden aus Sicht des FM am Beispiel von Heizungsanlagen}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.4661}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20220623-46616}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, pages = {101}, abstract = {Das Ziel der Arbeit ist, f{\"u}r das Facility Management relevante Informationen f{\"u}r die mit Building Information Modeling basierende Erstellung von Bestandsgeb{\"a}uden am Beispiel einer Hei- zungsanlage zu definieren. Darauf basierend sind die notwendigen Arbeitsschritte der Objek- taufnahme abgeleitet. F{\"u}r die Definition der Arbeitsschritte wurden das grundlegende Vorge- hen bei einer Objektaufnahme sowie die gesetzlichen Gegebenheiten f{\"u}r den Betrieb einer Heizungsanlage dargelegt. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus sind in der vorliegenden Ausarbeitung die Vorteile und Herausforderungen hinsichtlich des Zusammenspiels von Building Information Modeling und Facility Management analysiert. Die definierten Arbeitsschritte sind anhand eines Beispiel- projektes angewendet worden. Im Rahmen des Beispielprojekts sind die entscheidenden Be- triebsdaten je Anlagenteil in Form von Informationsanforderungen nach DIN 17412 definiert. Das Geb{\"a}udemodell ist durch Parameter mit den f{\"u}r das Facility Management relevanten In- formationen erg{\"a}nzt. Die Resultate des Beispielprojektes sind mit aussagekr{\"a}ftigen Schnitten, Pl{\"a}nen sowie 3-D-Visualisierungen dargestellt. Abschließend sind die Ergebnisse in Bezug auf das FM validiert. Aus den Arbeitsschritten und Ergebnissen ist eine Leitlinie erstellt worden f{\"u}r den Digitalisierungsprozess von Bestandsgeb{\"a}uden f{\"u}r das Facility Management.}, subject = {Facility Management}, language = {de} } @article{PatzeltErfurtLudwig, author = {Patzelt, Max and Erfurt, Doreen and Ludwig, Horst-Michael}, title = {Quantification of cracks in concrete thin sections considering current methods of image analysis}, series = {Journal of Microscopy}, volume = {2022}, journal = {Journal of Microscopy}, number = {Volume 286, Issue 2}, doi = {10.1111/jmi.13091}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20220811-46754}, pages = {154 -- 159}, abstract = {Image analysis is used in this work to quantify cracks in concrete thin sections via modern image processing. Thin sections were impregnated with a yellow epoxy resin, to increase the contrast between voids and other phases of the concrete. By the means of different steps of pre-processing, machine learning and python scripts, cracks can be quantified in an area of up to 40 cm2. As a result, the crack area, lengths and widths were estimated automatically within a single workflow. Crack patterns caused by freeze-thaw damages were investigated. To compare the inner degradation of the investigated thin sections, the crack density was used. Cracks in the thin sections were measured manually in two different ways for validation of the automatic determined results. On the one hand, the presented work shows that the width of cracks can be determined pixelwise, thus providing the plot of a width distribution. On the other hand, the automatically measured crack length differs in comparison to the manually measured ones.}, subject = {Beton}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{NguyenThanh, author = {Nguyen-Thanh, Nhon}, title = {Isogeometric analysis based on rational splines over hierarchical T-mesh and alpha finite element method for structural analysis}, issn = {1610-7381}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.2078}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20131125-20781}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, pages = {196}, abstract = {This thesis presents two new methods in finite elements and isogeometric analysis for structural analysis. The first method proposes an alternative alpha finite element method using triangular elements. In this method, the piecewise constant strain field of linear triangular finite element method models is enhanced by additional strain terms with an adjustable parameter a, which results in an effectively softer stiffness formulation compared to a linear triangular element. In order to avoid the transverse shear locking of Reissner-Mindlin plates analysis the alpha finite element method is coupled with a discrete shear gap technique for triangular elements to significantly improve the accuracy of the standard triangular finite elements. The basic idea behind this element formulation is to approximate displacements and rotations as in the standard finite element method, but to construct the bending, geometrical and shear strains using node-based smoothing domains. Several numerical examples are presented and show that the alpha FEM gives a good agreement compared to several other methods in the literature. Second method, isogeometric analysis based on rational splines over hierarchical T-meshes (RHT-splines) is proposed. The RHT-splines are a generalization of Non-Uniform Rational B-splines (NURBS) over hierarchical T-meshes, which is a piecewise bicubic polynomial over a hierarchical T-mesh. The RHT-splines basis functions not only inherit all the properties of NURBS such as non-negativity, local support and partition of unity but also more importantly as the capability of joining geometric objects without gaps, preserving higher order continuity everywhere and allow local refinement and adaptivity. In order to drive the adaptive refinement, an efficient recovery-based error estimator is employed. For this problem an imaginary surface is defined. The imaginary surface is basically constructed by RHT-splines basis functions which is used for approximation and interpolation functions as well as the construction of the recovered stress components. Numerical investigations prove that the proposed method is capable to obtain results with higher accuracy and convergence rate than NURBS results.}, subject = {Isogeometric analysis}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Zhang, author = {Zhang, Yongzheng}, title = {A Nonlocal Operator Method for Quasi-static and Dynamic Fracture Modeling}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.4732}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20221026-47321}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, abstract = {Material failure can be tackled by so-called nonlocal models, which introduce an intrinsic length scale into the formulation and, in the case of material failure, restore the well-posedness of the underlying boundary value problem or initial boundary value problem. Among nonlocal models, peridynamics (PD) has attracted a lot of attention as it allows the natural transition from continuum to discontinue and thus allows modeling of discrete cracks without the need to describe and track the crack topology, which has been a major obstacle in traditional discrete crack approaches. This is achieved by replacing the divergence of the Cauchy stress tensor through an integral over so-called bond forces, which account for the interaction of particles. A quasi-continuum approach is then used to calibrate the material parameters of the bond forces, i.e., equating the PD energy with the energy of a continuum. One major issue for the application of PD to general complex problems is that they are limited to fairly simple material behavior and pure mechanical problems based on explicit time integration. PD has been extended to other applications but losing simultaneously its simplicity and ease in modeling material failure. Furthermore, conventional PD suffers from instability and hourglass modes that require stabilization. It also requires the use of constant horizon sizes, which drastically reduces its computational efficiency. The latter issue was resolved by the so-called dual-horizon peridynamics (DH-PD) formulation and the introduction of the duality of horizons. Within the nonlocal operator method (NOM), the concept of nonlocality is further extended and can be considered a generalization of DH-PD. Combined with the energy functionals of various physical models, the nonlocal forms based on the dual-support concept can be derived. In addition, the variation of the energy functional allows implicit formulations of the nonlocal theory. While traditional integral equations are formulated in an integral domain, the dual-support approaches are based on dual integral domains. One prominent feature of NOM is its compatibility with variational and weighted residual methods. The NOM yields a direct numerical implementation based on the weighted residual method for many physical problems without the need for shape functions. Only the definition of the energy or boundary value problem is needed to drastically facilitate the implementation. The nonlocal operator plays an equivalent role to the derivatives of the shape functions in meshless methods and finite element methods (FEM). Based on the variational principle, the residual and the tangent stiffness matrix can be obtained with ease by a series of matrix multiplications. In addition, NOM can be used to derive many nonlocal models in strong form. The principal contributions of this dissertation are the implementation and application of NOM, and also the development of approaches for dealing with fractures within the NOM, mostly for dynamic fractures. The primary coverage and results of the dissertation are as follows: -The first/higher-order implicit NOM and explicit NOM, including a detailed description of the implementation, are presented. The NOM is based on so-called support, dual-support, nonlocal operators, and an operate energy functional ensuring stability. The nonlocal operator is a generalization of the conventional differential operators. Combining with the method of weighted residuals and variational principles, NOM establishes the residual and tangent stiffness matrix of operate energy functional through some simple matrix without the need of shape functions as in other classical computational methods such as FEM. NOM only requires the definition of the energy drastically simplifying its implementation. For the sake of conciseness, the implementation in this chapter is focused on linear elastic solids only, though the NOM can handle more complex nonlinear problems. An explicit nonlocal operator method for the dynamic analysis of elasticity solid problems is also presented. The explicit NOM avoids the calculation of the tangent stiffness matrix as in the implicit NOM model. The explicit scheme comprises the Verlet-velocity algorithm. The NOM can be very flexible and efficient for solving partial differential equations (PDEs). It's also quite easy for readers to use the NOM and extend it to solve other complicated physical phenomena described by one or a set of PDEs. Several numerical examples are presented to show the capabilities of this method. -A nonlocal operator method for the dynamic analysis of (thin) Kirchhoff plates is proposed. The nonlocal Hessian operator is derived from a second-order Taylor series expansion. NOM is higher-order continuous, which is exploited for thin plate analysis that requires \$C^1\$ continuity. The nonlocal dynamic governing formulation and operator energy functional for Kirchhoff plates are derived from a variational principle. The Verlet-velocity algorithm is used for time discretization. After confirming the accuracy of the nonlocal Hessian operator, several numerical examples are simulated by the nonlocal dynamic Kirchhoff plate formulation. -A nonlocal fracture modeling is developed and applied to the simulation of quasi-static and dynamic fractures using the NOM. The phase field's nonlocal weak and associated strong forms are derived from a variational principle. The NOM requires only the definition of energy. We present both a nonlocal implicit phase field model and a nonlocal explicit phase field model for fracture; the first approach is better suited for quasi-static fracture problems, while the key application of the latter one is dynamic fracture. To demonstrate the performance of the underlying approach, several benchmark examples for quasi-static and dynamic fracture are solved.