@phdthesis{Abeltshauser, author = {Abeltshauser, Rainer}, title = {Identification and separation of physical effects of coupled systems by using defined model abstractions}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.2860}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20170314-28600}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, abstract = {The thesis investigates at the computer aided simulation process for operational vibration analysis of complex coupled systems. As part of the internal methods project "Absolute Values" of the BMW Group, the thesis deals with the analysis of the structural dynamic interactions and excitation interactions. The overarching aim of the methods project is to predict the operational vibrations of engines. Simulations are usually used to analyze technical aspects (e. g. operational vibrations, strength, ...) of single components in the industrial development. The boundary conditions of submodels are mostly based on experiences. So the interactions with neighboring components and systems are neglected. To get physically more realistic results but still efficient simulations, this work wants to support the engineer during the preprocessing phase by useful criteria. At first suitable abstraction levels based on the existing literature are defined to identify structural dynamic interactions and excitation interactions of coupled systems. So it is possible to separate different effects of the coupled subsystems. On this basis, criteria are derived to assess the influence of interactions between the considered systems. These criteria can be used during the preprocessing phase and help the engineer to build up efficient models with respect to the interactions with neighboring systems. The method was developed by using several models with different complexity levels. Furthermore, the method is proved for the application in the industrial environment by using the example of a current combustion engine.}, subject = {Strukturdynamik}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{AbuBakar, author = {Abu Bakar, Ilyani Akmar}, title = {Computational Analysis of Woven Fabric Composites: Single- and Multi-Objective Optimizations and Sensitivity Analysis in Meso-scale Structures}, issn = {1610-7381}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.4176}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20200605-41762}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, pages = {151}, abstract = {This study permits a reliability analysis to solve the mechanical behaviour issues existing in the current structural design of fabric structures. Purely predictive material models are highly desirable to facilitate an optimized design scheme and to significantly reduce time and cost at the design stage, such as experimental characterization. The present study examined the role of three major tasks; a) single-objective optimization, b) sensitivity analyses and c) multi-objective optimization on proposed weave structures for woven fabric composites. For single-objective optimization task, the first goal is to optimize the elastic properties of proposed complex weave structure under unit cells basis based on periodic boundary conditions. We predict the geometric characteristics towards skewness of woven fabric composites via Evolutionary Algorithm (EA) and a parametric study. We also demonstrate the effect of complex weave structures on the fray tendency in woven fabric composites via tightness evaluation. We utilize a procedure which does not require a numerical averaging process for evaluating the elastic properties of woven fabric composites. The fray tendency and skewness of woven fabrics depends upon the behaviour of the floats which is related to the factor of weave. Results of this study may suggest a broader view for further research into the effects of complex weave structures or may provide an alternative to the fray and skewness problems of current weave structure in woven fabric composites. A comprehensive study is developed on the complex weave structure model which adopts the dry woven fabric of the most potential pattern in singleobjective optimization incorporating the uncertainties parameters of woven fabric composites. The comprehensive study covers the regression-based and variance-based sensitivity analyses. The second task goal is to introduce the fabric uncertainties parameters and elaborate how they can be incorporated into finite element models on macroscopic material parameters such as elastic modulus and shear modulus of dry woven fabric subjected to uni-axial and biaxial deformations. Significant correlations in the study, would indicate the need for a thorough investigation of woven fabric composites under uncertainties parameters. The study describes here could serve as an alternative to identify effective material properties without prolonged time consumption and expensive experimental tests. The last part focuses on a hierarchical stochastic multi-scale optimization approach (fine-scale and coarse-scale optimizations) under geometrical uncertainties parameters for hybrid composites considering complex weave structure. The fine-scale optimization is to determine the best lamina pattern that maximizes its macroscopic elastic properties, conducted by EA under the following uncertain mesoscopic parameters: yarn spacing, yarn height, yarn width and misalignment of yarn angle. The coarse-scale optimization has been carried out to optimize the stacking sequences of symmetric hybrid laminated composite plate with uncertain mesoscopic parameters by employing the Ant Colony Algorithm (ACO). The objective functions of the coarse-scale optimization are to minimize the cost (C) and weight (W) of the hybrid laminated composite plate considering the fundamental frequency and the buckling load factor as the design constraints. Based on the uncertainty criteria of the design parameters, the appropriate variation required for the structural design standards can be evaluated using the reliability tool, and then an optimized design decision in consideration of cost can be subsequently determined.}, subject = {Verbundwerkstoff}, language = {en} } @article{AlYasiriMutasharGuerlebecketal., author = {Al-Yasiri, Zainab Riyadh Shaker and Mutashar, Hayder Majid and G{\"u}rlebeck, Klaus and Lahmer, Tom}, title = {Damage Sensitive Signals for the Assessment of the Conditions of Wind Turbine Rotor Blades Using Electromagnetic Waves}, series = {Infrastructures}, volume = {2022}, journal = {Infrastructures}, number = {Volume 7, Issue 8 (August 2022), article 104}, editor = {Shafiullah, GM}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, doi = {10.3390/infrastructures7080104}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20220831-47093}, pages = {18}, abstract = {One of the most important renewable energy technologies used nowadays are wind power turbines. In this paper, we are interested in identifying the operating status of wind turbines, especially rotor blades, by means of multiphysical models. It is a state-of-the-art technology to test mechanical structures with ultrasonic-based methods. However, due to the density and the required high resolution, the testing is performed with high-frequency waves, which cannot penetrate the structure in depth. Therefore, there is a need to adopt techniques in the fields of multiphysical model-based inversion schemes or data-driven structural health monitoring. Before investing effort in the development of such approaches, further insights and approaches are necessary to make the techniques applicable to structures such as wind power plants (blades). Among the expected developments, further accelerations of the so-called "forward codes" for a more efficient implementation of the wave equation could be envisaged. Here, we employ electromagnetic waves for the early detection of cracks. Because in many practical situations, it is not possible to apply techniques from tomography (characterized by multiple sources and sensor pairs), we focus here on the question of whether the existence of cracks can be determined by using only one source for the sent waves.}, subject = {Windkraftwerk}, language = {en} } @misc{Alabassy, type = {Master Thesis}, author = {Alabassy, Mohamed Said Helmy}, title = {Automated Approach for Building Information Modelling of Crack Damages via Image Segmentation and Image-based 3D Reconstruction}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.6416}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20230818-64162}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, pages = {101}, abstract = {As machine vision-based inspection methods in the field of Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) continue to advance, the need for integrating resulting inspection and maintenance data into a centralised building information model for structures notably grows. Consequently, the modelling of found damages based on those images in a streamlined automated manner becomes increasingly important, not just for saving time and money spent on updating the model to include the latest information gathered through each inspection, but also to easily visualise them, provide all stakeholders involved with a comprehensive digital representation containing all the necessary information to fully understand the structure's current condition, keep track of any progressing deterioration, estimate the reduced load bearing capacity of the damaged element in the model or simulate the propagation of cracks to make well-informed decisions interactively and facilitate maintenance actions that optimally extend the service life of the structure. Though significant progress has been recently made in information modelling of damages, the current devised methods for the geometrical modelling approach are cumbersome and time consuming to implement in a full-scale model. For crack damages, an approach for a feasible automated image-based modelling is proposed utilising neural networks, classical computer vision and computational geometry techniques with the aim of creating valid shapes to be introduced into the information model, including related semantic properties and attributes from inspection data (e.g., width, depth, length, date, etc.). The creation of such models opens the door for further possible uses ranging from more accurate structural analysis possibilities to simulation of damage propagation in model elements, estimating deterioration rates and allows for better documentation, data sharing, and realistic visualisation of damages in a 3D model.}, subject = {Building Information Modeling}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Alkam, author = {Alkam, Feras}, title = {Vibration-based Monitoring of Concrete Catenary Poles using Bayesian Inference}, volume = {2021}, publisher = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}tsverlag}, address = {Weimar}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.4433}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20210526-44338}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, pages = {177}, abstract = {This work presents a robust status monitoring approach for detecting damage in cantilever structures based on logistic functions. Also, a stochastic damage identification approach based on changes of eigenfrequencies is proposed. The proposed algorithms are verified using catenary poles of electrified railways track. The proposed damage features overcome the limitation of frequency-based damage identification methods available in the literature, which are valid to detect damage in structures to Level 1 only. Changes in eigenfrequencies of cantilever structures are enough to identify possible local damage at Level 3, i.e., to cover damage detection, localization, and quantification. The proposed algorithms identified the damage with relatively small errors, even at a high noise level.}, subject = {Parameteridentifikation}, language = {en} } @article{AlkamLahmer, author = {Alkam, Feras and Lahmer, Tom}, title = {A robust method of the status monitoring of catenary poles installed along high-speed electrified train tracks}, series = {Results in Engineering}, volume = {2021}, journal = {Results in Engineering}, number = {volume 12, article 100289}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, doi = {10.1016/j.rineng.2021.100289}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20211011-45212}, pages = {1 -- 8}, abstract = {Electric trains are considered one of the most eco-friendly and safest means of transportation. Catenary poles are used worldwide to support overhead power lines for electric trains. The performance of the catenary poles has an extensive influence on the integrity of the train systems and, consequently, the connected human services. It became a must nowadays to develop SHM systems that provide the instantaneous status of catenary poles in- service, making the decision-making processes to keep or repair the damaged poles more feasible. This study develops a data-driven, model-free approach for status monitoring of cantilever structures, focusing on pre-stressed, spun-cast ultrahigh-strength concrete catenary poles installed along high-speed train tracks. The pro-posed approach evaluates multiple damage features in an unfied damage index, which leads to straightforward interpretation and comparison of the output. Besides, it distinguishes between multiple damage scenarios of the poles, either the ones caused by material degradation of the concrete or by the cracks that can be propagated during the life span of the given structure. Moreover, using a logistic function to classify the integrity of structure avoids the expensive learning step in the existing damage detection approaches, namely, using the modern machine and deep learning methods. The findings of this study look very promising when applied to other types of cantilever structures, such as the poles that support the power transmission lines, antenna masts, chimneys, and wind turbines.}, subject = {Fahrleitung}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Amiri, author = {Amiri, Fatemeh}, title = {Computational modelling of fracture with local maximum entropy approximations}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.2631}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20160719-26310}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, pages = {130}, abstract = {The key objective of this research is to study fracture with a meshfree method, local maximum entropy approximations, and model fracture in thin shell structures with complex geometry and topology. This topic is of high relevance for real-world applications, for example in the automotive industry and in aerospace engineering. The shell structure can be described efficiently by meshless methods which are capable of describing complex shapes as a collection of points instead of a structured mesh. In order to find the appropriate numerical method to achieve this goal, the first part of the work was development of a method based on local maximum entropy (LME) shape functions together with enrichment functions used in partition of unity methods to discretize problems in linear elastic fracture mechanics. We obtain improved accuracy relative to the standard extended finite element method (XFEM) at a comparable computational cost. In addition, we keep the advantages of the LME shape functions,such as smoothness and non-negativity. We show numerically that optimal convergence (same as in FEM) for energy norm and stress intensity factors can be obtained through the use of geometric (fixed area) enrichment with no special treatment of the nodes near the crack such as blending or shifting. As extension of this method to three dimensional problems and complex thin shell structures with arbitrary crack growth is cumbersome, we developed a phase field model for fracture using LME. Phase field models provide a powerful tool to tackle moving interface problems, and have been extensively used in physics and materials science. Phase methods are gaining popularity in a wide set of applications in applied science and engineering, recently a second order phase field approximation for brittle fracture has gathered significant interest in computational fracture such that sharp cracks discontinuities are modeled by a diffusive crack. By minimizing the system energy with respect to the mechanical displacements and the phase-field, subject to an irreversibility condition to avoid crack healing, this model can describe crack nucleation, propagation, branching and merging. One of the main advantages of the phase field modeling of fractures is the unified treatment of the interfacial tracking and mechanics, which potentially leads to simple, robust, scalable computer codes applicable to complex systems. In other words, this approximation reduces considerably the implementation complexity because the numerical tracking of the fracture is not needed, at the expense of a high computational cost. We present a fourth-order phase field model for fracture based on local maximum entropy (LME) approximations. The higher order continuity of the meshfree LME approximation allows to directly solve the fourth-order phase field equations without splitting the fourth-order differential equation into two second order differential equations. Notably, in contrast to previous discretizations that use at least a quadratic basis, only linear completeness is needed in the LME approximation. We show that the crack surface can be captured more accurately in the fourth-order model than the second-order model. Furthermore, less nodes are needed for the fourth-order model to resolve the crack path. Finally, we demonstrate the performance of the proposed meshfree fourth order phase-field formulation for 5 representative numerical examples. Computational results will be compared to analytical solutions within linear elastic fracture mechanics and experimental data for three-dimensional crack propagation. In the last part of this research, we present a phase-field model for fracture in Kirchoff-Love thin shells using the local maximum-entropy (LME) meshfree method. Since the crack is a natural outcome of the analysis it does not require an explicit representation and tracking, which is advantageous over techniques as the extended finite element method that requires tracking of the crack paths. The geometric description of the shell is based on statistical learning techniques that allow dealing with general point set surfaces avoiding a global parametrization, which can be applied to tackle surfaces of complex geometry and topology. We show the flexibility and robustness of the present methodology for two examples: plate in tension and a set of open connected pipes.}, language = {en} } @article{AmirinasabShamshirbandChronopoulosetal., author = {Amirinasab, Mehdi and Shamshirband, Shahaboddin and Chronopoulos, Anthony Theodore and Mosavi, Amir and Nabipour, Narjes}, title = {Energy-Efficient Method for Wireless Sensor Networks Low-Power Radio Operation in Internet of Things}, series = {electronics}, volume = {2020}, journal = {electronics}, number = {volume 9, issue 2, 320}, publisher = {MDPI}, doi = {10.3390/electronics9020320}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20200213-40954}, pages = {20}, abstract = {The radio operation in wireless sensor networks (WSN) in Internet of Things (IoT)applications is the most common source for power consumption. Consequently, recognizing and controlling the factors affecting radio operation can be valuable for managing the node power consumption. Among essential factors affecting radio operation, the time spent for checking the radio is of utmost importance for monitoring power consumption. It can lead to false WakeUp or idle listening in radio duty cycles and ContikiMAC. ContikiMAC is a low-power radio duty-cycle protocol in Contiki OS used in WakeUp mode, as a clear channel assessment (CCA) for checking radio status periodically. This paper presents a detailed analysis of radio WakeUp time factors of ContikiMAC. Furthermore, we propose a lightweight CCA (LW-CCA) as an extension to ContikiMAC to reduce the Radio Duty-Cycles in false WakeUps and idle listening though using dynamic received signal strength indicator (RSSI) status check time. The simulation results in the Cooja simulator show that LW-CCA reduces about 8\% energy consumption in nodes while maintaining up to 99\% of the packet delivery rate (PDR).}, subject = {Internet der Dinge}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Ashour, author = {Ashour, Mohammed}, title = {Electromechanics and Hydrodynamics of Single Vesicles and Vesicle Doublet Using Phase-Field Isogeometric Analysis}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.6400}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20230628-64003}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, pages = {175}, abstract = {Biomembranes are selectively permeable barriers that separate the internal components of the cell from its surroundings. They have remarkable mechanical behavior which is characterized by many phenomena, but most noticeably their fluid-like in-plane behavior and solid-like out-of-plane behavior. Vesicles have been studied in the context of discrete models, such as Molecular Dynamics, Monte Carlo methods, Dissipative Particle Dynamics, and Brownian Dynamics. Those methods, however, tend to have high computational costs, which limited their uses for studying atomistic details. In order to broaden the scope of this research, we resort to the continuum models, where the atomistic details of the vesicles are neglected, and the focus shifts to the overall morphological evolution. Under the umbrella of continuum models, vesicles morphology has been studied extensively. However, most of those studies were limited to the mechanical response of vesicles by considering only the bending energy and aiming for the solution by minimizing the total energy of the system. Most of the literature is divided between two geometrical representation methods; the sharp interface methods and the diffusive interface methods. Both of those methods track the boundaries and interfaces implicitly. In this research, we focus our attention on solving two non-trivial problems. In the first one, we study a constrained Willmore problem coupled with an electrical field, and in the second one, we investigate the hydrodynamics of a vesicle doublet suspended in an external viscous fluid flow. For the first problem, we solve a constrained Willmore problem coupled with an electrical field using isogeometric analysis to study the morphological evolution of vesicles subjected to static electrical fields. The model comprises two phases, the lipid bilayer, and the electrolyte. This two-phase problem is modeled using the phase-field method, which is a subclass of the diffusive interface methods mentioned earlier. The bending, flexoelectric, and dielectric energies of the model are reformulated using the phase-field parameter. A modified Augmented-Lagrangian (ALM) approach was used to satisfy the constraints while maintaining numerical stability and a relatively large time step. This approach guarantees the satisfaction of the constraints at each time step over the entire temporal domain. In the second problem, we study the hydrodynamics of vesicle doublet suspended in an external viscous fluid flow. Vesicles in this part of the research are also modeled using the phase-field model. The bending energy and energies associated with enforcing the global volume and area are considered. In addition, the local inextensibility condition is ensured by introducing an additional equation to the system. To prevent the vesicles from numerically overlapping, we deploy an interaction energy definition to maintain a short-range repulsion between the vesicles. The fluid flow is modeled using the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations and the vesicle evolution in time is modeled using two advection equations describing the process of advecting each vesicle by the fluid flow. To overcome the velocity-pressure saddle point system, we apply the Residual-Based Variational MultiScale (RBVMS) method to the Navier-Stokes equations and solve the coupled systems using isogeometric analysis. We study vesicle doublet hydrodynamics in shear flow, planar extensional flow, and parabolic flow under various configurations and boundary conditions. The results reveal several interesting points about the electrodynamics and hydrodynamics responses of single vesicles and vesicle doublets. But first, it can be seen that isogeometric analysis as a numerical tool has the ability to model and solve 4th-order PDEs in a primal variational framework at extreme efficiency and accuracy due to the abilities embedded within the NURBS functions without the need to reduce the order of the PDE by creating an intermediate environment. Refinement whether by knot insertion, order increasing or both is far easier to obtain than traditional mesh-based methods. Given the wide variety of phenomena in natural sciences and engineering that are mathematically modeled by high-order PDEs, the isogeometric analysis is among the most robust methods to address such problems as the basis functions can easily attain high global continuity. On the applicational side, we study the vesicle morphological evolution based on the electromechanical liquid-crystal model in 3D settings. This model describing the evolution of vesicles is composed of time-dependent, highly nonlinear, high-order PDEs, which are nontrivial to solve. Solving this problem requires robust numerical methods, such as isogeometric analysis. We concluded that the vesicle tends to deform under increasing magnitudes of electric fields from the original sphere shape to an oblate-like shape. This evolution is affected by many factors and requires fine-tuning of several parameters, mainly the regularization parameter which controls the thickness of the diffusive interface width. But it is most affected by the method used for enforcing the constraints. The penalty method in presence of an electrical field tends to lock on the initial phase-field and prevent any evolution while a modified version of the ALM has proven to be sufficiently stable and accurate to let the phase-field evolve while satisfying the constraints over time at each time step. We show additionally the effect of including the flexoelectric nature of the Biomembranes in the computation and how it affects the shape evolution as well as the effect of having different conductivity ratios. All the examples were solved based on a staggered scheme, which reduces the computational cost significantly. For the second part of the research, we consider vesicle doublet suspended in a shear flow, in a planar extensional flow, and in a parabolic flow. When the vesicle doublet is suspended in a shear flow, it can either slip past each other or slide on top of each other based on the value of the vertical displacement, that is the vertical distance between the center of masses between the two vesicles, and the velocity profile applied. When the vesicle doublet is suspended in a planar extensional flow in a configuration that resembles a junction, the time in which both vesicles separate depends largely on the value of the vertical displacement after displacing as much fluid from between the two vesicles. However, when the vesicles are suspended in a tubular channel with a parabolic fluid flow, they develop a parachute-like shape upon converging towards each other before exiting the computational domain from the predetermined outlets. This shape however is affected largely by the height of the tubular channel in which the vesicle is suspended. The velocity essential boundary conditions are imposed weakly and strongly. The weak implementation of the boundary conditions was used when the velocity profile was defined on the entire boundary, while the strong implementation was used when the velocity profile was defined on a part of the boundary. The strong implementation of the essential boundary conditions was done by selectively applying it to the predetermined set of elements in a parallel-based code. This allowed us to simulate vesicle hydrodynamics in a computational domain with multiple inlets and outlets. We also investigate the hydrodynamics of oblate-like shape vesicles in a parabolic flow. This work has been done in 2D configuration because of the immense computational load resulting from a large number of degrees of freedom, but we are actively seeking to expand it to 3D settings and test a broader set of parameters and geometrical configurations.}, subject = {Isogeometrische Analyse}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Chan, author = {Chan, Chiu Ling}, title = {Smooth representation of thin shells and volume structures for isogeometric analysis}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.4208}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20200812-42083}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, pages = {162}, abstract = {The purpose of this study is to develop self-contained methods for obtaining smooth meshes which are compatible with isogeometric analysis (IGA). The study contains three main parts. We start by developing a better understanding of shapes and splines through the study of an image-related problem. Then we proceed towards obtaining smooth volumetric meshes of the given voxel-based images. Finally, we treat the smoothness issue on the multi-patch domains with C1 coupling. Following are the highlights of each part. First, we present a B-spline convolution method for boundary representation of voxel-based images. We adopt the filtering technique to compute the B-spline coefficients and gradients of the images effectively. We then implement the B-spline convolution for developing a non-rigid images registration method. The proposed method is in some sense of "isoparametric", for which all the computation is done within the B-splines framework. Particularly, updating the images by using B-spline composition promote smooth transformation map between the images. We show the possible medical applications of our method by applying it for registration of brain images. Secondly, we develop a self-contained volumetric parametrization method based on the B-splines boundary representation. We aim to convert a given voxel-based data to a matching C1 representation with hierarchical cubic splines. The concept of the osculating circle is employed to enhance the geometric approximation, where it is done by a single template and linear transformations (scaling, translations, and rotations) without the need for solving an optimization problem. Moreover, we use the Laplacian smoothing and refinement techniques to avoid irregular meshes and to improve mesh quality. We show with several examples that the method is capable of handling complex 2D and 3D configurations. In particular, we parametrize the 3D Stanford bunny which contains irregular shapes and voids. Finally, we propose the B´ezier ordinates approach and splines approach for C1 coupling. In the first approach, the new basis functions are defined in terms of the B´ezier Bernstein polynomials. For the second approach, the new basis is defined as a linear combination of C0 basis functions. The methods are not limited to planar or bilinear mappings. They allow the modeling of solutions to fourth order partial differential equations (PDEs) on complex geometric domains, provided that the given patches are G1 continuous. Both methods have their advantages. In particular, the B´ezier approach offer more degree of freedoms, while the spline approach is more computationally efficient. In addition, we proposed partial degree elevation to overcome the C1-locking issue caused by the over constraining of the solution space. We demonstrate the potential of the resulting C1 basis functions for application in IGA which involve fourth order PDEs such as those appearing in Kirchhoff-Love shell models, Cahn-Hilliard phase field application, and biharmonic problems.