}, subject = {Variationsprinzip}, language = {en} } @article{ChakrabortyAnitescuZhuangetal., author = {Chakraborty, Ayan and Anitescu, Cosmin and Zhuang, Xiaoying and Rabczuk, Timon}, title = {Domain adaptation based transfer learning approach for solving PDEs on complex geometries}, series = {Engineering with Computers}, volume = {2022}, journal = {Engineering with Computers}, doi = {10.1007/s00366-022-01661-2}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20220811-46776}, pages = {1 -- 20}, abstract = {In machine learning, if the training data is independently and identically distributed as the test data then a trained model can make an accurate predictions for new samples of data. Conventional machine learning has a strong dependence on massive amounts of training data which are domain specific to understand their latent patterns. In contrast, Domain adaptation and Transfer learning methods are sub-fields within machine learning that are concerned with solving the inescapable problem of insufficient training data by relaxing the domain dependence hypothesis. In this contribution, this issue has been addressed and by making a novel combination of both the methods we develop a computationally efficient and practical algorithm to solve boundary value problems based on nonlinear partial differential equations. We adopt a meshfree analysis framework to integrate the prevailing geometric modelling techniques based on NURBS and present an enhanced deep collocation approach that also plays an important role in the accuracy of solutions. We start with a brief introduction on how these methods expand upon this framework. We observe an excellent agreement between these methods and have shown that how fine-tuning a pre-trained network to a specialized domain may lead to an outstanding performance compare to the existing ones. As proof of concept, we illustrate the performance of our proposed model on several benchmark problems.}, subject = {Maschinelles Lernen}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{PhungThi, author = {Phung Thi, Thu Ha}, title = {Metakaolin as an Additive in Composite Cement}, publisher = {F. A. Finger-Institut f{\"u}r Baustoffkunde}, address = {Weimar}, isbn = {978-3-00-042655-1}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.1976}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20130705-19764}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, pages = {119}, abstract = {Metakaolin made from kaolin is used around the world but rarely in Vietnam where abundant deposits of kaolin is found. The first studies of producing metakaolin were conducted with high quality Vietnamese kaolins. The results showed the potential to produce metakaolin, and its effect has on strength development of mortars and concretes. However, utilisation of a low quality kaolin for producing Vietnamese metakaolin has not been studied so far. The objectives of this study were to produce a good quality metakaolin made from low quality Vietnamese kaolin and to facilitate the utilisation of Vietnamese metakaolin in composite cements. In order to reach such goals, the optimal thermal conversion of Vietnamese kaolin into metakaolin was carried out by many investigations, and as such the optimal conversion is found using the analysis results of DSC/TGA, XRD and CSI. During the calcination in a range of 500 - 800 oC lasting for 1 - 5 hours, the characterisation of calcinated kaolin was also monitored for mass loss, BET surface, PSD, density as well as the presence of the residual water. It is found to have a well correlation between residual water and BET surface. The pozzolanic activity of metakaolin was tested by various methods regarding to the saturated lime method, mCh and TGA-CaO method. The results of the study showed which method is the most suitable one to characterise the real activity of metakaolin and can reach the greatest agreement with concrete performance. Furthermore, the pozzolanic activity results tested using methods were also analysed and compared to each other with respect to the BET surface. The properties of Vietnam metakaolin was established using investigations on water demand, setting time, spread-flowability, and strength. It is concluded that depending on the intended use of composite cement and weather conditions of cure, each Vietnamese metakaolin can be used appropriately to produce (1) a composite cement with a low water demand (2) a high strength of composite cement (3) a composite cement that aims to reduce CO2 emissions and to improve economics of cement products (4) a high performance mortar. The durability of metakaolin mortar was tested to find the needed metakaolin content against ASR, sulfat and sulfuric acid attacks successfully.}, subject = {metakaolin}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Schrader, author = {Schrader, Kai}, title = {Hybrid 3D simulation methods for the damage analysis of multiphase composites}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.2059}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20131021-20595}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, pages = {174}, abstract = {Modern digital material approaches for the visualization and simulation of heterogeneous materials allow to investigate the behavior of complex multiphase materials with their physical nonlinear material response at various scales. However, these computational techniques require extensive hardware resources with respect to computing power and main memory to solve numerically large-scale discretized models in 3D. Due to a very high number of degrees of freedom, which may rapidly be increased to the two-digit million range, the limited hardware ressources are to be utilized in a most efficient way to enable an execution of the numerical algorithms in minimal computation time. Hence, in the field of computational mechanics, various methods and algorithms can lead to an optimized runtime behavior of nonlinear simulation models, where several approaches are proposed and investigated in this thesis. Today, the numerical simulation of damage effects in heterogeneous materials is performed by the adaption of multiscale methods. A consistent modeling in the three-dimensional space with an appropriate discretization resolution on each scale (based on a hierarchical or concurrent multiscale model), however, still contains computational challenges in respect to the convergence behavior, the scale transition or the solver performance of the weak coupled problems. The computational efficiency and the distribution among available hardware resources (often based on a parallel hardware architecture) can significantly be improved. In the past years, high-performance computing (HPC) and graphics processing unit (GPU) based computation techniques were established for the investigationof scientific objectives. Their application results in the modification of existing and the development of new computational methods for the numerical implementation, which enables to take advantage of massively clustered computer hardware resources. In the field of numerical simulation in material science, e.g. within the investigation of damage effects in multiphase composites, the suitability of such models is often restricted by the number of degrees of freedom (d.o.f.s) in the three-dimensional spatial discretization. This proves to be difficult for the type of implementation method used for the nonlinear simulation procedure and, simultaneously has a great influence on memory demand and computational time. In this thesis, a hybrid discretization technique has been developed for the three-dimensional discretization of a three-phase material, which is respecting the numerical efficiency of nonlinear (damage) simulations of these materials. The increase of the computational efficiency is enabled by the improved scalability of the numerical algorithms. Consequently, substructuring methods for partitioning the hybrid mesh were implemented, tested and adapted to the HPC computing framework using several hundred CPU (central processing units) nodes for building the finite element assembly. A memory-efficient iterative and parallelized equation solver combined with a special preconditioning technique for solving the underlying equation system was modified and adapted to enable combined CPU and GPU based computations. Hence, it is recommended by the author to apply the substructuring method for hybrid meshes, which respects different material phases and their mechanical behavior and which enables to split the structure in elastic and inelastic parts. However, the consideration of the nonlinear material behavior, specified for the corresponding phase, is limited to the inelastic domains only, and by that causes a decreased computing time for the nonlinear procedure. Due to the high numerical effort for such simulations, an alternative approach for the nonlinear finite element analysis, based on the sequential linear analysis, was implemented in respect to scalable HPC. The incremental-iterative procedure in finite element analysis (FEA) during the nonlinear step was then replaced by a sequence of linear FE analysis when damage in critical regions occured, known in literature as saw-tooth approach. As a result, qualitative (smeared) crack initiation in 3D multiphase specimens has efficiently been simulated.