}, subject = {Modellierung}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Chen, author = {Chen, Na}, title = {A Balance between Ideals and Reality — Establishing and Evaluating a Resilient City Indicator System for Central Chinese Cities}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.4030}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20191121-40309}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, pages = {212}, abstract = {Recent years have seen a gradual shift in focus of international policies from a national and regional perspective to that of cities, a shift which is closely related to the rapid urbanization of developing countries. As revealed in the 2011 Revision of the World Urbanization Prospects published by the United Nations, 51\% of the global population (approximately 3.6 billion people) lives in cities. The report predicts that by 2050, the world's urban population will increase by 2.3 billion, making up 68\% of the population. The growth of urbanization in the next few decades is expected to primarily come from developing countries, one third of which will be in China and India. With rapid urbanization and the ongoing growth of mega cities, cities must become increasingly resilient and intelligent to cope with numerous challenges and crises like droughts and floods arising from extreme climate, destruction brought by severe natural disasters, and aggregated social contradictions resulting from economic crises. All cities face the urban development dynamics and uncertainties arising from these problems. Under such circumstances, cities are considered the critical path from crisis to prosperity, so scholars and organizations have proposed the construction of "resilient cities." On the one hand, this theory emphasizes cities' defenses and buffering capacity against disasters, crises and uncertainties, as well as recovery after destruction; on the other hand, it highlights the learning capacity of urban systems, identification of opportunities amid challenges, and maintenance of development vitality. Some scholars even believe that urban resilience is a powerful supplement to sustainable development. Hence, resilience assessment has become the latest and most important perspective for evaluating the development and crisis defense capacity of cities. Rather than a general abstract concept, urban resilience is a comprehensive measurement of a city's level of development. The dynamic development of problems is reflected through quantitative indicators and appraisal systems not only from the perspective of academic research, but also governmental policy, so as to scientifically guide development, and measure and compare cities' development levels. Although international scholars have proposed quantitative methods for urban resilience assessment, they are however insufficiently systematic and regionally adaptive for China's current urban development needs. On the basis of comparative study on European and North American resilient city theories, therefore, this paper puts forwards a theoretical framework for resilient city systems consistent with China's national conditions in light of economic development pressure, natural resource depletion, pollution, and other salient development crises in China. The key factors influencing urban resilience are taken into full consideration; expert appraisal is conducted based on the Delphi Method and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to design an extensible and updatable resilient city evaluation system which is sufficiently systematic, geographically adaptable, and sustainable for China's current urban development needs. Finally, Changsha is taken as the main case for empirical study on comprehensive evaluation of similar cities in Central China to improve the indicator system.}, subject = {Stadtplanung}, language = {en} } @article{ChenSchwingKarlovšeketal., author = {Chen, Zhen and Schwing, Moritz and Karlovšek, Jurij and Wagner, Norman and Scheuermann, Alexander}, title = {Broadband Dielectric Measurement Methods for Soft Geomaterials: Coaxial Transmission Line Cell and Open-Ended Coaxial Probe}, series = {International Journal of Engineering and Technology}, volume = {2014}, journal = {International Journal of Engineering and Technology}, number = {volume 6, number 5}, doi = {10.7763/IJET.2014.V6.728}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20210408-43984}, pages = {373 -- 380}, abstract = {Broadband dielectric measurement methods based on vector network analyzer coupled with coaxial transmission line cell (CC) and open-ended coaxial probe (OC) are simply reviewed, by which the dielectric behaviors in the frequency range of 1 MHz to 3 GHz of two practical geomaterials are investigated. Kaolin after modified compaction with different water contents is measured by using CC. The results are consistent with previous study on standardized compacted kaolin and suggest that the dielectric properties at frequencies below 100 MHz are not only a function of water content but also functions of other soil state parameters including dry density. The hydration process of a commercial grout is monitored in real time by using OC. It is found that the time dependent dielectric properties can accurately reveal the different stages of the hydration process. These measurement results demonstrate the practicability of the introduced methods in determining dielectric properties of soft geomaterials.}, subject = {Impedanzspektroskopie}, language = {en} } @misc{CicekCancino, type = {Master Thesis}, author = {Cicek, Burhan and Cancino, Pamela}, title = {K{\"u}reken 2013. Entwerfen eines Dorfes aus Lehm}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.6356}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20240507-63568}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, pages = {107}, abstract = {Die Diskussionen in der Politik und in der Gesellschaft {\"u}ber Klimawandel, globale Erw{\"a}rmung oder Nachhaltigkeit, die schon noch l{\"a}nger anh{\"a}lt, werden nie ein Ende finden, solange die Probleme, auf denen sie basiert, unl{\"o}sbar bleiben. Vorgeschlagene L{\"o}sungen werden meist nicht richtig umgesetzt. Im Zusammenhang mit dieser Problematik steigt aber das Verantwortungsgef{\"u}hl f{\"u}r bessere Zukunftsstrategien immer mehr. Die in den letzten Jahren vorgekommenen Umweltkatastrophen, wie im Golf von Mexiko (April 2010) oder im Fukushima (M{\"a}rz 2011) die noch aktuell sind, zeigen, dass der Prim{\"a}renergieeinsatz oder die Transportproblematik nicht mehr nur die Sorge der Entwicklungsl{\"a}nder, sondern auch der Industriel{\"a}nder ist. Die Bauwelt mit ihrem erheblichen Energiebedarf spielt bei der Festlegung der Zukunftsstrategien eine große Rolle. Vor allem sind die Forschungen nach umweltfreundlichen Materialien, der Recyclebarkeit der eingesetzten Baumaterialien oder dem vern{\"u}nftigen Nutzen der Naturressourcen die wichtigsten Schwerpunkte. In dieser Hinsicht bringt Lehm als Baumaterial viele Vorteile mit sich. Bei einem Artikel sagt der Lehmbauexperte Martin Rauch: "In heutiger Zeit und einem Kulturkreis, in dem Baugrund und Arbeitszeit unsere großen Kosten verursachen, findet der tradierte Lehmbau mit dem verbundenen großen Aufwand an menschlicher Arbeitszeit nur schwer seinen Platz. {\"U}ber die Art der Bauweise wird auch die Entscheidung gef{\"a}llt, wie und wo die Wertsch{\"o}pfung erfolgt und ob der Einsatz des Budgets einen gesellschaftlichen Nutzen mit sich bringt. Im Vergleich zu einem Sichtbetonhaus k{\"o}nnen bei einem Stampflehmhaus 40\% der Prim{\"a}renergie ein gespart und daf{\"u}r mehr lokale Arbeitsressourcen gebunden werden. Davon profitieren vor allem die lokalen Handwerker und mittelst{\"a}ndischen Betriebe" Anatolien ist der Ort, wo man immer noch die tiefsten Wurzeln der Baukultur menschlicher Geschichte findet. Diese Baukultur, die in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten fast verlorengegangen ist, ist die Lehmbaukultur. In dieser Hinsicht beabsichtigt dieser Entwurf die W{\"u}rde des Lehms in Anatolien wieder herzustellen und dadurch dessen Glaubw{\"u}rdigkeit zur{\"u}ckzubringen.}, subject = {Lehm}, language = {de} } @article{Dressel, author = {Dressel, Dennys}, title = {Reaktivit{\"a}t von H{\"u}ttensand : Thermodynamische Grundlagen und Anwendung}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.2677}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20160829-26778}, pages = {178}, abstract = {Die thermodynamischen Grundlagen der Hydratation von H{\"u}ttensand als Hauptbestandteil von Zementen werden erforscht. Hierbei werden thermodynamische Bildungs- und Reaktionsdaten experimentell bestimmt und berechnet. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus wird der Prozess der Feststoffaufl{\"o}sung von H{\"u}ttensand in w{\"a}ssrigen L{\"o}sungen untersucht. L{\"o}sungs- und F{\"a}llungsprozesse werden unter verschiedenen Konditionen gemessen, ausgewertet und diskutiert. Die Ergebnisse werden im weiteren Verlauf zur Bestimmung der Hydratationsgrades in Pasten sowie zum besseren Verst{\"a}ndnis in der Wechselwirkung zwischen H{\"u}ttensanden und Mahlhilfsstoffen genutzt und angewandt.}, subject = {H{\"u}ttensand}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Ehrhardt, author = {Ehrhardt, Dirk}, title = {ZUM EINFLUSS DER NACHBEHANDLUNG AUF DIE GEF{\"U}GEAUSBILDUNG UND DEN FROST-TAUMITTELWIDERSTAND DER BETONRANDZONE}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.3688}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20171120-36889}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, pages = {235}, abstract = {Die Festigkeitsentwicklung des Zementbetons basiert auf der chemischen Reaktion des Zementes mit dem Anmachwasser. Durch Nachbehandlungsmaßnahmen muss daf{\"u}r gesorgt werden, dass dem Zement gen{\"u}gend Wasser f{\"u}r seine Reaktion zur Verf{\"u}gung steht, da sonst ein Beton mit minderer Qualit{\"a}t entsteht. Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt die grunds{\"a}tzlichen Fragen der Betonnachbehandlung bei Anwendung von Straßenbetonen. Im Speziellen wird die Frage des erforderlichen Nachbehandlungsbedarfs von h{\"u}ttensandhaltigen Kompositzementen betrachtet. Die Wirkung der Nachbehandlung wird anhand des erreichten Frost-Tausalz-Widerstandes und der Gef{\"u}geausbildung in der unmittelbaren Betonrandzone bewertet. Der Fokus der Untersuchungen lag auf abgezogenen Betonoberfl{\"a}chen. Es wurde ein Modell zur Austrocknung des jungen Betons erarbeitet. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass in einer fr{\"u}hen Austrocknung (Kapillarphase) keine kritische Austrocknung der Betonrandzone einsetzt, sondern der Beton ann{\"a}hrend gleichm{\"a}ßig {\"u}ber die H{\"o}he austrocknet. Es wurde ein Nomogramm entwickelt, mit dem die Dauer der Kapillarphase in Abh{\"a}ngigkeit der Witterung f{\"u}r Straßenbetone abgesch{\"a}tzt werden kann. Eine kritische Austrocknung der wichtigen Randzone setzt nach Ende der Kapillarphase ein. F{\"u}r Betone unter Verwendung von Zementen mit langsamer Festigkeitsentwicklung ist die Austrocknung der Randzone nach Ende der Kapillarphase besonders ausgepr{\"a}gt. Im Ergebnis zeigen diese Betone dann einen geringen Frost-Tausalz-Widerstand. Mit Zementen, die eine 2d-Zementdruckfestigkeit ≥ 23,0 N/mm² aufweisen, wurde unabh{\"a}ngig von der Zementart (CEM I oder CEM II/B-S) auch dann ein hoher Frost-Tausalz-Widerstand erreicht, wenn keine oder eine schlechtere Nachbehandlung angewendet wurde. F{\"u}r die Praxis ergibt sich damit eine einfache M{\"o}glichkeit der Vorauswahl von geeigneten Zementen f{\"u}r den Verkehrsfl{\"a}chenbau. Betone, die unter Verwendung von Zementen mit langsamere Festigkeitsentwicklung hergestellt werden, erreichen einen hohen Frost-Tausalz-Widerstand nur mit einer geeigneten Nachbehandlung. Die Anwendung von fl{\"u}ssigen Nachbehandlungsmitteln (NBM gem{\"a}ß TL NBM-StB) erreicht eine {\"a}hnliche Wirksamkeit wie eine 5 t{\"a}gige Feuchtnachbehandlung. Voraussetzung f{\"u}r die Wirksamkeit der NBM ist, dass sie auf eine Betonoberfl{\"a}che ohne sichtbaren Feuchtigkeitsfilm (feuchter Glanz) aufgespr{\"u}ht werden. Besonders wichtig ist die Beachtung des richtigen Auftragszeitpunktes bei k{\"u}hler Witterung, da hier aufgrund der verlangsamten Zementreaktion der Beton l{\"a}nger Anmachwasser abst{\"o}ßt. Ein zu fr{\"u}her Auftrag des Nachbehandlungsmittels f{\"u}hrt zu einer Verschlechterung der Qualit{\"a}t der Betonrandzone. Durch Bereitstellung hydratationsabh{\"a}ngiger Transportkenngr{\"o}ßen (Feuchtetransport im Beton) konnten numerische Berechnungen zum Zusammenspiel zwischen der Austrocknung, der Nachbehandlung und der Gef{\"u}geentwicklung durchgef{\"u}hrt werden. Mit dem erstellten Berechnungsmodell wurden Parameterstudien durchgef{\"u}hrt. Die Berechnungen best{\"a}tigen die wesentlichen Erkenntnisse der Laboruntersuchungen. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus l{\"a}sst sich mit dem Berechnungsmodell zeigen, dass gerade bei langsam reagierenden Zementen und k{\"u}hler Witterung ohne eine Nachbehandlung eine sehr d{\"u}nne Randzone (ca. 500 µm - 1000 µm) mit stark erh{\"o}hter Kapillarporosit{\"a}t entsteht.}, subject = {Beton}, language = {de} } @article{FaizollahzadehArdabiliNajafiAlizamiretal., author = {Faizollahzadeh Ardabili, Sina and Najafi, Bahman and Alizamir, Meysam and Mosavi, Amir and Shamshirband, Shahaboddin and Rabczuk, Timon}, title = {Using SVM-RSM and ELM-RSM Approaches for Optimizing the Production Process of Methyl and Ethyl Esters}, series = {Energies}, journal = {Energies}, number = {11, 2889}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, doi = {10.3390/en11112889}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20181025-38170}, pages = {1 -- 20}, abstract = {The production of a desired product needs an effective use of the experimental model. The present study proposes an extreme learning machine (ELM) and a support vector machine (SVM) integrated with the response surface methodology (RSM) to solve the complexity in optimization and prediction of the ethyl ester and methyl ester production process. The novel hybrid models of ELM-RSM and ELM-SVM are further used as a case study to estimate the yield of methyl and ethyl esters through a trans-esterification process from waste cooking oil (WCO) based on American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. The results of the prediction phase were also compared with artificial neural networks (ANNs) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), which were recently developed by the second author of this study. Based on the results, an ELM with a correlation coefficient of 0.9815 and 0.9863 for methyl and ethyl esters, respectively, had a high estimation capability compared with that for SVM, ANNs, and ANFIS. Accordingly, the maximum production yield was obtained in the case of using ELM-RSM of 96.86\% for ethyl ester at a temperature of 68.48 °C, a catalyst value of 1.15 wt. \%, mixing intensity of 650.07 rpm, and an alcohol to oil molar ratio (A/O) of 5.77; for methyl ester, the production yield was 98.46\% at a temperature of 67.62 °C, a catalyst value of 1.1 wt. \%, mixing intensity of 709.42 rpm, and an A/O of 6.09. Therefore, ELM-RSM increased the production yield by 3.6\% for ethyl ester and 3.1\% for methyl ester, compared with those for the experimental data.}, subject = {Biodiesel}, language = {en} } @article{FathiSajadzadehMohammadiSheshkaletal., author = {Fathi, Sadegh and Sajadzadeh, Hassan and Mohammadi Sheshkal, Faezeh and Aram, Farshid and Pinter, Gergo and Felde, Imre and Mosavi, Amir}, title = {The Role of Urban Morphology Design on Enhancing Physical Activity and Public Health}, series = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, volume = {2020}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, number = {Volume 17, Issue 7, 2359}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph17072359}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20200402-41225}, pages = {29}, abstract = {Along with environmental pollution, urban planning has been connected to public health. The research indicates that the quality of built environments plays an important role in reducing mental disorders and overall health. The structure and shape of the city are considered as one of the factors influencing happiness and health in urban communities and the type of the daily activities of citizens. The aim of this study was to promote physical activity in the main structure of the city via urban design in a way that the main form and morphology of the city can encourage citizens to move around and have physical activity within the city. Functional, physical, cultural-social, and perceptual-visual features are regarded as the most important and effective criteria in increasing physical activities in urban spaces, based on literature review. The environmental quality of urban spaces and their role in the physical activities of citizens in urban spaces were assessed by using the questionnaire tool and analytical network process (ANP) of structural equation modeling. Further, the space syntax method was utilized to evaluate the role of the spatial integration of urban spaces on improving physical activities. Based on the results, consideration of functional diversity, spatial flexibility and integration, security, and the aesthetic and visual quality of urban spaces plays an important role in improving the physical health of citizens in urban spaces. Further, more physical activities, including motivation for walking and the sense of public health and happiness, were observed in the streets having higher linkage and space syntax indexes with their surrounding texture.