}, subject = {high-performance computing}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Vogler, author = {Vogler, Verena}, title = {A framework for artificial coral reef design: Integrating computational modelling and high precision monitoring strategies for artificial coral reefs - an Ecosystem-aware design approach in times of climate change}, isbn = {978-3-00-074495-2}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.4611}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20220322-46115}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, pages = {243}, abstract = {Tropical coral reefs, one of the world's oldest ecosystems which support some of the highest levels of biodiversity on the planet, are currently facing an unprecedented ecological crisis during this massive human-activity-induced period of extinction. Hence, tropical reefs symbolically stand for the destructive effects of human activities on nature [4], [5]. Artificial reefs are excellent examples of how architectural design can be combined with ecosystem regeneration [6], [7], [8]. However, to work at the interface between the artificial and the complex and temporal nature of natural systems presents a challenge, i.a. in respect to the B-rep modelling legacy of computational modelling. The presented doctorate investigates strategies on how to apply digital practice to realise what is an essential bulwark to retain reefs in impossibly challenging times. Beyond the main question of integrating computational modelling and high precision monitoring strategies in artificial coral reef design, this doctorate explores techniques, methods, and linking frameworks to support future research and practice in ecology led design contexts. Considering the many existing approaches for artificial coral reefs design, one finds they often fall short in precisely understanding the relationships between architectural and ecological aspects (e.g. how a surface design and material composition can foster coral larvae settlement, or structural three-dimensionality enhance biodiversity) and lack an integrated underwater (UW) monitoring process. Such a process is necessary in order to gather knowledge about the ecosystem and make it available for design, and to learn whether artificial structures contribute to reef regeneration or rather harm the coral reef ecosystem. For the research, empirical experimental methods were applied: Algorithmic coral reef design, high precision UW monitoring, computational modelling and simulation, and validated through parallel real-world physical experimentation - two Artificial Reef Prototypes (ARPs) in Gili Trawangan, Indonesia (2012-today). Multiple discrete methods and sub techniques were developed in seventeen computational experiments and applied in a way in which many are cross valid and integrated in an overall framework that is offered as a significant contribution to the field. Other main contributions include the Ecosystem-aware design approach, Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for coral reef design, algorithmic design and fabrication of Biorock cathodes, new high precision UW monitoring strategies, long-term real-world constructed experiments, new digital analysis methods and two new front-end web-based tools for reef design and monitoring reefs. The methodological framework is a finding of the research that has many technical components that were tested and combined in this way for the very first time. In summary, the thesis responds to the urgency and relevance in preserving marine species in tropical reefs during this massive extinction period by offering a differentiated approach towards artificial coral reefs - demonstrating the feasibility of digitally designing such 'living architecture' according to multiple context and performance parameters. It also provides an in-depth critical discussion of computational design and architecture in the context of ecosystem regeneration and Planetary Thinking. In that respect, the thesis functions as both theoretical and practical background for computational design, ecology and marine conservation - not only to foster the design of artificial coral reefs technically but also to provide essential criteria and techniques for conceiving them. Keywords: Artificial coral reefs, computational modelling, high precision underwater monitoring, ecology in design.}, subject = {Korallenriff}, language = {en} } @article{Schuch, author = {Schuch, Kai}, title = {Theoretische Modelle zur Beschreibung des Aggregationsprozesses von w{\"a}ssrigen Alkalisilikatsolen (Wasserglas) durch spezielle Gelinitiatoren zum Aufbau von stabilen silikatischen Schichtmaterialien}, series = {Steuerung des Aggregationsprozesses in w{\"a}ssrigen Alkalisilikatsolendurch spezielle Gelinitiatoren und moderate W{\"a}rmebehandlung zum Aufbau einer stabilen Silikatbeschichtung}, journal = {Steuerung des Aggregationsprozesses in w{\"a}ssrigen Alkalisilikatsolendurch spezielle Gelinitiatoren und moderate W{\"a}rmebehandlung zum Aufbau einer stabilen Silikatbeschichtung}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.2480}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20151123-24807}, abstract = {In dem Artikel werden die theoretischen Modelle und die Zusammenfassung aus der Dissertation von Kai Schuch, Bauhaus Universit{\"a}t Weimar 2014, zusammengef{\"u}hrt.}, subject = {Wasserglas}, language = {de} } @article{GuoZhuangChenetal., author = {Guo, Hongwei and Zhuang, Xiaoying and Chen, Pengwan and Alajlan, Naif and Rabczuk, Timon}, title = {Analysis of three-dimensional potential problems in non-homogeneous media with physics-informed deep collocation method using material transfer learning and sensitivity analysis}, series = {Engineering with Computers}, volume = {2022}, journal = {Engineering with Computers}, doi = {10.1007/s00366-022-01633-6}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20220811-46764}, pages = {1 -- 22}, abstract = {In this work, we present a deep collocation method (DCM) for three-dimensional potential problems in non-homogeneous media. This approach utilizes a physics-informed neural network with material transfer learning reducing the solution of the non-homogeneous partial differential equations to an optimization problem. We tested different configurations of the physics-informed neural network including smooth activation functions, sampling methods for collocation points generation and combined optimizers. A material transfer learning technique is utilized for non-homogeneous media with different material gradations and parameters, which enhance the generality and robustness of the proposed method. In order to identify the most influential parameters of the network configuration, we carried out a global sensitivity analysis. Finally, we provide a convergence proof of our DCM. The approach is validated through several benchmark problems, also testing different material variations.}, subject = {Deep learning}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Staeudel, author = {St{\"a}udel, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Development, Implementation and Operation of Integrated Sanitation Systems Based on Material-Flows - Integrated Sanitation in the City of Darkhan, Mongolia - A Practicable Example}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.3179}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20170512-31794}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, abstract = {The world society faces a huge challenge to implement the human right of "access to sanitation". More and more it is accepted that the conventional approach towards providing sanitation services is not suitable to solve this problem. This dissertation examines the possibility to enhance "access to sanitation" for people who are living in areas with underdeveloped water and wastewater infrastructure systems. The idea hereby is to follow an integrated approach for sanitation, which allows for a mutual completion of existing infrastructure with resource-based sanitation systems. The notion "integrated sanitation system (iSaS)" is defined in this work and guiding principles for iSaS are formulated. Further on the implementation of iSaS is assessed at the example of a case study in the city of Darkhan in Mongolia. More than half of Mongolia's population live in settlements where yurts (tents of Nomadic people) are predominant. In these settlements (or "ger areas") sanitation systems are not existent and the hygienic situation is precarious. An iSaS has been developed for the ger areas in Darkhan and tested over more than two years. Further on a software-based model has been developed with the goal to describe and assess different variations of the iSaS. The results of the assessment of material-flows, monetary-flows and communication-flows within the iSaS are presented in this dissertation. The iSaS model is adaptable and transferable to the socio-economic conditions in other regions and climate zones.}, subject = {Abwasser}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Nanthakumar, author = {Nanthakumar, S.S.}, title = {Inverse and optimization problems in piezoelectric materials using Extended Finite Element Method and Level sets}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.2709}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20161128-27095}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, abstract = {Piezoelectric materials are used in several applications as sensors and actuators where they experience high stress and electric field concentrations as a result of which they may fail due to fracture. Though there are many analytical and experimental works on piezoelectric fracture mechanics. There are very few studies about damage detection, which is an interesting way to prevent the failure of these ceramics. An iterative method to treat the inverse problem of detecting cracks and voids in piezoelectric structures is proposed. Extended finite element method (XFEM) is employed for solving the inverse problem as it allows the use of a single regular mesh for large number of iterations with different flaw geometries. Firstly, minimization of cost function is performed by Multilevel Coordinate Search (MCS) method. The XFEM-MCS methodology is applied to two dimensional electromechanical problems where flaws considered are straight cracks and elliptical voids. Then a numerical method based on combination of classical shape derivative and level set method for front propagation used in structural optimization is utilized to minimize the cost function. The results obtained show that the XFEM-level set methodology is effectively able to determine the number of voids in a piezoelectric structure and its corresponding locations. The XFEM-level set methodology is improved to solve the inverse problem of detecting inclusion interfaces in a piezoelectric structure. The material interfaces are implicitly represented by level sets which are identified by applying regularisation using total variation penalty terms. The formulation is presented for three dimensional structures and inclusions made of different materials are detected by using multiple level sets. The results obtained prove that the iterative procedure proposed can determine the location and approximate shape of material subdomains in the presence of higher noise levels. Piezoelectric nanostructures exhibit size dependent properties because of surface elasticity and surface piezoelectricity. Initially a study to understand the influence of surface elasticity on optimization of nano elastic beams is performed. The boundary of the nano structure is implicitly represented by a level set function, which is considered as the design variable in the optimization process. Two objective functions, minimizing the total potential energy of a nanostructure subjected to a material volume constraint and minimizing the least square error compared to a target displacement, are chosen for the numerical examples. The numerical examples demonstrate the importance of size and aspect ratio in determining how surface effects impact the optimized topology of nanobeams. Finally a conventional cantilever energy harvester with a piezoelectric nano layer is analysed. The presence of surface piezoelectricity in nano beams and nano plates leads to increase in electromechanical coupling coefficient. Topology optimization of these piezoelectric structures in an energy harvesting device to further increase energy conversion using appropriately modified XFEM-level set algorithm is performed .