}, subject = {Morphologie}, language = {en} } @article{GhazvineiDarvishiMosavietal., author = {Ghazvinei, Pezhman Taherei and Darvishi, Hossein Hassanpour and Mosavi, Amir and Yusof, Khamaruzaman bin Wan and Alizamir, Meysam and Shamshirband, Shahaboddin and Chau, Kwok-Wing}, title = {Sugarcane growth prediction based on meteorological parameters using extreme learning machine and artificial neural network}, series = {Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics}, volume = {2018}, journal = {Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics}, number = {12,1}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, doi = {10.1080/19942060.2018.1526119}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20181017-38129}, pages = {738 -- 749}, abstract = {Management strategies for sustainable sugarcane production need to deal with the increasing complexity and variability of the whole sugar system. Moreover, they need to accommodate the multiple goals of different industry sectors and the wider community. Traditional disciplinary approaches are unable to provide integrated management solutions, and an approach based on whole systems analysis is essential to bring about beneficial change to industry and the community. The application of this approach to water management, environmental management and cane supply management is outlined, where the literature indicates that the application of extreme learning machine (ELM) has never been explored in this realm. Consequently, the leading objective of the current research was set to filling this gap by applying ELM to launch swift and accurate model for crop production data-driven. The key learning has been the need for innovation both in the technical aspects of system function underpinned by modelling of sugarcane growth. Therefore, the current study is an attempt to establish an integrate model using ELM to predict the concluding growth amount of sugarcane. Prediction results were evaluated and further compared with artificial neural network (ANN) and genetic programming models. Accuracy of the ELM model is calculated using the statistics indicators of Root Means Square Error (RMSE), Pearson Coefficient (r), and Coefficient of Determination (R2) with promising results of 0.8, 0.47, and 0.89, respectively. The results also show better generalization ability in addition to faster learning curve. Thus, proficiency of the ELM for supplementary work on advancement of prediction model for sugarcane growth was approved with promising results.}, subject = {K{\"u}nstliche Intelligenz}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Goswami, author = {Goswami, Somdatta}, title = {Phase field modeling of fracture with isogeometric analysis and machine learning methods}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.4384}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20210304-43841}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, pages = {168}, abstract = {This thesis presents the advances and applications of phase field modeling in fracture analysis. In this approach, the sharp crack surface topology in a solid is approximated by a diffusive crack zone governed by a scalar auxiliary variable. The uniqueness of phase field modeling is that the crack paths are automatically determined as part of the solution and no interface tracking is required. The damage parameter varies continuously over the domain. But this flexibility comes with associated difficulties: (1) a very fine spatial discretization is required to represent sharp local gradients correctly; (2) fine discretization results in high computational cost; (3) computation of higher-order derivatives for improved convergence rates and (4) curse of dimensionality in conventional numerical integration techniques. As a consequence, the practical applicability of phase field models is severely limited. The research presented in this thesis addresses the difficulties of the conventional numerical integration techniques for phase field modeling in quasi-static brittle fracture analysis. The first method relies on polynomial splines over hierarchical T-meshes (PHT-splines) in the framework of isogeometric analysis (IGA). An adaptive h-refinement scheme is developed based on the variational energy formulation of phase field modeling. The fourth-order phase field model provides increased regularity in the exact solution of the phase field equation and improved convergence rates for numerical solutions on a coarser discretization, compared to the second-order model. However, second-order derivatives of the phase field are required in the fourth-order model. Hence, at least a minimum of C1 continuous basis functions are essential, which is achieved using hierarchical cubic B-splines in IGA. PHT-splines enable the refinement to remain local at singularities and high gradients, consequently reducing the computational cost greatly. Unfortunately, when modeling complex geometries, multiple parameter spaces (patches) are joined together to describe the physical domain and there is typically a loss of continuity at the patch boundaries. This decrease of smoothness is dictated by the geometry description, where C0 parameterizations are normally used to deal with kinks and corners in the domain. Hence, the application of the fourth-order model is severely restricted. To overcome the high computational cost for the second-order model, we develop a dual-mesh adaptive h-refinement approach. This approach uses a coarser discretization for the elastic field and a finer discretization for the phase field. Independent refinement strategies have been used for each field. The next contribution is based on physics informed deep neural networks. The network is trained based on the minimization of the variational energy of the system described by general non-linear partial differential equations while respecting any given law of physics, hence the name physics informed neural network (PINN). The developed approach needs only a set of points to define the geometry, contrary to the conventional mesh-based discretization techniques. The concept of `transfer learning' is integrated with the developed PINN approach to improve the computational efficiency of the network at each displacement step. This approach allows a numerically stable crack growth even with larger displacement steps. An adaptive h-refinement scheme based on the generation of more quadrature points in the damage zone is developed in this framework. For all the developed methods, displacement-controlled loading is considered. The accuracy and the efficiency of both methods are studied numerically showing that the developed methods are powerful and computationally efficient tools for accurately predicting fractures.}, subject = {Phasenfeldmodell}, language = {en} } @misc{Habtemariam, type = {Master Thesis}, author = {Habtemariam, Abinet Kifle}, title = {Numerical Demolition Analysis of a Slender Guyed Antenna Mast}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.4460}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20210723-44609}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, pages = {75}, abstract = {The main purpose of the thesis is to ensure the safe demolition of old guyed antenna masts that are located in different parts of Germany. The major problem in demolition of this masts is the falling down of the masts in unexpected direction because of buckling problem. The objective of this thesis is development of a numerical models using finite element method (FEM) and assuring a controlled collapse by coming up with different time setups for the detonation of explosives which are responsible for cutting down the cables. The result of this thesis will avoid unexpected outcomes during the demolition processes and prevent risk of collapsing of the mast over near by structures.}, subject = {Abbruch}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Habtemariam, author = {Habtemariam, Abinet Kifle}, title = {Generalized Beam Theory for the analysis of thin-walled circular pipe members}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.4572}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20220127-45723}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, pages = {188}, abstract = {The detailed structural analysis of thin-walled circular pipe members often requires the use of a shell or solid-based finite element method. Although these methods provide a very good approximation of the deformations, they require a higher degree of discretization which causes high computational costs. On the other hand, the analysis of thin-walled circular pipe members based on classical beam theories is easy to implement and needs much less computation time, however, they are limited in their ability to approximate the deformations as they cannot consider the deformation of the cross-section. This dissertation focuses on the study of the Generalized Beam Theory (GBT) which is both accurate and efficient in analyzing thin-walled members. This theory is based on the separation of variables in which the displacement field is expressed as a combination of predetermined deformation modes related to the cross-section, and unknown amplitude functions defined on the beam's longitudinal axis. Although the GBT was initially developed for long straight members, through the consideration of complementary deformation modes, which amend the null transverse and shear membrane strain assumptions of the classical GBT, problems involving short members, pipe bends, and geometrical nonlinearity can also be analyzed using GBT. In this dissertation, the GBT formulation for the analysis of these problems is developed and the application and capabilities of the method are illustrated using several numerical examples. Furthermore, the displacement and stress field results of these examples are verified using an equivalent refined shell-based finite element model. The developed static and dynamic GBT formulations for curved thin-walled circular pipes are based on the linear kinematic description of the curved shell theory. In these formulations, the complex problem in pipe bends due to the strong coupling effect of the longitudinal bending, warping and the cross-sectional ovalization is handled precisely through the derivation of the coupling tensors between the considered GBT deformation modes. Similarly, the geometrically nonlinear GBT analysis is formulated for thin-walled circular pipes based on the nonlinear membrane kinematic equations. Here, the initial linear and quadratic stress and displacement tangent stiffness matrices are built using the third and fourth-order GBT deformation mode coupling tensors. Longitudinally, the formulation of the coupled GBT element stiffness and mass matrices are presented using a beam-based finite element formulation. Furthermore, the formulated GBT elements are tested for shear and membrane locking problems and the limitations of the formulations regarding the membrane locking problem are discussed.}, subject = {Finite-Elemente-Methode}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Hatahet, author = {Hatahet, Tareq}, title = {On the Analysis of the Disproportionate Structural Collapse in RC Buildings}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.3740}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20180329-37405}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, pages = {243}, abstract = {Increasing structural robustness is the goal which is of interest for structural engineering community. The partial collapse of RC buildings is subject of this dissertation. Understanding the robustness of RC buildings will guide the development of safer structures against abnormal loading scenarios such as; explosions, earthquakes, fine, and/or long-term accumulation effects leading to deterioration or fatigue. Any of these may result in local immediate structural damage, that can propagate to the rest of the structure causing what is known by the disproportionate collapse. This work handels collapse propagation through various analytical approaches which simplifies the mechanical description of damaged reinfoced concrete structures due to extreme acidental event.}, subject = {Beton}, language = {en} } @masterthesis{Hoinkis, type = {Bachelor Thesis}, author = {Hoinkis, Jule Hannah}, title = {Hitze in der Stadt Jena}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.4632}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20220414-46323}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, abstract = {Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit den spezifischen Faktoren und Wechselwirkungen des st{\"a}dtischen Klimas und Strategien zur Pr{\"a}vention und Kompensation lokaler Klimaver{\"a}nderungen. Problematische Merkmale des Stadtklimas werden sich infolge des Klimawandels st{\"a}rker auspr{\"a}gen. Insbesondere die Hitzebelastung wird zunehmen und die Lebensbedingungen in der Stadt negativ beeinflussen. Infolge h{\"o}herer Temperaturen in St{\"a}dten und einer h{\"o}heren Temperaturdifferenz zum Umland ver{\"a}ndern sich Windstr{\"o}me und die Wasserbilanz. Es sind Strategien notwendig, um den Schadstoffausstoß, die Fl{\"a}cheninanspruchnahme, die Abfallproduktion und den Wasser-, Energie- und Ressourcenverbrauch zu verringern, um sowohl langfristig den Klimawandel als auch dessen bereits unvermeidbaren Auswirkungen auf St{\"a}dte zu begrenzen. Beispielhaft untersucht die Arbeit das Stadtklima, dessen zuk{\"u}nftige Ver{\"a}nderungen infolge des Klimawandels, bauliche Maßnahmen und Anpassungsstrategien der Stadt Jena. Jena ist die zweitgr{\"o}ßte Stadt im Bundesland Th{\"u}ringen und geh{\"o}rt heute zu den w{\"a}rmsten und trockensten Großst{\"a}dten Deutschlands. Die Ergebnisse der Arbeit werden anschließend anhand eines st{\"a}dtebaulichen Konzepts und Entwurfs angewendet. Das Bachstraßenareal liegt in der Innenstadt, dem am st{\"a}rksten von Hitze betroffenen Stadtteil. Als ehemaliger Hauptstandort des Jenaer Universit{\"a}tsklinikums, soll es zu einem nachhaltigen Wissenschaftscampus der Lebenswissenschaften umgebaut werden, wobei ein Großteil der denkmalgesch{\"u}tzten, ehemaligen Klinikgeb{\"a}ude erhalten bleibt. Der Fokus liegt dabei auf der Umsetzung der zuvor formulierten, nachhaltigen Strategien zur Verbesserung des lokalen Stadtklimas und einer Abschw{\"a}chung der Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf den besonders stark betroffenen Innenstadtbereich Jenas.}, subject = {Hitze}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Hommel, author = {Hommel, Angela}, title = {Diskret holomorphe Funktionen und deren Bedeutung bei der L{\"o}sung von Differenzengleichungen}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.3784}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20180827-37846}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, abstract = {Auf der Grundlage diskreter Cauchy-Riemann Operatoren werden diskret holomorphe Funktionen definiert und detailliert studiert. Darauf aufbauend wird die L{\"o}sung von Differenzengleichungen mit Hilfe der diskret holomorphen Funktionen beschrieben.