}, subject = {Finite-Elemente-Methode}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Ghasemi, author = {Ghasemi, Hamid}, title = {Stochastic optimization of fiber reinforced composites considering uncertainties}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.2704}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20161117-27042}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, pages = {140}, abstract = {Briefly, the two basic questions that this research is supposed to answer are: 1. Howmuch fiber is needed and how fibers should be distributed through a fiber reinforced composite (FRC) structure in order to obtain the optimal and reliable structural response? 2. How do uncertainties influence the optimization results and reliability of the structure? Giving answer to the above questions a double stage sequential optimization algorithm for finding the optimal content of short fiber reinforcements and their distribution in the composite structure, considering uncertain design parameters, is presented. In the first stage, the optimal amount of short fibers in a FRC structure with uniformly distributed fibers is conducted in the framework of a Reliability Based Design Optimization (RBDO) problem. Presented model considers material, structural and modeling uncertainties. In the second stage, the fiber distribution optimization (with the aim to further increase in structural reliability) is performed by defining a fiber distribution function through a Non-Uniform Rational BSpline (NURBS) surface. The advantages of using the NURBS surface as a fiber distribution function include: using the same data set for the optimization and analysis; high convergence rate due to the smoothness of the NURBS; mesh independency of the optimal layout; no need for any post processing technique and its non-heuristic nature. The output of stage 1 (the optimal fiber content for homogeneously distributed fibers) is considered as the input of stage 2. The output of stage 2 is the Reliability Index (b ) of the structure with the optimal fiber content and distribution. First order reliability method (in order to approximate the limit state function) as well as different material models including Rule of Mixtures, Mori-Tanaka, energy-based approach and stochastic multi-scales are implemented in different examples. The proposed combined model is able to capture the role of available uncertainties in FRC structures through a computationally efficient algorithm using all sequential, NURBS and sensitivity based techniques. The methodology is successfully implemented for interfacial shear stress optimization in sandwich beams and also for optimization of the internal cooling channels in a ceramic matrix composite. Finally, after some changes and modifications by combining Isogeometric Analysis, level set and point wise density mapping techniques, the computational framework is extended for topology optimization of piezoelectric / flexoelectric materials.}, subject = {Finite-Elemente-Methode}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Mueller, author = {M{\"u}ller, Matthias}, title = {Salt-frost Attack on Concrete - New Findings regarding the Damage Mechanism}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.4868}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20230103-48681}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, abstract = {The reduction of the cement clinker content is an important prerequisite for the improvement of the CO2-footprint of concrete. Nevertheless, the durability of such concretes must be sufficient to guarantee a satisfactory service life of structures. Salt frost scaling resistance is a critical factor in this regard, as it is often diminished at increased clinker substitution rates. Furthermore, only insufficient long-term experience for such concretes exists. A high salt frost scaling resistance thus cannot be achieved by applying only descriptive criteria, such as the concrete composition. It is therefore to be expected, that in the long term a performance based service life prediction will replace the descriptive concept. To achieve the important goal of clinker reduction for concretes also in cold and temperate climates it is important to understand the underlying mechanisms for salt frost scaling. However, conflicting damage theories dominate the current State of the Art. It was consequently derived as the goal of this thesis to evaluate existing damage theories and to examine them experimentally. It was found that only two theories have the potential to describe the salt frost attack satisfactorily - the glue spall theory and the cryogenic suction theory. The glue spall theory attributes the surface scaling to the interaction of an external ice layer with the concrete surface. Only when moderate amounts of deicing salt are present in the test solution the resulting mechanical properties of the ice can cause scaling. However, the results in this thesis indicate that severe scaling also occurs at deicing salt levels, at which the ice is much too soft to damage concrete. Thus, the inability of the glue spall theory to account for all aspects of salt frost scaling was shown. The cryogenic suction theory is based on the eutectic behavior of salt solutions, which consist of two phases - water ice and liquid brine - between the freezing point and the eutectic temperature. The liquid brine acts as an additional moisture reservoir, which facilitates the growth of ice lenses in the surface layer of the concrete. The experiments in this thesis confirmed, that the ice formation in hardened cement paste increases due to the suction of brine at sub-zero temperatures. The extent of additional ice formation was influenced mainly by the porosity and by the chloride binding capacity of the hardened cement paste. Consequently, the cryogenic suction theory plausibly describes the actual generation of scaling, but it has to be expanded by some crucial aspects to represent the salt frost scaling attack completely. The most important aspect is the intensive saturation process, which is ascribed to the so-called micro ice lens pump. Therefore a combined damage theory was proposed, which considers multiple saturation processes. Important aspects of this combined theory were confirmed experimentally. As a result, the combined damage theory constitutes a good basis to understand the salt frost scaling attack on concrete on a fundamental level. Furthermore, a new approach was identified, to account for the reduced salt frost scaling resistance of concretes with reduced clinker content.}, subject = {Beton}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Liu, author = {Liu, Bokai}, title = {Stochastic multiscale modeling of polymeric nanocomposites using Data-driven techniques}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.4637}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20220503-46379}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, pages = {134}, abstract = {In recent years, lightweight materials, such as polymer composite materials (PNCs) have been studied and developed due to their excellent physical and chemical properties. Structures composed of these composite materials are widely used in aerospace engineering structures, automotive components, and electrical devices. The excellent and outstanding mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of Carbon nanotube (CNT) make it an ideal filler to strengthen polymer materials' comparable properties. The heat transfer of composite materials has very promising engineering applications in many fields, especially in electronic devices and energy storage equipment. It is essential in high-energy density systems since electronic components need heat dissipation functionality. Or in other words, in electronic devices the generated heat should ideally be dissipated by light and small heat sinks. Polymeric composites consist of fillers embedded in a polymer matrix, the first ones will significantly affect the overall (macroscopic) performance of the material. There are many common carbon-based fillers such as single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), carbon nanobuds (CNB), fullerene, and graphene. Additives inside the matrix have become a popular subject for researchers. Some extraordinary characters, such as high-performance load, lightweight design, excellent chemical resistance, easy processing, and heat transfer, make the design of polymeric nanotube composites (PNCs) flexible. Due to the reinforcing effects with different fillers on composite materials, it has a higher degree of freedom and can be designed for the structure according to specific applications' needs. As already stated, our research focus will be on SWCNT enhanced PNCs. Since experiments are timeconsuming, sometimes expensive and cannot shed light into phenomena taking place for instance at the interfaces/interphases of composites, they are often complemented through theoretical and computational analysis. While most studies are based on deterministic approaches, there is a comparatively lower number of stochastic methods accounting for uncertainties in the input parameters. In deterministic models, the output of the model is fully determined by the parameter values and the initial conditions. However, uncertainties in the input parameters such as aspect ratio, volume fraction, thermal properties of fiber and matrix need to be taken into account for reliable predictions. In this research, a stochastic multiscale method is provided to study the influence of numerous uncertain input parameters on the thermal conductivity of the composite. Therefore, a hierarchical multi-scale method based on computational homogenization is presented in to predict the macroscopic thermal conductivity based on the fine-scale structure. In order to study the inner mechanism, we use the finite element method and employ surrogate models to conduct a Global Sensitivity Analysis (GSA). The SA is performed in order to quantify the influence of the conductivity of the fiber, matrix, Kapitza resistance, volume fraction and aspect ratio on the macroscopic conductivity. Therefore, we compute first-order and total-effect sensitivity indices with different surrogate models. As stochastic multiscale models are computational expensive, surrogate approaches are commonly exploited. With the emergence of high performance computing and artificial intelligence, machine learning has become a popular modeling tool for numerous applications. Machine learning (ML) is commonly used in regression and maps data through specific rules with algorithms to build input and output models. They are particularly useful for nonlinear input-output relationships when sufficient data is available. ML has also been used in the design of new materials and multiscale analysis. For instance, Artificial neural networks and integrated learning seem to be ideally for such a task. They can theoretically simulate any non-linear relationship through the connection of neurons. Mapping relationships are employed to carry out data-driven simulations of inputs and outputs in stochastic modeling. This research aims to develop a stochastic multi-scale computational models of PNCs in heat transfer. Multi-scale stochastic modeling with uncertainty analysis and machine learning methods consist of the following components: -Uncertainty Analysis. A surrogate based global sensitivity analysis is coupled with a hierarchical multi-scale method employing computational homogenization. The effect of the conductivity of the fibers and the matrix, the Kapitza resistance, volume fraction and aspect ratio on the 'macroscopic' conductivity of the composite is systematically studied. All selected surrogate models yield consistently the conclusions that the most influential input parameters are the aspect ratio followed by the volume fraction. The Kapitza Resistance has no significant effect on the thermal conductivity of the PNCs. The most accurate surrogate model in terms of the R2 value is the moving least square (MLS). -Hybrid Machine Learning Algorithms. A combination of artificial neural network (ANN) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) is applied to estimate the relationship between variable input and output parameters. The ANN is used for modeling the composite while PSO improves the prediction performance through an optimized global minimum search. The thermal conductivity of the fibers and the matrix, the kapitza resistance, volume fraction and aspect ratio are selected as input parameters. The output is the macroscopic (homogenized) thermal conductivity of the composite. The results show that the PSO significantly improves the predictive ability of this hybrid intelligent algorithm, which outperforms traditional neural networks. -Stochastic Integrated Machine Learning. A stochastic integrated machine learning based multiscale approach for the prediction of the macroscopic thermal conductivity in PNCs is developed. Seven types of machine learning models are exploited in this research, namely Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Regression Tree (RT), Bagging Tree (Bag), Random Forest (RF), Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM) and Cubist. They are used as components of stochastic modeling to construct the relationship between the variable of the inputs' uncertainty and the macroscopic thermal conductivity of PNCs. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is used for hyper-parameter tuning to find the global optimal values leading to a significant reduction in the computational cost. The advantages and disadvantages of various methods are also analyzed in terms of computing time and model complexity to finally give a recommendation for the applicability of different models.}, subject = {Polymere}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Habtemariam, author = {Habtemariam, Abinet Kifle}, title = {Generalized Beam Theory for the analysis of thin-walled circular pipe members}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.4572}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20220127-45723}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, pages = {188}, abstract = {The detailed structural analysis of thin-walled circular pipe members often requires the use of a shell or solid-based finite element method. Although these methods provide a very good approximation of the deformations, they require a higher degree of discretization which causes high computational costs. On the other hand, the analysis of thin-walled circular pipe members based on classical beam theories is easy to implement and needs much less computation time, however, they are limited in their ability to approximate the deformations as they cannot consider the deformation of the cross-section. This dissertation focuses on the study of the Generalized Beam Theory (GBT) which is both accurate and efficient in analyzing thin-walled members. This theory is based on the separation of variables in which the displacement field is expressed as a combination of predetermined deformation modes related to the cross-section, and unknown amplitude functions defined on the beam's longitudinal axis. Although the GBT was initially developed for long straight members, through the consideration of complementary deformation modes, which amend the null transverse and shear membrane strain assumptions of the classical GBT, problems involving short members, pipe bends, and geometrical nonlinearity can also be analyzed using GBT. In this dissertation, the GBT formulation for the analysis of these problems is developed and the application and capabilities of the method are illustrated using several numerical examples. Furthermore, the displacement and stress field results of these examples are verified using an equivalent refined shell-based finite element model. The developed static and dynamic GBT formulations for curved thin-walled circular pipes are based on the linear kinematic description of the curved shell theory. In these formulations, the complex problem in pipe bends due to the strong coupling effect of the longitudinal bending, warping and the cross-sectional ovalization is handled precisely through the derivation of the coupling tensors between the considered GBT deformation modes. Similarly, the geometrically nonlinear GBT analysis is formulated for thin-walled circular pipes based on the nonlinear membrane kinematic equations. Here, the initial linear and quadratic stress and displacement tangent stiffness matrices are built using the third and fourth-order GBT deformation mode coupling tensors. Longitudinally, the formulation of the coupled GBT element stiffness and mass matrices are presented using a beam-based finite element formulation. Furthermore, the formulated GBT elements are tested for shear and membrane locking problems and the limitations of the formulations regarding the membrane locking problem are discussed.}, subject = {Finite-Elemente-Methode}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Held, author = {Held, Tobias}, title = {Einblick: Gestalterische Potentiale und Perspektiven der Videotelefonie im Kontext von N{\"a}he und Distanz. Eine praxis-basierte, (re-)kontextualisierende und diskursanalytische Studie.}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.4886}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20230111-48867}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, pages = {534}, abstract = {Inhaltlich besch{\"a}ftigt sich die Arbeit, die im Rahmen des Promotionsstudiengangs Kunst und Gestaltung an der Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t entstand, mit der Erforschung sozio-interaktiver Potentiale der Videotelefonie im Kontext von N{\"a}he und Verbundenheit mit Fokus auf Eigenbild, Embodiment sowie den Rederechtswechsel. Die Videotelefonie als Kommunikationsform hat sich - und darauf deuten die Erfahrungen der Co- vid-19-Pandemie hin - im lebensweltlichen Alltag der Menschen etabliert und wird dort in naher Zukunft nicht mehr wegzudenken sein. Auf Basis ihrer M{\"o}glichkeiten und Errungenschaften ist es inzwischen Realit{\"a}t und Lebenswirklichkeit, dass die Kommunikation sowohl im privaten als auch im gesch{\"a}ftlichen Kontext mittels verschiedenster Kan{\"a}le stattfindet. Der Videotelefonie kommt hierbei als solche nicht nur eine tragende Funktion, sondern auch eine herausragende Rolle bei der vermeintlichen Reproduktion der Face-to-Face-Kommunikation im digitalen Raum zu und wird wie selbstverst{\"a}ndlich zum zwischenmenschlichen Austausch genutzt. Just an diesem Punkt kn{\"u}pft die Forschungsarbeit an. Zentral stand dabei das Vorhaben einer dezidierte Untersuchung des Forschungsgegenstandes Videotelefonie, sowohl aus Kultur- als auch Technikhistorischer, aber auch Medien-, Wahrnehmungs- wie Kommunikations- theoretischer Perspektive, indem analytische und ph{\"a}nosemiotische Perspektiven miteinander in Beziehung gesetzt werden (z.B. Wahrnehmungsbedingungen, Interaktionsmerkmale, realisierte Kommunikationsprozesse etc.). Damit verbundenes, w{\"u}nschenswertes Ziel war es, eine m{\"o}glichst zeitgem{\"a}ße wie relevante Forschungsfrage zu adressieren, die neben den kulturellen Technisierungs- und Mediatisierungstendenzen in institutionellen und privaten Milieus ebenfalls eine conditio sine qua non der pandemischen (Massen-)Kommunikation entwirft. Die Arbeit ist damit vor allem im Bereich des Produkt- und Interactiondesigns zu verorten. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus hatte sie das Ziel der Darlegung und Begr{\"u}ndung der Videotelefonie als eigenst{\"a}ndige Kommunikationsform, welche durch eigene, kommunikative Besonderheiten, die sich in ihrer jeweiligen Ingebrauchnahme sowie durch spezielle Wahrnehmungsbedingungen {\"a}ußern, und die die Videotelefonie als »Rederechtswechselmedium« avant la lettre konsolidieren, gekennzeichnet ist. Dabei sollte der Beweis erbracht werden, dass die Videotelefonie nicht als Schwundstufe einer Kommunikation Face-to-Face, sondern als ein eigenst{\"a}ndiges Mediatisierungs- und Kommunikationsereignis zu verstehen sei. Und eben nicht als eine beliebige - sich linear vom Telefon ausgehende - entwickelte Form der audio-visuellen Fernkommunikation darstellt, sondern die gestalterische (Bewegtbild-)Technizit{\"a}t ein eigenst{\"a}ndiges Funktionsmaß offeriert, welches wiederum ein innovatives Kommunikationsmilieu im Kontext einer Rederechtswechsel-Medialit{\"a}t stabilisiert.}, subject = {Videotelefonie}, language = {de} } @article{AlaladeReichertKoehnetal., author = {Alalade, Muyiwa and Reichert, Ina and K{\"o}hn, Daniel and Wuttke, Frank and Lahmer, Tom}, title = {A Cyclic Multi-Stage Implementation of the Full-Waveform Inversion for the Identification of Anomalies in Dams}, series = {Infrastructures}, volume = {2022}, journal = {Infrastructures}, number = {Volume 7, issue 12, article 161}, editor = {Qu, Chunxu and Gao, Chunxu and Zhang, Rui and Jia, Ziguang and Li, Jiaxiang}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, doi = {10.3390/infrastructures7120161}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20221201-48396}, pages = {19}, abstract = {For the safe and efficient operation of dams, frequent monitoring and maintenance are required. These are usually expensive, time consuming, and cumbersome. To alleviate these issues, we propose applying a wave-based scheme for the location and quantification of damages in dams. To obtain high-resolution "interpretable" images of the damaged regions, we drew inspiration from non-linear full-multigrid methods for inverse problems and applied a new cyclic multi-stage full-waveform inversion (FWI) scheme. Our approach is less susceptible to the stability issues faced by the standard FWI scheme when dealing with ill-posed problems. In this paper, we first selected an optimal acquisition setup and then applied synthetic data to demonstrate the capability of our approach in identifying a series of anomalies in dams by a mixture of reflection and transmission tomography. The results had sufficient robustness, showing the prospects of application in the field of non-destructive testing of dams.