}, subject = {Differenzengleichung}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Jaouadi, author = {Jaouadi, Zouhour}, title = {Pareto and Reliability-Oriented Aeroelastic Shape Optimization of Bridge Decks}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.4935}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20230303-49352}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, pages = {167}, abstract = {Due to the development of new technologies and materials, optimized bridge design has recently gained more attention. The aim is to reduce the bridge components materials and the CO2 emission from the cement manufacturing process. Thus, most long-span bridges are designed to be with high flexibility, low structural damping, and longer and slender spans. Such designs lead, however, to aeroelastic challenges. Moreover, the consideration of both the structural and aeroelastic behavior in bridges leads to contradictory solutions as the structural constraints lead to deck prototypes with high depth which provide high inertia to material volume ratios. On the other hand, considering solely the aerodynamic requirements, slender airfoil-shaped bridge box girders are recommended since they prevent vortex shedding and exhibit minimum drag. Within this framework comes this study which provides approaches to find optimal bridge deck cross-sections while considering the aerodynamic effects. Shape optimization of deck cross-section is usually formulated to minimize the amount of material by finding adequate parameters such as the depth, the height, and the thickness and while ensuring the overall stability of the structure by the application of some constraints. Codes and studies have been implemented to analyze the wind phenomena and the structural responses towards bridge deck cross-sections where simplifications have been adopted due to the complexity and the uniqueness of such components besides the difficulty of obtaining a final model of the aerodynamic behavior. In this thesis, two main perspectives have been studied; the first is fully deterministic and presents a novel framework on generating optimal aerodynamic shapes for streamlined and trapezoidal cross-sections based on the meta-modeling approach. Single and multi-objective optimizations were both carried out and a Pareto Front is generated. The performance of the optimal designs is checked afterwards. In the second part, a new strategy based on Reliability-Based Design Optimization (RBDO) to mitigate the vortex-induced vibration (VIV) on the Trans-Tokyo Bay bridge is proposed. Small changes in the leading and trailing edges are presented and uncertainties are considered in the structural system. Probabilistic constraints based on polynomial regression are evaluated and the problem is solved while applying the Reliability Index Approach (RIA) and the Performance Measure Approach (PMA). The results obtained in the first part showed that the aspect ratio has a significant effect on the aerodynamic behavior where deeper cross-sections have lower resistance against flutter and should be avoided. In the second part, the adopted RBDO approach succeeded to mitigate the VIV, and it is proven that designs with narrow or prolonged bottom-base length and featuring an abrupt surface change in the leading and trailing edges can lead to high vertical vibration amplitude. It is expected that this research will help engineers with the selections of the adequate deck cross-section layout, and encourage researchers to apply concepts of optimization regarding this field and develop the presented approaches for further studies.}, subject = {Gestaltoptimierung}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Jenabidehkordi, author = {Jenabidehkordi, Ali}, title = {An Efficient Adaptive PD Formulation for Complex Microstructures}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.4742}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20221124-47422}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, pages = {118}, abstract = {The computational costs of newly developed numerical simulation play a critical role in their acceptance within both academic use and industrial employment. Normally, the refinement of a method in the area of interest reduces the computational cost. This is unfortunately not true for most nonlocal simulation, since refinement typically increases the size of the material point neighborhood. Reducing the discretization size while keep- ing the neighborhood size will often require extra consideration. Peridy- namic (PD) is a newly developed numerical method with nonlocal nature. Its straightforward integral form equation of motion allows simulating dy- namic problems without any extra consideration required. The formation of crack and its propagation is known as natural to peridynamic. This means that discontinuity is a result of the simulation and does not demand any post-processing. As with other nonlocal methods, PD is considered an expensive method. The refinement of the nodal spacing while keeping the neighborhood size (i.e., horizon radius) constant, emerges to several nonphysical phenomena. This research aims to reduce the peridynamic computational and imple- mentation costs. A novel refinement approach is introduced. The pro- posed approach takes advantage of the PD flexibility in choosing the shape of the horizon by introducing multiple domains (with no intersections) to the nodes of the refinement zone. It will be shown that no ghost forces will be created when changing the horizon sizes in both subdomains. The approach is applied to both bond-based and state-based peridynamic and verified for a simple wave propagation refinement problem illustrating the efficiency of the method. Further development of the method for higher dimensions proves to have a direct relationship with the mesh sensitivity of the PD. A method for solving the mesh sensitivity of the PD is intro- duced. The application of the method will be examined by solving a crack propagation problem similar to those reported in the literature. New software architecture is proposed considering both academic and in- dustrial use. The available simulation tools for employing PD will be collected, and their advantages and drawbacks will be addressed. The challenges of implementing any node base nonlocal methods while max- imizing the software flexibility to further development and modification will be discussed and addressed. A software named Relation-Based Sim- ulator (RBS) is developed for examining the proposed architecture. The exceptional capabilities of RBS will be explored by simulating three dis- tinguished models. RBS is available publicly and open to further develop- ment. The industrial acceptance of the RBS will be tested by targeting its performance on one Mac and two Linux distributions.}, subject = {Peridynamik}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Jenabidehkordi, author = {Jenabidehkordi, Ali}, title = {An efficient adaptive PD formulation for complex microstructures}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.4738}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20221116-47389}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, pages = {118}, abstract = {The computational costs of newly developed numerical simulation play a critical role in their acceptance within both academic use and industrial employment. Normally, the refinement of a method in the area of interest reduces the computational cost. This is unfortunately not true for most nonlocal simulation, since refinement typically increases the size of the material point neighborhood. Reducing the discretization size while keep- ing the neighborhood size will often require extra consideration. Peridynamic (PD) is a newly developed numerical method with nonlocal nature. Its straightforward integral form equation of motion allows simulating dynamic problems without any extra consideration required. The formation of crack and its propagation is known as natural to peridynamic. This means that discontinuity is a result of the simulation and does not demand any post-processing. As with other nonlocal methods, PD is considered an expensive method. The refinement of the nodal spacing while keeping the neighborhood size (i.e., horizon radius) constant, emerges to several nonphysical phenomena. This research aims to reduce the peridynamic computational and imple- mentation costs. A novel refinement approach is introduced. The pro- posed approach takes advantage of the PD flexibility in choosing the shape of the horizon by introducing multiple domains (with no intersections) to the nodes of the refinement zone. It will be shown that no ghost forces will be created when changing the horizon sizes in both subdomains. The approach is applied to both bond-based and state-based peridynamic and verified for a simple wave propagation refinement problem illustrating the efficiency of the method. Further development of the method for higher dimensions proves to have a direct relationship with the mesh sensitivity of the PD. A method for solving the mesh sensitivity of the PD is intro- duced. The application of the method will be examined by solving a crack propagation problem similar to those reported in the literature. New software architecture is proposed considering both academic and in- dustrial use. The available simulation tools for employing PD will be collected, and their advantages and drawbacks will be addressed. The challenges of implementing any node base nonlocal methods while max- imizing the software flexibility to further development and modification will be discussed and addressed. A software named Relation-Based Sim- ulator (RBS) is developed for examining the proposed architecture. The exceptional capabilities of RBS will be explored by simulating three distinguished models. RBS is available publicly and open to further develop- ment. The industrial acceptance of the RBS will be tested by targeting its performance on one Mac and two Linux distributions.}, subject = {Peridynamik}, language = {en} } @article{KapsSchuchStaeblein, author = {Kaps, Christian and Schuch, Kai and St{\"a}blein, Stefan}, title = {Silicate coatings for concrete components with waterglass systems by means of neutral salt initiation}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.2588}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20160601-25888}, pages = {1 -- 14}, abstract = {The objective of the investigations was the proof of the use of the neutral salt initiation as a construction material in the protecting silicate coating of concrete components, e.g. factory finished parts or reinforced concrete construction parts, by means of waterglass fused silica suspensions}, subject = {Silicate}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Kavrakov, author = {Kavrakov, Igor}, title = {Synergistic Framework for Analysis and Model Assessment in Bridge Aerodynamics and Aeroelasticity}, publisher = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}tsverlag}, address = {Weimar}, isbn = {978-3-95773-284-2}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.4109}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20200316-41099}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, pages = {314}, abstract = {Wind-induced vibrations often represent a major design criterion for long-span bridges. This work deals with the assessment and development of models for aerodynamic and aeroelastic analyses of long-span bridges. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and semi-analytical aerodynamic models are employed to compute the bridge response due to both turbulent and laminar free-stream. For the assessment of these models, a comparative methodology is developed that consists of two steps, a qualitative and a quantitative one. The first, qualitative, step involves an extension of an existing approach based on Category Theory and its application to the field of bridge aerodynamics. Initially, the approach is extended to consider model comparability and completeness. Then, the complexity of the CFD and twelve semi-analytical models are evaluated based on their mathematical constructions, yielding a diagrammatic representation of model quality. In the second, quantitative, step of the comparative methodology, the discrepancy of a system response quantity for time-dependent aerodynamic models is quantified using comparison metrics for time-histories. Nine metrics are established on a uniform basis to quantify the discrepancies in local and global signal features that are of interest in bridge aerodynamics. These signal features involve quantities such as phase, time-varying frequency and magnitude content, probability density, non-stationarity, and nonlinearity. The two-dimensional (2D) Vortex Particle Method is used for the discretization of the Navier-Stokes equations including a Pseudo-three dimensional (Pseudo-3D) extension within an existing CFD solver. The Pseudo-3D Vortex Method considers the 3D structural behavior for aeroelastic analyses by positioning 2D fluid strips along a line-like structure. A novel turbulent Pseudo-3D Vortex Method is developed by combining the laminar Pseudo-3D VPM and a previously developed 2D method for the generation of free-stream turbulence. Using analytical derivations, it is shown that the fluid velocity correlation is maintained between the CFD strips. Furthermore, a new method is presented for the determination of the complex aerodynamic admittance under deterministic sinusoidal gusts using the Vortex Particle Method. The sinusoidal gusts are simulated by modeling the wakes of flapping airfoils in the CFD domain with inflow vortex particles. Positioning a section downstream yields sinusoidal forces that are used for determining all six components of the complex aerodynamic admittance. A closed-form analytical relation is derived, based on an existing analytical model. With this relation, the inflow particles' strength can be related with the target gust amplitudes a priori. The developed methodologies are combined in a synergistic framework, which is applied to both fundamental examples and practical case studies. Where possible, the results are verified and validated. The outcome of this work is intended to shed some light on the complex wind-bridge interaction and suggest appropriate modeling strategies for an enhanced design.}, subject = {Br{\"u}cke}, language = {en} } @article{KavrakovLegatiukGuerlebecketal., author = {Kavrakov, Igor and Legatiuk, Dmitrii and G{\"u}rlebeck, Klaus and Morgenthal, Guido}, title = {A categorical perspective towards aerodynamic models for aeroelastic analyses of bridge decks}, series = {Royal Society Open Science}, journal = {Royal Society Open Science}, number = {Volume 6, Issue 3}, doi = {/10.1098/rsos.181848}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20190314-38656}, pages = {20}, abstract = {Reliable modelling in structural engineering is crucial for the serviceability and safety of structures. A huge variety of aerodynamic models for aeroelastic analyses of bridges poses natural questions on their complexity and thus, quality. Moreover, a direct comparison of aerodynamic models is typically either not possible or senseless, as the models can be based on very different physical assumptions. Therefore, to address the question of principal comparability and complexity of models, a more abstract approach, accounting for the effect of basic physical assumptions, is necessary. This paper presents an application of a recently introduced category theory-based modelling approach to a diverse set of models from bridge aerodynamics. Initially, the categorical approach is extended to allow an adequate description of aerodynamic models. Complexity of the selected aerodynamic models is evaluated, based on which model comparability is established. Finally, the utility of the approach for model comparison and characterisation is demonstrated on an illustrative example from bridge aeroelasticity. The outcome of this study is intended to serve as an alternative framework for model comparison and impact future model assessment studies of mathematical models for engineering applications.}, subject = {Br{\"u}cke}, language = {en} } @article{Kleiner, author = {Kleiner, Florian}, title = {Optimization and semi-automatic evaluation of a frosting process for a soda lime silicate glass based on phosphoric acid}, series = {International Journal of Applied Glass Science}, journal = {International Journal of Applied Glass Science}, publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons}, doi = {10.1111/ijag.15866}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20210701-44548}, pages = {1 -- 8}, abstract = {Chemical glass frosting processes are widely used to create visual attractive glass surfaces. A commonly used frosting bath mainly contains ammonium bifluoride (NH4HF2) mixed with hydrochloric acid (HCl). The frosting process consists of several baths. Firstly, the preliminary bath to clean the object. Secondly, the frosting bath which etches the rough light scattering structure into the glass surface. Finally, the washing baths to clean the frosted object. This is where the constituents of the preceding steps accumulate and have to be filtered from the sewage. In the present contribution, phosphoric acid (H3PO4) was used as a substitute for HCl to reduce the amount of ammonium (NH4+) and chloride (Cl-) dissolved in the waste water. In combination with magnesium carbonate (MgCO3), it allows the precipitation of ammonium within the sewage as ammonium magnesium phosphate (MgNH4PO4). However, a trivial replacement of HCl by H3PO4 within the frosting process causes extensive frosting errors, such as inhomogeneous size distributions of the structures or domains that are not fully covered by these structures. By modifying the preliminary bath composition, it was possible to improve the frosting result considerably. To determine the optimal composition of the preliminary bath, a semi-automatic evaluation method has been developed. This method renders the objective comparison of the resulting surface quality possible.}, subject = {Silicatglas}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{KleinerRoessler, author = {Kleiner, Florian and R{\"o}ßler, Christiane}, title = {Utilizing Modern FIB/SEM Technology and EDS for 3D Imaging of Hydrated Alite and its Pore Space}, series = {ERICA-CASH II Final Converence}, booktitle = {ERICA-CASH II Final Converence}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.4455}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20210702-44555}, pages = {2}, abstract = {The exploration of cementitious materials using scanning electron microscopes (SEM) is mainly done using fractured or polished surfaces. This leads to high-resolution 2D-images that can be combined using EDX and EBSD to unveil details of the microstructure and composition of materials. Nevertheless, this does not provide a quantitative insight into the three-dimensional fine structure of for example C-S-H phases. The focused ion beam (FIB) technology can cut a block of material in thin layers of less than 10 nm. This gives us a volume of 1000 μm³ with a voxel resolution of down to 4 x 4 x 10 nm³. The results can be combined with simultaneously acquired EDX data to improve image segmentation. Results of the investigation demonstrate that it is possible to obtain close-to-native 3D-visualisation of the spatial distribution of unreacted C3S, C-S-H and CH. Additionally, an optimized preparation method allows us to quantify the fine structure of C-S-H phases (length, aspect ratio, …) and the pore space.}, subject = {Rasterelektronenmikroskop}, language = {en} } @masterthesis{Krtschil, type = {Bachelor Thesis}, author = {Krtschil, Anna}, title = {Vergleich verschiedener Indikatoren in Bezug auf die {\"O}kobilanz von Geb{\"a}uden}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.2434}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20150716-24340}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, pages = {73}, abstract = {Im Rahmen der Bachelorarbeit werden zwei Indikatoren zur Auswertung einer {\"O}kobilanz gegen{\"u}bergestellt. Die Umweltbelastungspunkte der Schweiz werden mit dem niederl{\"a}ndischen ReCiPe verglichen.}, subject = {Umweltbilanz}, language = {de} } @masterthesis{Kuehnert2011, type = {Bachelor Thesis}, author = {K{\"u}hnert, Christin}, title = {Entwicklung von Spielmechaniken f{\"u}r ein bauphysikalisches Social Game}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.1522}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20120117-15227}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Eine der j{\"u}ngsten Entwicklungen in der Games Branche sind sogenannte Social Games. Hierbei handelt es sich um digitale Spiele, die innerhalb von sozialen Netzwerken, wie z.B. Facebook und Myspace, gespielt werden. Studien zeigen, dass kommerzielle digitale Spiele mehr als nur ein Zeitvertreib sind. Sie f{\"o}rdern sowohl kognitive, als auch affektive und psychomotorische Kompetenzen. Aus diesem Grund werden seit Jahrzehnten digitale Spiele in der P{\"a}dagogik eingesetzt, um ihre Motivationskraft zu nutzen, um Lerneffekte zu erzielen. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es Spielmechaniken f{\"u}r ein bauphysikalisches Social Game zu entwickeln. Ausgehend von der Identifikation von Spielmechaniken, basierend auf einer Analyse der Funktionsweisen existierender popul{\"a}rer Social Games, und einem grundlegenden p{\"a}dagogischen Verst{\"a}ndnis bez{\"u}glich Digital Game Based Learning (DGBL), werden Spielmechaniken entwickelt, mit deren Hilfe bauphysikalische Fachkompetenzen vermittelt werden k{\"o}nnen.}, subject = {Computerunterst{\"u}tztes Lernen}, language = {de} } @article{Lahmer, author = {Lahmer, Tom}, title = {FEM-Based determination of real and complex elastic, dielectric, and piezoelectric moduli in piezoceramic materials}, series = {IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.3608}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20171030-36083}, abstract = {We propose an enhanced iterative scheme for the precise reconstruction of piezoelectric material parameters from electric impedance and mechanical displacement measurements. It is based on finite-element simulations of the full three-dimensional piezoelectric equations, combined with an inexact Newton or nonlinear Landweber iterative inversion scheme. We apply our method to two piezoelectric materials and test its performance. For the first material, the manufacturer provides a full data set; for the second one, no material data set is available. For both cases, our inverse scheme, using electric impedance measurements as input data, performs well.}, subject = {Finite-Elemente-Methode}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Legatiuk, author = {Legatiuk, Anastasiia}, title = {Discrete potential and function theories on a rectangular lattice and their applications}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.4865}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20221220-48654}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, abstract = {The growing complexity of modern engineering problems necessitates development of advanced numerical methods. In particular, methods working directly with discrete structures, and thus, representing exactly some important properties of the solution on a lattice and not just approximating the continuous properties, become more and more popular nowadays. Among others, discrete potential theory and discrete function theory provide a variety of methods, which are discrete counterparts of the classical continuous methods for solving boundary value problems. A lot of results related to the discrete potential and function theories have been presented in recent years. However, these results are related to the discrete theories constructed on square lattices, and, thus, limiting their practical applicability and potentially leading to higher computational costs while discretising realistic domains. This thesis presents an extension of the discrete potential theory and discrete function theory to rectangular lattices. As usual in the discrete theories, construction of discrete operators is strongly influenced by a definition of discrete geometric setting. For providing consistent constructions throughout the whole thesis, a detailed discussion on the discrete geometric setting is presented in the beginning. After that, the discrete fundamental solution of the discrete Laplace operator on a rectangular lattice, which is the core of the discrete potential theory, its numerical analysis, and practical calculations are presented. By using the discrete fundamental solution of the discrete Laplace operator on a rectangular lattice, the discrete potential theory is then constructed for interior and exterior settings. Several discrete interior and exterior boundary value problems are then solved. Moreover, discrete transmission problems are introduced and several numerical examples of these problems are discussed. Finally, a discrete fundamental solution of the discrete Cauchy-Riemann operator on a rectangular lattice is constructed, and basics of the discrete function theory on a rectangular lattice are provided. This work indicates that the discrete theories provide solution methods with very good numerical properties to tackle various boundary value problems, as well as transmission problems coupling interior and exterior problems. The results presented in this thesis provide a basis for further development of discrete theories on irregular lattices.}, subject = {Diskrete Funktionentheorie}, language = {en} } @article{Legatiuk, author = {Legatiuk, Dmitrii}, title = {Mathematical Modelling by Help of Category Theory: Models and Relations between Them}, series = {mathematics}, volume = {2021}, journal = {mathematics}, number = {volume 9, issue 16, article 1946}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, doi = {10.3390/math9161946}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20210817-44844}, pages = {17}, abstract = {The growing complexity of modern practical problems puts high demand on mathematical modelling. Given that various models can be used for modelling one physical phenomenon, the role of model comparison and model choice is becoming particularly important. Methods for model comparison and model choice typically used in practical applications nowadays are computationbased, and thus time consuming and computationally costly. Therefore, it is necessary to develop other approaches to working abstractly, i.e., without computations, with mathematical models. An abstract description of mathematical models can be achieved by the help of abstract mathematics, implying formalisation of models and relations between them. In this paper, a category theory-based approach to mathematical modelling is proposed. In this way, mathematical models are formalised in the language of categories, relations between the models are formally defined and several practically relevant properties are introduced on the level of categories. Finally, an illustrative example is presented, underlying how the category-theory based approach can be used in practice. Further, all constructions presented in this paper are also discussed from a modelling point of view by making explicit the link to concrete modelling scenarios.}, subject = {Kategorientheorie}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{LopezZermeno, author = {L{\´o}pez Zerme{\~n}o, Jorge Alberto}, title = {Isogeometric and CAD-based methods for shape and topology optimization: Sensitivity analysis, B{\´e}zier elements and phase-field approaches}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.4710}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20220831-47102}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, abstract = {The Finite Element Method (FEM) is widely used in engineering for solving Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) over complex geometries. To this end, it is required to provide the FEM software with a geometric model that is typically constructed in a Computer-Aided Design (CAD) software. However, FEM and CAD use different approaches for the mathematical description of the geometry. Thus, it is required to generate a mesh, which is suitable for FEM, based on the CAD model. Nonetheless, this procedure is not a trivial task and it can be time consuming. This issue becomes more significant for solving shape and topology optimization problems, which consist in evolving the geometry iteratively. Therefore, the computational cost associated to the mesh generation process is increased exponentially for this type of applications. The main goal of this work is to investigate the integration of CAD and CAE in shape and topology optimization. To this end, numerical tools that close the gap between design and analysis are presented. The specific objectives of this work are listed below: • Automatize the sensitivity analysis in an isogeometric framework for applications in shape optimization. Applications for linear elasticity are considered. • A methodology is developed for providing a direct link between the CAD model and the analysis mesh. In consequence, the sensitivity analysis can be performed in terms of the design variables located in the design model. • The last objective is to develop an isogeometric method for shape and topological optimization. This method should take advantage of using Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines (NURBS) with higher continuity as basis functions. Isogeometric Analysis (IGA) is a framework designed to integrate the design and analysis in engineering problems. The fundamental idea of IGA is to use the same basis functions for modeling the geometry, usually NURBS, for the approximation of the solution fields. The advantage of integrating design and analysis is two-fold. First, the analysis stage is more accurate since the system of PDEs is not solved using an approximated geometry, but the exact CAD model. Moreover, providing a direct link between the design and analysis discretizations makes possible the implementation of efficient sensitivity analysis methods. Second, the computational time is significantly reduced because the mesh generation process can be avoided. Sensitivity analysis is essential for solving optimization problems when gradient-based optimization algorithms are employed. Automatic differentiation can compute exact gradients, automatically by tracking the algebraic operations performed on the design variables. For the automation of the sensitivity analysis, an isogeometric framework is used. Here, the analysis mesh is obtained after carrying out successive refinements, while retaining the coarse geometry for the domain design. An automatic differentiation (AD) toolbox is used to perform the sensitivity analysis. The AD toolbox takes the code for computing the objective and constraint functions as input. Then, using a source code transformation approach, it outputs a code for computing the objective and constraint functions, and their sensitivities as well. The sensitivities obtained from the sensitivity propagation method are compared with analytical sensitivities, which are computed using a full isogeometric approach. The computational efficiency of AD is comparable to that of analytical sensitivities. However, the memory requirements are larger for AD. Therefore, AD is preferable if the memory requirements are satisfied. Automatic sensitivity analysis demonstrates its practicality since it simplifies the work of engineers and designers. Complex geometries with sharp edges and/or holes cannot easily be described with NURBS. One solution is the use of unstructured meshes. Simplex-elements (triangles and tetrahedra for two and three dimensions respectively) are particularly useful since they can automatically parameterize a wide variety of domains. In this regard, unstructured B{\´e}zier elements, commonly used in CAD, can be employed for the exact modelling of CAD boundary representations. In two dimensions, the domain enclosed by NURBS curves is parameterized with B{\´e}zier triangles. To describe exactly the boundary of a two-dimensional CAD model, the continuity of a NURBS boundary representation is reduced to C^0. Then, the control points are used to generate a triangulation such that the boundary of the domain is identical to the initial CAD boundary representation. Thus, a direct link between the design and analysis discretizations is provided and the sensitivities can be propagated to the design domain. In three dimensions, the initial CAD boundary representation is given as a collection of NURBS surfaces that enclose a volume. Using a mesh generator (Gmsh), a tetrahedral mesh is obtained. The original surface is reconstructed by modifying the location of the control points of the tetrahedral mesh using B{\´e}zier tetrahedral elements and a point inversion algorithm. This method offers the possibility of computing the sensitivity analysis using the analysis mesh. Then, the sensitivities can be propagated into the design discretization. To reuse the mesh originally generated, a moving B{\´e}zier tetrahedral mesh approach was implemented. A gradient-based optimization algorithm is employed together with a sensitivity propagation procedure for the shape optimization cases. The proposed shape optimization approaches are used to solve some standard benchmark problems in structural mechanics. The results obtained show that the proposed approach can compute accurate gradients and evolve the geometry towards optimal solutions. In three dimensions, the moving mesh approach results in faster convergence in terms of computational time and avoids remeshing at each optimization step. For considering topological changes in a CAD-based framework, an isogeometric phase-field based shape and topology optimization is developed. In this case, the diffuse interface of a phase-field variable over a design domain implicitly describes the boundaries of the geometry. The design variables are the local values of the phase-field variable. The descent direction to minimize the objective function is found by using the sensitivities of the objective function with respect to the design variables. The evolution of the phase-field is determined by solving the time dependent Allen-Cahn equation. Especially for topology optimization problems that require C^1 continuity, such as for flexoelectric structures, the isogeometric phase field method is of great advantage. NURBS can achieve the desired continuity more efficiently than the traditional employed functions. The robustness of the method is demonstrated when applied to different geometries, boundary conditions, and material configurations. The applications illustrate that compared to piezoelectricity, the electrical performance of flexoelectric microbeams is larger under bending. In contrast, the electrical power for a structure under compression becomes larger with piezoelectricity.