}, subject = {Damm}, language = {en} } @techreport{SchwanckRuiz, author = {Schwanck, Anke and Ruiz, Marcelo}, title = {Allokation und Steuerung von Fl{\"a}chenressourcen in Hochschulen (FLHO)}, organization = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar, Fakult{\"a}t Bauingenieurwesen, Professur Betriebswirtschaftslehre im Bauwesen}, isbn = {978-3-95773-188-3}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.2357}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20150227-23570}, pages = {491}, abstract = {Generell hat sich im Forschungsprojekt insbesondere durch die Gespr{\"a}che mit den Hochschulvertretern best{\"a}tigt, dass f{\"u}r qualitativ hochwertige Lehre und Forschung qualitativ hochwertige Fl{\"a}chen in ausreichendem Umfang notwendig sind. Ein Ziel der Forschungsarbeit ist die Entwicklung von Modellen zur Allokation und Steuerung von Fl{\"a}chenressourcen in Hochschulen. Ausgehend von Darstellungen und Erfahrungen f{\"u}r die Fl{\"a}chensteuerung aus Unternehmen, anderen Bereichen der {\"o}ffentlichen Verwaltung und Forschungseinrichtungen wurden m{\"o}gliche Steuerungsverfahren f{\"u}r Hochschulen untersucht. Es wurde ein Steuerungsmodell f{\"u}r Hochschulen entwickelt, das auf die hochschulinternen und die extern wirksamen Rahmenbedingungen reagiert. Die hochschulinterne Fl{\"a}chenallokation wird zum einen maßgeblich von externen Rahmen-bedingungen und zum zweiten von internen Prozessen, Abl{\"a}ufen und Strukturen beeinflusst. Die Kenntnis dieser Bedingungen wird als Voraussetzung f{\"u}r die Benennung von Erfolgsfak-toren f{\"u}r die Implementation neuer Steuerungsmodelle angenommen. Analysiert wurden daher die liegenschaftspolitischen und die organisatorischen Rahmenbedingungen sowie die steuerungsrelevanten Eigenschaften der Fl{\"a}chen selber.}, subject = {Fl{\"a}che}, language = {de} } @article{MehlingSchnabelLondong, author = {Mehling, Simon and Schnabel, Tobias and Londong, J{\"o}rg}, title = {Investigation on Energetic Efficiency of Reactor Systems for Oxidation of Micro-Pollutants by Immobilized Active Titanium Dioxide Photocatalysis}, series = {Water}, volume = {2022}, journal = {Water}, number = {Volume 14, issue 7, article 2681}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, doi = {10.3390/w14172681}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20220912-47130}, pages = {1 -- 15}, abstract = {In this work, the degradation performance for the photocatalytic oxidation of eight micropollutants (amisulpride, benzotriazole, candesartan, carbamazepine, diclofenac, gabapentin, methlybenzotriazole, and metoprolol) within real secondary effluent was investigated using three different reactor designs. For all reactor types, the influence of irradiation power on its reaction rate and energetic efficiency was investigated. Flat cell and batch reactor showed almost similar substance specific degradation behavior. Within the immersion rotary body reactor, benzotriazole and methylbenzotriazole showed a significantly lower degradation affinity. The flat cell reactor achieved the highest mean degradation rate, with half time values ranging from 5 to 64 min with a mean of 18 min, due to its high catalysts surface to hydraulic volume ratio. The EE/O values were calculated for all micro-pollutants as well as the mean degradation rate constant of each experimental step. The lowest substance specific energy per order (EE/O) values of 5 kWh/m3 were measured for benzotriazole within the batch reactor. The batch reactor also reached the lowest mean values (11.8-15.9 kWh/m3) followed by the flat cell reactor (21.0-37.0 kWh/m3) and immersion rotary body reactor (23.9-41.0 kWh/m3). Catalyst arrangement and irradiation power were identified as major influences on the energetic performance of the reactors. Low radiation intensities as well as the use of submerged catalyst arrangement allowed a reduction in energy demand by a factor of 3-4. A treatment according to existing treatment goals of wastewater treatment plants (80\% total degradation) was achieved using the batch reactor with a calculated energy demand of 7000 Wh/m3.}, subject = {Fotokatalyse}, language = {en} } @article{ChowdhuryZabel, author = {Chowdhury, Sharmistha and Zabel, Volkmar}, title = {Influence of loading sequence on wind induced fatigue assessment of bolts in TV-tower connection block}, series = {Results in Engineering}, volume = {2022}, journal = {Results in Engineering}, number = {Volume 16, article 100603}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, doi = {10.1016/j.rineng.2022.100603}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20221028-47303}, pages = {1 -- 18}, abstract = {Bolted connections are widely employed in structures like transmission poles, wind turbines, and television (TV) towers. The behaviour of bolted connections is often complex and plays a significant role in the overall dynamic characteristics of the structure. The goal of this work is to conduct a fatigue lifecycle assessment of such a bolted connection block of a 193 m tall TV tower, for which 205 days of real measurement data have been obtained from the installed monitoring devices. Based on the recorded data, the best-fit stochastic wind distribution for 50 years, the decisive wind action, and the locations to carry out the fatigue analysis have been decided. A 3D beam model of the entire tower is developed to extract the nodal forces corresponding to the connection block location under various mean wind speeds, which is later coupled with a detailed complex finite element model of the connection block, with over three million degrees of freedom, for acquiring stress histories on some pre-selected bolts. The random stress histories are analysed using the rainflow counting algorithm (RCA) and the damage is estimated using Palmgren-Miner's damage accumulation law. A modification is proposed to integrate the loading sequence effect into the RCA, which otherwise is ignored, and the differences between the two RCAs are investigated in terms of the accumulated damage.}, subject = {Schadensakkumulation}, language = {en} } @article{ArnoldKraus, author = {Arnold, Robert and Kraus, Matthias}, title = {On the nonstationary identification of climate-influenced loads for the semi-probabilistic approach using measured and projected data}, series = {Cogent Engineering}, volume = {2022}, journal = {Cogent Engineering}, number = {Volume 9, issue 1, article 2143061}, editor = {Pham, Duc}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, address = {London}, doi = {10.1080/23311916.2022.2143061}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20221117-47363}, pages = {1 -- 26}, abstract = {A safe and economic structural design based on the semi-probabilistic concept requires statistically representative safety elements, such as characteristic values, design values, and partial safety factors. Regarding climate loads, the safety levels of current design codes strongly reflect experiences based on former measurements and investigations assuming stationary conditions, i.e. involving constant frequencies and intensities. However, due to climate change, occurrence of corresponding extreme weather events is expected to alter in the future influencing the reliability and safety of structures and their components. Based on established approaches, a systematically refined data-driven methodology for the determination of design parameters considering nonstationarity as well as standardized targets of structural reliability or safety, respectively, is therefore proposed. The presented procedure picks up fundamentals of European standardization and extends them with respect to nonstationarity by applying a shifting time window method. Taking projected snow loads into account, the application of the method is exemplarily demonstrated and various influencing parameters are discussed.}, subject = {Reliabilit{\"a}t}, language = {en} } @article{ChowdhuryKraus, author = {Chowdhury, Sharmistha and Kraus, Matthias}, title = {Design-related reassessment of structures integrating Bayesian updating of model safety factors}, series = {Results in Engineering}, volume = {2022}, journal = {Results in Engineering}, number = {Volume 16, article 100560}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, doi = {10.1016/j.rineng.2022.100560}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20221028-47294}, pages = {1 -- 1}, abstract = {In the semi-probabilistic approach of structural design, the partial safety factors are defined by considering some degree of uncertainties to actions and resistance, associated with the parameters' stochastic nature. However, uncertainties for individual structures can be better examined by incorporating measurement data provided by sensors from an installed health monitoring scheme. In this context, the current study proposes an approach to revise the partial safety factor for existing structures on the action side, γE by integrating Bayesian model updating. A simple numerical example of a beam-like structure with artificially generated measurement data is used such that the influence of different sensor setups and data uncertainties on revising the safety factors can be investigated. It is revealed that the health monitoring system can reassess the current capacity reserve of the structure by updating the design safety factors, resulting in a better life cycle assessment of structures. The outcome is furthermore verified by analysing a real life small railway steel bridge ensuring the applicability of the proposed method to practical applications.}, subject = {Lebenszyklus}, language = {en} } @article{KumariHarirchianLahmeretal., author = {Kumari, Vandana and Harirchian, Ehsan and Lahmer, Tom and Rasulzade, Shahla}, title = {Evaluation of Machine Learning and Web-Based Process for Damage Score Estimation of Existing Buildings}, series = {Buildings}, volume = {2022}, journal = {Buildings}, number = {Volume 12, issue 5, article 578}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, doi = {10.3390/buildings12050578}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20220509-46387}, pages = {1 -- 23}, abstract = {The seismic vulnerability assessment of existing reinforced concrete (RC) buildings is a significant source of disaster mitigation plans and rescue services. Different countries evolved various Rapid Visual Screening (RVS) techniques and methodologies to deal with the devastating consequences of earthquakes on the structural characteristics of buildings and human casualties. Artificial intelligence (AI) methods, such as machine learning (ML) algorithm-based methods, are increasingly used in various scientific and technical applications. The investigation toward using these techniques in civil engineering applications has shown encouraging results and reduced human intervention, including uncertainties and biased judgment. In this study, several known non-parametric algorithms are investigated toward RVS using a dataset employing different earthquakes. Moreover, the methodology encourages the possibility of examining the buildings' vulnerability based on the factors related to the buildings' importance and exposure. In addition, a web-based application built on Django is introduced. The interface is designed with the idea to ease the seismic vulnerability investigation in real-time. The concept was validated using two case studies, and the achieved results showed the proposed approach's potential efficiency}, subject = {Maschinelles Lernen}, language = {en} } @masterthesis{Nguyen, type = {Bachelor Thesis}, author = {Nguyen, Thai Cuong}, title = {Fl{\"a}chen zweiter Ordnung - D{\"a}cher m{\"u}ssen nicht eben sein}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.3749}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20181024-37496}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, pages = {47}, abstract = {In dieser Arbeit geht es um die Quadriken in der Ebene und im Raum. Dabei werden die Transformation in die Normalform und die Klassifikation untersucht. Aus den geometrischen Eigenschaften werden einige Anwendungsbeispiele der Quadriken in der Technik und dem allt{\"a}glichen Leben vorgestellt.}, subject = {Quadrik}, language = {de} } @article{FaizollahzadehArdabiliNajafiAlizamiretal., author = {Faizollahzadeh Ardabili, Sina and Najafi, Bahman and Alizamir, Meysam and Mosavi, Amir and Shamshirband, Shahaboddin and Rabczuk, Timon}, title = {Using SVM-RSM and ELM-RSM Approaches for Optimizing the Production Process of Methyl and Ethyl Esters}, series = {Energies}, journal = {Energies}, number = {11, 2889}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, doi = {10.3390/en11112889}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20181025-38170}, pages = {1 -- 20}, abstract = {The production of a desired product needs an effective use of the experimental model. The present study proposes an extreme learning machine (ELM) and a support vector machine (SVM) integrated with the response surface methodology (RSM) to solve the complexity in optimization and prediction of the ethyl ester and methyl ester production process. The novel hybrid models of ELM-RSM and ELM-SVM are further used as a case study to estimate the yield of methyl and ethyl esters through a trans-esterification process from waste cooking oil (WCO) based on American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. The results of the prediction phase were also compared with artificial neural networks (ANNs) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), which were recently developed by the second author of this study. Based on the results, an ELM with a correlation coefficient of 0.9815 and 0.9863 for methyl and ethyl esters, respectively, had a high estimation capability compared with that for SVM, ANNs, and ANFIS. Accordingly, the maximum production yield was obtained in the case of using ELM-RSM of 96.86\% for ethyl ester at a temperature of 68.48 °C, a catalyst value of 1.15 wt. \%, mixing intensity of 650.07 rpm, and an alcohol to oil molar ratio (A/O) of 5.77; for methyl ester, the production yield was 98.46\% at a temperature of 67.62 °C, a catalyst value of 1.1 wt. \%, mixing intensity of 709.42 rpm, and an A/O of 6.09. Therefore, ELM-RSM increased the production yield by 3.6\% for ethyl ester and 3.1\% for methyl ester, compared with those for the experimental data.}, subject = {Biodiesel}, language = {en} } @article{SirtlHadlichKrausetal., author = {Sirtl, Christin and Hadlich, Christiane and Kraus, Matthias and Osburg, Andrea}, title = {Determination of Bonding Failures in Transparent Materials with Non-Destructive Methods - Evaluation of Climatically Stressed Glued and Laminated Glass Compounds}, series = {World Journal of Engineering and Technology}, volume = {2018}, journal = {World Journal of Engineering and Technology}, number = {Vol. 6, No 2}, doi = {10.4236/wjet.2018.62020}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20180606-37526}, pages = {315 -- 331}, abstract = {As part of an international research project - funded by the European Union - capillary glasses for facades are being developed exploiting storage energy by means of fluids flowing through the capillaries. To meet highest visual demands, acrylate adhesives and EVA films are tested as possible bonding materials for the glass setup. Especially non-destructive methods (visual analysis, analysis of birefringent properties and computed tomographic data) are applied to evaluate failure patterns as well as the long-term behavior considering climatic influences. The experimental investigations are presented after different loading periods, providing information of failure developments. In addition, detailed information and scientific findings on the application of computed tomographic analyses are presented.}, subject = {Klebtechnik}, language = {en} } @masterthesis{Boewe, type = {Bachelor Thesis}, author = {B{\"o}we, Annelie}, title = {Entscheidungsfindung im Herstellungsprozess von Br{\"u}ckenkappen}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.1644}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20120425-16447}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, abstract = {Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde die Entscheidungsfindung im Herstellungsprozess von Br{\"u}ckenkappen untersucht. Es stellte sich heraus, dass die Fuzzy-Methode ein geeignetes Werkzeug sein k{\"o}nnte, die Teilprozesse auf die M{\"o}glichkeit ihrer Parallelisierung hin zu untersuchen. Um diese Theorie zu testen, wurde auf den Grundlagen von Arbeiten der Professur Baubetrieb und Bauverfahren der Prozess n{\"a}her analysiert und unterst{\"u}tzend durch eigene Recherchen ein UML-Diagramm erstellt, welches als Aktivit{\"a}tsdiagramm ausgebildet wurde. Aufbauend auf diesem Ablauf und den gewonnenen Kenntnissen zur Herstellung einer Br{\"u}ckenkappe, konnten die einzelnen Prozesse zu Teilprozessen, sogenannten Bausteinen, zusammengefasst werden. Diese Bausteine sind entstanden, um die Simulation m{\"o}glich zu machen, indem der Ablauf weniger komplex wird und nur die Prozesse zu beurteilen sind, die beeinflusst bzw. in ihrer Reihenfolge bis zu einem gewissen Grad variabel sind. Eine erleichterte Interaktion mit den Bausteinen und deren {\"U}berf{\"u}hrung in ein Simulationsprogramm wurde {\"u}ber Templates realisiert. So besitzt jeder Baustein eine einheitliche Struktur. Unter anderem beinhalten die Bausteine die jeweiligen Ressourcen und Parameter, sowie die Abh{\"a}ngigkeiten der Prozesse untereinander und die zugeh{\"o}rige Priorit{\"a}t. Zur Entscheidungsfindung wurde die Fuzzylogik herangezogen und die Problemstellung der Parallelisierung zum Ziel gesetzt. Die Realisierung wurde {\"u}ber einen Entscheidungsbaum und das daraus resultierende Regelwerk erreicht. Somit ließen sich, ausgehend von einem festgelegten Prozess und durch die Fuzzifizierung der Eingangsparameter Priorit{\"a}t, Prozessdauer und Verf{\"u}gbarkeit der Ressourcen und Arbeitskr{\"a}fte, verschiedene Pfade identifizieren, allerdings nur in Verbindung mit den vorher analysierten Abh{\"a}ngigkeiten. F{\"u}r jeden der Eingangsparameter wurden so Fuzzy-Sets erstellt. {\"U}ber den Entscheidungsbaum, welcher mit den linguistischen Variablen versehen wurde, konnte {\"u}ber sogenannte "und" - Verkn{\"u}pfungen das Regelwerk aufgestellt werden. Das gek{\"u}rzte Regelwerk in dieser Arbeit beinhaltet grunds{\"a}tzlich nur die Regeln, die auch zu einer wirklichen Entscheidung f{\"u}hren. Daraus folgt, dass es m{\"o}glich ist mittels der Fuzzy-Methode eine Entscheidung dar{\"u}ber zu f{\"a}llen, ob zwei Prozesse zu parallelisieren sind oder nicht und aufgetretene Verz{\"o}gerungen wieder eingeholt werden k{\"o}nnen.}, subject = {Entscheidungsfindung}, language = {de} } @masterthesis{Mueller, type = {Bachelor Thesis}, author = {M{\"u}ller, Naira}, title = {Erweiterung von Fliplife mit bauphysikalischen Inhalten}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.1676}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20120704-16763}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, pages = {105}, abstract = {In dieser Arbeit wurde ein Konzept erstellt, das Fliplife um einen bauphysikalischen Karriereweg erweitert. In das Spiel wurden beispielhaft bauphysikalische Inhalte sowie spielkonzept-kompatible und wissensvermittelnde Spielmechaniken implementiert.}, subject = {Social Game}, language = {de} } @article{MorgenthalEickRauetal., author = {Morgenthal, Guido and Eick, Jan Frederick and Rau, Sebastian and Taraben, Jakob}, title = {Wireless Sensor Networks Composed of Standard Microcomputers and Smartphones for Applications in Structural Health Monitoring}, series = {Sensors - Special Issue Selected Papers from 7th Asia-Pacific Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring}, volume = {2019}, journal = {Sensors - Special Issue Selected Papers from 7th Asia-Pacific Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring}, number = {Volume 19, Issue 9, 2070}, publisher = {MDPI}, doi = {10.3390/s19092070}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20190514-39123}, pages = {22}, abstract = {Wireless sensor networks have attracted great attention for applications in structural health monitoring due to their ease of use, flexibility of deployment, and cost-effectiveness. This paper presents a software framework for WiFi-based wireless sensor networks composed of low-cost mass market single-board computers. A number of specific system-level software components were developed to enable robust data acquisition, data processing, sensor network communication, and timing with a focus on structural health monitoring (SHM) applications. The framework was validated on Raspberry Pi computers, and its performance was studied in detail. The paper presents several characteristics of the measurement quality such as sampling accuracy and time synchronization and discusses the specific limitations of the system. The implementation includes a complementary smartphone application that is utilized for data acquisition, visualization, and analysis. A prototypical implementation further demonstrates the feasibility of integrating smartphones as data acquisition nodes into the network, utilizing their internal sensors. The measurement system was employed in several monitoring campaigns, three of which are documented in detail. The suitability of the system is evaluated based on comparisons of target quantities with reference measurements. The results indicate that the presented system can robustly achieve a measurement performance commensurate with that required in many typical SHM tasks such as modal identification. As such, it represents a cost-effective alternative to more traditional monitoring solutions.}, subject = {Structural Health Monitoring}, language = {en} } @article{BielikSchneiderKuligaetal., author = {Bielik, Martin and Schneider, Sven and Kuliga, Saskia and Griego, Danielle and Ojha, Varun and K{\"o}nig, Reinhard and Schmitt, Gerhard and Donath, Dirk}, title = {Examining Trade-Offs between Social, Psychological, and Energy Potential of Urban Form}, series = {ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information}, volume = {2019}, journal = {ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information}, editor = {Resch, Bernd and Szell, Michael}, doi = {10.3390/ijgi8020052}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20190408-38695}, abstract = {Urban planners are often challenged with the task of developing design solutions which must meet multiple, and often contradictory, criteria. In this paper, we investigated the trade-offs between social, psychological, and energy potential of the fundamental elements of urban form: the street network and the building massing. Since formal mehods to evaluate urban form from the psychological and social point of view are not readily available, we developed a methodological framework to quantify these criteria as the first contribution in this paper. To evaluate the psychological potential, we conducted a three-tiered empirical study starting from real world environments and then abstracting them to virtual environments. In each context, the implicit (physiological) response and explicit (subjective) response of pedestrians were measured. To quantify the social potential, we developed a street network centrality-based measure of social accessibility. For the energy potential, we created an energy model to analyze the impact of pure geometric form on the energy demand of the building stock. The second contribution of this work is a method to identify distinct clusters of urban form and, for each, explore the trade-offs between the select design criteria. We applied this method to two case studies identifying nine types of urban form and their respective potential trade-offs, which are directly applicable for the assessment of strategic decisions regarding urban form during the early planning stages.