}, subject = {CAD}, language = {en} } @misc{Loesel, author = {L{\"o}sel, Joy-Fabienne}, title = {Fungal Future - Der Zukunft gewachsen}, volume = {2021}, publisher = {Lucia Verlag}, address = {Weimar}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.4440}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20210603-44408}, pages = {134}, abstract = {Die Auswirkungen der durch den Kapitalismus befeuerten Umweltzerst{\"o}rung werden immer deutlicher erkennbar. Unsere Gesellschaft ist nun damit konfrontiert, dass ihre kulturelle Identit{\"a}t, aber auch ihr Wohlstand sowohl eng mit Konsum und Wirtschaftswachstum als auch mit der Gesundheit der Natur verbunden sind. Es scheint ein geeigneter Moment, um die Perspektive zu wechseln und einer neuen Form des Wachstums eine Chance zu geben. Pilze sind eine von der Region unabh{\"a}ngige, nat{\"u}rlich vorkommende Ressource, die lokal angebaut und verarbeitet werden kann, ohne die Umwelt zu belasten. Pilze sind klimafreundlich, m{\"u}llvermeidend und in bestehende nat{\"u}rliche Kreisl{\"a}ufe inkludierbar. Kurzum, Pilze sind cool, doch das wissen nicht Viele. Das sollte sich {\"a}ndern. Mit Myzelwachstum gegen das Wachstumsparadigma.}, subject = {Pilze}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Mai, author = {Mai, Luu}, title = {Structural Control Systems in High-speed Railway Bridges}, issn = {1610-7381}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.2339}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20141223-23391}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, pages = {147}, abstract = {Structural vibration control of high-speed railway bridges using tuned mass dampers, semi-active tuned mass dampers, fluid viscous dampers and magnetorheological dampers to reduce resonant structural vibrations is studied. In this work, the addressed main issues include modeling of the dynamic interaction of the structures, optimization of the parameters of the dampers and comparison of their efficiency. A new approach to optimize multiple tuned mass damper systems on an uncertain model is proposed based on the H-infinity optimization criteria and the DK iteration procedure with norm-bounded uncertainties in frequency domain. The parameters of tuned mass dampers are optimized directly and simultaneously on different modes contributing significantly to the multi-resonant peaks to explore the different possible combinations of parameters. The effectiveness of the present method is also evaluated through comparison with a previous method. In the case of semi-active tuned mass dampers, an optimization algorithm is derived to control the magnetorheological damper in these semi-active damping systems. The use of the proposed algorithm can generate various combinations of control gains and state variables. This can lead to the improvement of the ability of MR dampers to track the desired control forces. An uncertain model to reduce detuning effects is also considered in this work. Next, for fluid viscous dampers, in order to tune the optimal parameters of fluid viscous dampers to the vicinity of the exact values, analytical formulae which can include structural damping are developed based on the perturbation method. The proposed formulae can also be considered as an improvement of the previous analytical formulae, especially for bridge beams with large structural damping. Finally, a new combination of magnetorheological dampers and a double-beam system to improve the performance of the primary structure vibration is proposed. An algorithm to control magnetorheological dampers in this system is developed by using standard linear matrix inequality techniques. Weight functions as a loop shaping procedure are also introduced in the feedback controllers to improve the tracking ability of magnetorheological damping forces. To this end, the effectiveness of magnetorheological dampers controlled by the proposed scheme, along with the effects of the uncertain and time-delay parameters on the models, are evaluated through numerical simulations. Additionally, a comparison of the dampers based on their performance is also considered in this work.}, subject = {High-speed railway bridge}, language = {en} } @article{MorgenthalEickRauetal., author = {Morgenthal, Guido and Eick, Jan Frederick and Rau, Sebastian and Taraben, Jakob}, title = {Wireless Sensor Networks Composed of Standard Microcomputers and Smartphones for Applications in Structural Health Monitoring}, series = {Sensors - Special Issue Selected Papers from 7th Asia-Pacific Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring}, volume = {2019}, journal = {Sensors - Special Issue Selected Papers from 7th Asia-Pacific Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring}, number = {Volume 19, Issue 9, 2070}, publisher = {MDPI}, doi = {10.3390/s19092070}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20190514-39123}, pages = {22}, abstract = {Wireless sensor networks have attracted great attention for applications in structural health monitoring due to their ease of use, flexibility of deployment, and cost-effectiveness. This paper presents a software framework for WiFi-based wireless sensor networks composed of low-cost mass market single-board computers. A number of specific system-level software components were developed to enable robust data acquisition, data processing, sensor network communication, and timing with a focus on structural health monitoring (SHM) applications. The framework was validated on Raspberry Pi computers, and its performance was studied in detail. The paper presents several characteristics of the measurement quality such as sampling accuracy and time synchronization and discusses the specific limitations of the system. The implementation includes a complementary smartphone application that is utilized for data acquisition, visualization, and analysis. A prototypical implementation further demonstrates the feasibility of integrating smartphones as data acquisition nodes into the network, utilizing their internal sensors. The measurement system was employed in several monitoring campaigns, three of which are documented in detail. The suitability of the system is evaluated based on comparisons of target quantities with reference measurements. The results indicate that the presented system can robustly achieve a measurement performance commensurate with that required in many typical SHM tasks such as modal identification. As such, it represents a cost-effective alternative to more traditional monitoring solutions.}, subject = {Structural Health Monitoring}, language = {en} } @article{MousaviSteinkeJuniorTeixeiraetal., author = {Mousavi, Seyed Nasrollah and Steinke J{\´u}nior, Renato and Teixeira, Eder Daniel and Bocchiola, Daniele and Nabipour, Narjes and Mosavi, Amir and Shamshirband, Shahaboddin}, title = {Predictive Modeling the Free Hydraulic Jumps Pressure through Advanced Statistical Methods}, series = {Mathematics}, volume = {2020}, journal = {Mathematics}, number = {Volume 8, Issue 3, 323}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, doi = {10.3390/math8030323}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20200402-41140}, pages = {16}, abstract = {Pressure fluctuations beneath hydraulic jumps potentially endanger the stability of stilling basins. This paper deals with the mathematical modeling of the results of laboratory-scale experiments to estimate the extreme pressures. Experiments were carried out on a smooth stilling basin underneath free hydraulic jumps downstream of an Ogee spillway. From the probability distribution of measured instantaneous pressures, pressures with different probabilities could be determined. It was verified that maximum pressure fluctuations, and the negative pressures, are located at the positions near the spillway toe. Also, minimum pressure fluctuations are located at the downstream of hydraulic jumps. It was possible to assess the cumulative curves of pressure data related to the characteristic points along the basin, and different Froude numbers. To benchmark the results, the dimensionless forms of statistical parameters include mean pressures (P*m), the standard deviations of pressure fluctuations (σ*X), pressures with different non-exceedance probabilities (P*k\%), and the statistical coefficient of the probability distribution (Nk\%) were assessed. It was found that an existing method can be used to interpret the present data, and pressure distribution in similar conditions, by using a new second-order fractional relationships for σ*X, and Nk\%. The values of the Nk\% coefficient indicated a single mean value for each probability.}, subject = {Maschinelles Lernen}, language = {en} } @masterthesis{Mueller, type = {Bachelor Thesis}, author = {M{\"u}ller, Naira}, title = {Erweiterung von Fliplife mit bauphysikalischen Inhalten}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.1676}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20120704-16763}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, pages = {105}, abstract = {In dieser Arbeit wurde ein Konzept erstellt, das Fliplife um einen bauphysikalischen Karriereweg erweitert. In das Spiel wurden beispielhaft bauphysikalische Inhalte sowie spielkonzept-kompatible und wissensvermittelnde Spielmechaniken implementiert.}, subject = {Social Game}, language = {de} } @article{NabipourDehghaniMosavietal., author = {Nabipour, Narjes and Dehghani, Majid and Mosavi, Amir and Shamshirband, Shahaboddin}, title = {Short-Term Hydrological Drought Forecasting Based on Different Nature-Inspired Optimization Algorithms Hybridized With Artificial Neural Networks}, series = {IEEE Access}, volume = {2020}, journal = {IEEE Access}, number = {volume 8}, publisher = {IEEE}, doi = {10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2964584}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20200213-40796}, pages = {15210 -- 15222}, abstract = {Hydrological drought forecasting plays a substantial role in water resources management. Hydrological drought highly affects the water allocation and hydropower generation. In this research, short term hydrological drought forecasted based on the hybridized of novel nature-inspired optimization algorithms and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). For this purpose, the Standardized Hydrological Drought Index (SHDI) and the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) were calculated in one, three, and six aggregated months. Then, three states where proposed for SHDI forecasting, and 36 input-output combinations were extracted based on the cross-correlation analysis. In the next step, newly proposed optimization algorithms, including Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm (GOA), Salp Swarm algorithm (SSA), Biogeography-based optimization (BBO), and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) hybridized with the ANN were utilized for SHDI forecasting and the results compared to the conventional ANN. Results indicated that the hybridized model outperformed compared to the conventional ANN. PSO performed better than the other optimization algorithms. The best models forecasted SHDI1 with R2 = 0.68 and RMSE = 0.58, SHDI3 with R 2 = 0.81 and RMSE = 0.45 and SHDI6 with R 2 = 0.82 and RMSE = 0.40.}, subject = {Maschinelles Lernen}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Nanthakumar, author = {Nanthakumar, S.S.}, title = {Inverse and optimization problems in piezoelectric materials using Extended Finite Element Method and Level sets}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.2709}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20161128-27095}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, abstract = {Piezoelectric materials are used in several applications as sensors and actuators where they experience high stress and electric field concentrations as a result of which they may fail due to fracture. Though there are many analytical and experimental works on piezoelectric fracture mechanics. There are very few studies about damage detection, which is an interesting way to prevent the failure of these ceramics. An iterative method to treat the inverse problem of detecting cracks and voids in piezoelectric structures is proposed. Extended finite element method (XFEM) is employed for solving the inverse problem as it allows the use of a single regular mesh for large number of iterations with different flaw geometries. Firstly, minimization of cost function is performed by Multilevel Coordinate Search (MCS) method. The XFEM-MCS methodology is applied to two dimensional electromechanical problems where flaws considered are straight cracks and elliptical voids. Then a numerical method based on combination of classical shape derivative and level set method for front propagation used in structural optimization is utilized to minimize the cost function. The results obtained show that the XFEM-level set methodology is effectively able to determine the number of voids in a piezoelectric structure and its corresponding locations. The XFEM-level set methodology is improved to solve the inverse problem of detecting inclusion interfaces in a piezoelectric structure. The material interfaces are implicitly represented by level sets which are identified by applying regularisation using total variation penalty terms. The formulation is presented for three dimensional structures and inclusions made of different materials are detected by using multiple level sets. The results obtained prove that the iterative procedure proposed can determine the location and approximate shape of material subdomains in the presence of higher noise levels. Piezoelectric nanostructures exhibit size dependent properties because of surface elasticity and surface piezoelectricity. Initially a study to understand the influence of surface elasticity on optimization of nano elastic beams is performed. The boundary of the nano structure is implicitly represented by a level set function, which is considered as the design variable in the optimization process. Two objective functions, minimizing the total potential energy of a nanostructure subjected to a material volume constraint and minimizing the least square error compared to a target displacement, are chosen for the numerical examples. The numerical examples demonstrate the importance of size and aspect ratio in determining how surface effects impact the optimized topology of nanobeams. Finally a conventional cantilever energy harvester with a piezoelectric nano layer is analysed. The presence of surface piezoelectricity in nano beams and nano plates leads to increase in electromechanical coupling coefficient. Topology optimization of these piezoelectric structures in an energy harvesting device to further increase energy conversion using appropriately modified XFEM-level set algorithm is performed .}, subject = {Finite-Elemente-Methode}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Nguyen, author = {Nguyen, Manh Hung}, title = {µ-Hyperholomorphic Function Theory in R³: Geometric Mapping Properties and Applications}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.2447}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20150817-24477}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, pages = {155}, abstract = {This thesis applies the theory of \psi-hyperholomorphic functions dened in R^3 with values in the set of paravectors, which is identified with the Eucledian space R^3, to tackle some problems in theory and practice: geometric mapping properties, additive decompositions of harmonic functions and applications in the theory of linear elasticity.