}, subject = {Planung}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Nickerson, author = {Nickerson, Seth}, title = {Thermo-Mechanical Behavior of Honeycomb, Porous, Microcracked Ceramics}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.3975}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20190911-39753}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, abstract = {The underlying goal of this work is to reduce the uncertainty related to thermally induced stress prediction. This is accomplished by considering use of non-linear material behavior, notably path dependent thermal hysteresis behavior in the elastic properties. Primary novel factors of this work center on two aspects. 1. Broad material characterization and mechanistic material understanding, giving insight into why this class of material behaves in characteristic manners. 2. Development and implementation of a thermal hysteresis material model and its use to determine impact on overall macroscopic stress predictions. Results highlight microcracking evolution and behavior as the dominant mechanism for material property complexity in this class of materials. Additionally, it was found that for the cases studied, thermal hysteresis behavior impacts relevant peak stress predictions of a heavy-duty diesel particulate filter undergoing a drop-to-idle regeneration by less than ~15\% for all conditions tested. It is also found that path independent heating curves may be utilized for a linear solution assumption to simplify analysis. This work brings forth a newly conceived concept of a 3 state, 4 path, thermally induced microcrack evolution process; demonstrates experimental behavior that is consistent with the proposed mechanisms, develops a mathematical framework that describes the process and quantifies the impact in a real world application space.}, subject = {Keramik}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Shahraki, author = {Shahraki, Mojtaba}, title = {Numerical Analysis of Soil Behavior and Stone Columns Effects on the Railway Track}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.4015}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20191111-40159}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, abstract = {Railway systems are highly competitive compared with other means of transportation because of their distinct advantages in speed, convenience and safety. Therefore, the demand for railway transportation is increasing around the world. Constructing railway tracks and related engineering structures in areas with loose or soft cohesive subgrade usually leads to problems, such as excessive settlement, deformation and instability. Several remedies have been proposed to avoid or reduce such problems, including the replacement of soft soil and the construction of piles or stone columns. This thesis aims to expand the geotechnical knowledge of how to improve subgrade ballasted railway tracks, using stone columns and numerical modeling for the railway infrastructure. Three aspects are considered: i) railway track dynamics modeling and validation by field measurements, ii) modeling and parametric studies on stone columns, and iii) studies on the linear and non-linear behavior of stone columns under the dynamic load of trains. The first step of this research was to develop a reliable numerical model of a railway track. The finite element method in a time domain was used for either a 2D plane strain or 3D analysis. Individual methods for modeling a train load in 2D and 3D were implemented and are discussed in this thesis. The developed loading method was validated with three different railway tracks using obtained vibration measurements. Later, these numerical models were used to analyze the influence of stone column length and train speed in the stress field. The performance of the treated ground depends on various parameters, such as the strength of stone columns, spacing, length and diameter of the columns. Therefore, the second step was devoted to a parameter study of stone columns as a unit cell with an axisymmetric condition. The results showed that even short stone columns were effective for settlement reduction, and area of replacement was the main influential parameter in their performance. The third part of this thesis focuses on a hypothetical railway-track response to the passage of various train speeds and the influence of stone-column length. The stress-strain response of subgrade is analyzed under either an elastic-perfectly plastic or advanced constitutive model. The non-linear soil response in the finite element method and the impact of train speed and stone column length on railway tracks are also evaluated. Moreover, the reductions of induced vibration - in both a horizontal and a vertical direction - after improvement are investigated.}, subject = {Eisenbahn}, language = {en} } @misc{vonButler, type = {Master Thesis}, author = {von Butler, Natalie}, title = {Scalarization Methods for Multi-Objective Structural Optimization}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.4010}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20191030-40106}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, pages = {178}, abstract = {Scalarization methods are a category of multiobjective optimization (MOO) methods. These methods allow the usage of conventional single objective optimization algorithms, as scalarization methods reformulate the MOO problem into a single objective optimization problem. The scalarization methods analysed within this thesis are the Weighted Sum (WS), the Epsilon-Constraint (EC), and the MinMax (MM) method. After explaining the approach of each method, the WS, EC and MM are applied, a-posteriori, to three different examples: to the Kursawe function; to the ten bar truss, a common benchmark problem in structural optimization; and to the metamodel of an aero engine exit module. The aim is to evaluate and compare the performance of each scalarization method that is examined within this thesis. The evaluation is conducted using performance metrics, such as the hypervolume and the generational distance, as well as using visual comparison. The application to the three examples gives insight into the advantages and disadvantages of each method, and provides further understanding of an adequate application of the methods concerning high dimensional optimization problems.}, subject = {Mehrkriterielle Optimierung}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Hossain, author = {Hossain, Md Naim}, title = {Isogeometric analysis based on Geometry Independent Field approximaTion (GIFT) and Polynomial Splines over Hierarchical T-meshes}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.4037}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20191129-40376}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, pages = {157}, abstract = {This thesis addresses an adaptive higher-order method based on a Geometry Independent Field approximatTion(GIFT) of polynomial/rationals plines over hierarchical T-meshes(PHT/RHT-splines). In isogeometric analysis, basis functions used for constructing geometric models in computer-aided design(CAD) are also employed to discretize the partial differential equations(PDEs) for numerical analysis. Non-uniform rational B-Splines(NURBS) are the most commonly used basis functions in CAD. However, they may not be ideal for numerical analysis where local refinement is required. The alternative method GIFT deploys different splines for geometry and numerical analysis. NURBS are utilized for the geometry representation, while for the field solution, PHT/RHT-splines are used. PHT-splines not only inherit the useful properties of B-splines and NURBS, but also possess the capabilities of local refinement and hierarchical structure. The smooth basis function properties of PHT-splines make them suitable for analysis purposes. While most problems considered in isogeometric analysis can be solved efficiently when the solution is smooth, many non-trivial problems have rough solutions. For example, this can be caused by the presence of re-entrant corners in the domain. For such problems, a tensor-product basis (as in the case of NURBS) is less suitable for resolving the singularities that appear since refinement propagates throughout the computational domain. Hierarchical bases and local refinement (as in the case of PHT-splines) allow for a more efficient way to resolve these singularities by adding more degrees of freedom where they are necessary. In order to drive the adaptive refinement, an efficient recovery-based error estimator is proposed in this thesis. The estimator produces a recovery solution which is a more accurate approximation than the computed numerical solution. Several two- and three-dimensional numerical investigations with PHT-splines of higher order and continuity prove that the proposed method is capable of obtaining results with higher accuracy, better convergence, fewer degrees of freedom and less computational cost than NURBS for smooth solution problems. The adaptive GIFT method utilizing PHT-splines with the recovery-based error estimator is used for solutions with discontinuities or singularities where adaptive local refinement in particular domains of interest achieves higher accuracy with fewer degrees of freedom. This method also proves that it can handle complicated multi-patch domains for two- and three-dimensional problems outperforming uniform refinement in terms of degrees of freedom and computational cost.}, subject = {Finite-Elemente-Methode}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Achenbach, author = {Achenbach, Marcus}, title = {Weiterentwicklung der Zonenmethode f{\"u}r den Nachweis der Feuerwiderstandsdauer von rechteckigen Stahlbetondruckgliedern}, publisher = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}tsverlag}, address = {Weimar}, isbn = {978-3-95773-264-4}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.3848}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20190119-38484}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, pages = {174}, abstract = {Die Zonenmethode nach Hertz ist ein vereinfachtes Verfahren zur Heißbemessung von Stahlbetonbauteilen. Um eine h{\"a}ndische Bemessung zu erm{\"o}glichen, werden daher verschiedene Annahmen und Vereinfachungen getroffen. Insbesondere werden die thermischen Dehnungen vernachl{\"a}ssigt und das mechanische Verhalten durch einen verkleinerten Querschnitt mit konstanten Stoffeigenschaften beschrieben. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist, dieses vereinfachte Verfahren in ein nichtlineares Verfahren zur Heißbemessung von Stahlbetondruckgliedern bei Brandbeanspruchung durch die Einheits-Temperaturzeitkurve zu {\"u}berf{\"u}hren. Dazu werden die wesentlichen Annahmen der Zonenmethode {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft und ein Vorschlag zur Weiterentwicklung vorgestellt. Dieser beruht im Wesentlichen auf der Modellierung der druckbeanspruchten Bewehrung. Diese weiterentwickelte Zonenmethode wird durch die Nachrechnung von Laborversuchen validiert und das Sicherheitsniveau durch eine vollprobabilistische Analyse und den Vergleich mit dem allgemeinen Verfahren bestimmt.}, subject = {Bautechnik}, language = {de} }