}, subject = {Mathematik}, language = {en} } @masterthesis{Nguyen, type = {Bachelor Thesis}, author = {Nguyen, Thai Cuong}, title = {Fl{\"a}chen zweiter Ordnung - D{\"a}cher m{\"u}ssen nicht eben sein}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.3749}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20181024-37496}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, pages = {47}, abstract = {In dieser Arbeit geht es um die Quadriken in der Ebene und im Raum. Dabei werden die Transformation in die Normalform und die Klassifikation untersucht. Aus den geometrischen Eigenschaften werden einige Anwendungsbeispiele der Quadriken in der Technik und dem allt{\"a}glichen Leben vorgestellt.}, subject = {Quadrik}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Nouri, author = {Nouri, Hamidreza}, title = {Mechanical Behavior of two dimensional sheets and polymer compounds based on molecular dynamics and continuum mechanics approach}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.4670}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20220713-46700}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, pages = {152}, abstract = {Compactly, this thesis encompasses two major parts to examine mechanical responses of polymer compounds and two dimensional materials: 1- Molecular dynamics approach is investigated to study transverse impact behavior of polymers, polymer compounds and two dimensional materials. 2- Large deflection of circular and rectangular membranes is examined by employing continuum mechanics approach. Two dimensional materials (2D), including, Graphene and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), exhibited new and promising physical and chemical properties, opening new opportunities to be utilized alone or to enhance the performance of conventional materials. These 2D materials have attracted tremendous attention owing to their outstanding physical properties, especially concerning transverse impact loading. Polymers, with the backbone of carbon (organic polymers) or do not include carbon atoms in the backbone (inorganic polymers) like polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), have extraordinary characteristics particularly their flexibility leads to various easy ways of forming and casting. These simple shape processing label polymers as an excellent material often used as a matrix in composites (polymer compounds). In this PhD work, Classical Molecular Dynamics (MD) is implemented to calculate transverse impact loading of 2D materials as well as polymer compounds reinforced with graphene sheets. In particular, MD was adopted to investigate perforation of the target and impact resistance force . By employing MD approach, the minimum velocity of the projectile that could create perforation and passes through the target is obtained. The largest investigation was focused on how graphene could enhance the impact properties of the compound. Also the purpose of this work was to discover the effect of the atomic arrangement of 2D materials on the impact problem. To this aim, the impact properties of two different 2D materials, graphene and MoS2, are studied. The simulation of chemical functionalization was carried out systematically, either with covalently bonded molecules or with non-bonded ones, focusing the following efforts on the covalently bounded species, revealed as the most efficient linkers. To study transverse impact behavior by using classical MD approach , Large-scale Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator (LAMMPS) software, that is well-known among most researchers, is employed. The simulation is done through predefined commands in LAMMPS. Generally these commands (atom style, pair style, angle style, dihedral style, improper style, kspace style, read data, fix, run, compute and so on) are used to simulate and run the model for the desired outputs. Depends on the particles and model types, suitable inter-atomic potentials (force fields) are considered. The ensembles, constraints and boundary conditions are applied depends upon the problem definition. To do so, atomic creation is needed. Python codes are developed to generate particles which explain atomic arrangement of each model. Each atomic arrangement introduced separately to LAMMPS for simulation. After applying constraints and boundary conditions, LAMMPS also include integrators like velocity-Verlet integrator or Brownian dynamics or other types of integrator to run the simulation and finally the outputs are emerged. The outputs are inspected carefully to appreciate the natural behavior of the problem. Appreciation of natural properties of the materials assist us to design new applicable materials. In investigation on the large deflection of circular and rectangular membranes, which is related to the second part of this thesis, continuum mechanics approach is implemented. Nonlinear F{\"o}ppl membrane theory, which carefully release nonlinear governing equations of motion, is considered to establish the non-linear partial differential equilibrium equations of the membranes under distributed and centric point loads. The Galerkin and energy methods are utilized to solve non-linear partial differential equilibrium equations of circular and rectangular plates respectively. Maximum deflection as well as stress through the film region, which are kinds of issue in many industrial applications, are obtained.}, subject = {Molekulardynamik}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Oucif, author = {Oucif, Chahmi}, title = {Analytical Modeling of Self-Healing and Super Healing in Cementitious Materials}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.4229}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20200831-42296}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, pages = {208}, abstract = {Self-healing materials have recently become more popular due to their capability to autonomously and autogenously repair the damage in cementitious materials. The concept of self-healing gives the damaged material the ability to recover its stiffness. This gives a difference in comparing with a material that is not subjected to healing. Once this material is damaged, it cannot sustain loading due to the stiffness degradation. Numerical modeling of self-healing materials is still in its infancy. Multiple experimental researches were conducted in literature to describe the behavior of self-healing of cementitious materials. However, few numerical investigations were undertaken. The thesis presents an analytical framework of self-healing and super healing materials based on continuum damage-healing mechanics. Through this framework, we aim to describe the recovery and strengthening of material stiffness and strength. A simple damage healing law is proposed and applied on concrete material. The proposed damage-healing law is based on a new time-dependent healing variable. The damage-healing model is applied on isotropic concrete material at the macroscale under tensile load. Both autonomous and autogenous self-healing mechanisms are simulated under different loading conditions. These two mechanisms are denoted in the present work by coupled and uncoupled self-healing mechanisms, respectively. We assume in the coupled self-healing that the healing occurs at the same time with damage evolution, while we assume in the uncoupled self-healing that the healing occurs when the material is deformed and subjected to a rest period (damage is constant). In order to describe both coupled and uncoupled healing mechanisms, a one-dimensional element is subjected to different types of loading history. In the same context, derivation of nonlinear self-healing theory is given, and comparison of linear and nonlinear damage-healing models is carried out using both coupled and uncoupled self-healing mechanisms. The nonlinear healing theory includes generalized nonlinear and quadratic healing models. The healing efficiency is studied by varying the values of the healing rest period and the parameter describing the material characteristics. In addition, theoretical formulation of different self-healing variables is presented for both isotropic and anisotropic maerials. The healing variables are defined based on the recovery in elastic modulus, shear modulus, Poisson's ratio, and bulk modulus. The evolution of the healing variable calculated based on cross-section as function of the healing variable calculated based on elastic stiffness is presented in both hypotheses of elastic strain equivalence and elastic energy equivalence. The components of the fourth-rank healing tensor are also obtained in the case of isotropic elasticity, plane stress and plane strain. Recent research revealed that self-healing presents a crucial solution also for the strengthening of the materials. This new concept has been termed ``Super Healing``. Once the stiffness of the material is recovered, further healing can result as a strengthening material. In the present thesis, new theory of super healing materials is defined in isotropic and anisotropic cases using sound mathematical and mechanical principles which are applied in linear and nonlinear super healing theories. Additionally, the link of the proposed theory with the theory of undamageable materials is outlined. In order to describe the super healing efficiency in linear and nonlinear theories, the ratio of effective stress to nominal stress is calculated as function of the super healing variable. In addition, the hypotheses of elastic strain and elastic energy equivalence are applied. In the same context, new super healing matrix in plane strain is proposed based on continuum damage-healing mechanics. In the present work, we also focus on numerical modeling of impact behavior of reinforced concrete slabs using the commercial finite element package Abaqus/Explicit. Plain and reinforced concrete slabs of unconfined compressive strength 41 MPa are simulated under impact of ogive-nosed hard projectile. The constitutive material modeling of the concrete and steel reinforcement bars is performed using the Johnson-Holmquist-2 damage and the Johnson-Cook plasticity material models, respectively. Damage diameters and residual velocities obtained by the numerical model are compared with the experimental results and effect of steel reinforcement and projectile diameter is studied.}, subject = {Schaden}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Partschefeld, author = {Partschefeld, Stephan}, title = {Synthese von Fließmitteln aus St{\"a}rke und Untersuchung der Wechselwirkung mit Portlandzement}, doi = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.4640}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20220505-46402}, school = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar}, pages = {145}, abstract = {Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, neuartige Fließmittel auf Basis von St{\"a}rke als nachwachsenden Rohstoff zu synthetisieren und die Wechselwirkung mit Portlandzement zu charakterisieren. Die Notwendigkeit, Alternativen zu synthetischen Zusatzmittel zu erforschen, ergibt sich aus der ben{\"o}tigten Menge zur Verarbeitung von ca. 4,1 Gt/a, wobei ca. 85 \% der Zusatzmittel auf die Fließmittel entfallen. Um Fließmittel aus St{\"a}rke zu synthetisieren, wurden drei Basisst{\"a}rken unterschiedlicher Herkunft verwendet. Es wurde eine Maniokst{\"a}rke mit einer niedrigen Molekularmasse und eine Weizenst{\"a}rke mit einer hohen Molekularmasse verwendet. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus wurde eine Kartoffelst{\"a}rke mit einer mittleren Molekularmasse, die ein Abfallprodukt der kartoffelverarbeitenden Industrie darstellt, genutzt. Die St{\"a}rkefließmittel wurden durch chemische Modifikation in einem zweistufigen Prozess synthetisiert. Im ersten Schritt wurde das Molekulargewicht der Weizen- und Kartoffelst{\"a}rke durch s{\"a}urehydrolytischen Abbau verringert. F{\"u}r die kurzkettige Maniokst{\"a}rke war eine Degradation der Molekularmasse nicht notwendig. Im zweiten Syntheseschritt wurden anionische Ladungen durch das Versetzen der degradierten St{\"a}rken und Maniokst{\"a}rke mit Natriumvinylsulfonat in die St{\"a}rkemolek{\"u}le eingef{\"u}hrt. Beurteilung der Synthesemethode zur Erzeugung von St{\"a}rkefließmitteln In diesem Zusammenhang sollten molekulare Parameter der St{\"a}rkefließmittel gezielt eingestellt werden, um eine Fließwirkung im Portlandzement zu erhalten. Insbesondere die Molekularmasse und die Menge anionischer Ladungen sollte variiert werden, um Abh{\"a}ngigkeiten mit der Dispergierleistung zu identifizieren. 1. Es konnte durch GPC-Messungen gezeigt werden, dass die Molekularmasse der langkettigen Weizenst{\"a}rke durch die gew{\"a}hlten Modifizierungsbedingungen zum s{\"a}urehydrolytischen Abbau verringert werden konnte. Durch Variation der s{\"a}urehydrolytischen Bedingungen wurden 4 degradierte Weizenst{\"a}rken erzeugt, die eine Reduzierung der Molekularmasse um 27,5 - 43 \% aufwiesen. Die Molekularmasse der Kartoffelst{\"a}rke konnte durch s{\"a}urehydrolytischen Abbau um ca. 26 \% verringert werden. 2. Durch PCD-Messungen wurde gezeigt, dass anionische Ladungen durch Sulfoethylierung der freien Hydroxylgruppen in die degradierten St{\"a}rken eingef{\"u}hrt werden konnten. Durch Variation der Dauer der Sulfoethylierung konnte die Menge der anionischen Ladungen gesteuert und gezielt variiert werden, so dass St{\"a}rkefließmittel mit steigender Ladungsmenge in folgender Reihenfolge synthetisiert wurden: W-3 < W-2 < K-1 < W¬-4 < W¬1 < M-1 Im Ergebnis der chemischen Modifizierung konnten 6 St{\"a}rkefließmittel mit variierten Molekularmassen und anionischen Ladungen erzeugt werden. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Herkunft der St{\"a}rke f{\"u}r die chemische Modifizierung unerheblich ist. Die Fließmittel lagen synthesebedingt als basische, w{\"a}ssrige Suspensionen mit Wirkstoffgehalten im Bereich von 23,5 - 50 \% vor. Beurteilung der Dispergierleistung der synthetisierten St{\"a}rkefließmittel Die Dispergierperformance wurde durch rheologische Experimente mit einem Rotationsviskosimeter erfasst. Dabei wurden der Einfluss auf die Fließkurven und die Viskosit{\"a}tskurven betrachtet. Durch Vergleich der Dispergierleistung mit einem Polykondensat- und einem PCE-Fließmittel konnte eine Einordnung und Bewertung der Fließmittel vorgenommen werden. 3. Die rheologische Experimente haben gezeigt, dass die St{\"a}rkefließmittel eine vergleichbar hohe Dispergierleistung aufweisen, wie das zum Vergleich herangezogen PCE-Fließmittel. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus zeigte sich, dass die Fließwirkung der 6 St{\"a}rkefließmittel gegen{\"u}ber dem Polykondensatfließmittel deutlich h{\"o}her ist. Das aus der Literatur bekannte Einbrechen der Dispergierleistung der Polykondensat-fließmittel bei w/z-Werten < 0,4 konnte best{\"a}tigt werden. 4. Alle 6 St{\"a}rkefließmittel f{\"u}hrten zu einer Verringerung der Fließgrenze und der dynamischen Viskosit{\"a}t des Zementleimes bei einem w/z-Wert von 0,35. 5. Der Vergleich der Dispergierleistung der St{\"a}rkefließmittel untereinander zeigte, dass die anionische Ladungsmenge einen Schl{\"u}sselparameter darstellt. Die St{\"a}rkefließmittel M-1, K-1, W-1 und W-4 mit anionischen Ladungsmengen > 6 C/g zeigten die h{\"o}chste Dispergier¬performance. Die vergleichend herangezogenen klassischen Fließmittel wiesen anionische Ladungsmengen im Bereich von 1,2 C/g (Polycondensat) und 1,6 C/g (PCE) auf. Die Molekularmasse schien f{\"u}r die Dispergierleistung zun{\"a}chst unerheblich zu sein. Aus diesem Grund wurde die Basisweizenst{\"a}rke erneut chemisch modifiziert, indem anionische Ladungen eingef{\"u}hrt wurden, ohne die Molekularmasse jedoch zu verringern. Das St{\"a}rkederivat wies verdickende Eigenschaften im Zementleim auf. Daraus konnte geschlussfolgert werden, dass eine definierte Grenzmolekularmasse (150.000 Da) existiert, die unterschritten werden muss, um Fließmittel aus St{\"a}rke zu erzeugen. Des Weiteren zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass durch die chemische Modifizierung sowohl Fließmittel als auch Verdicker aus St{\"a}rke erzeugt werden k{\"o}nnen. Beurteilung der Beeinflussung der Hydratation und der Porenl{\"o}sung des Portlandzementes Aus der Literatur ist bekannt, dass Fließmittel die Hydratation von Portlandzement maßgeblich beeinflussen k{\"o}nnen. Aus diesem Grund wurden kalorimetrische und konduktometrische Untersuchungen an Zementsuspensionen, die mit den synthetisierten St{\"a}rkefließmitteln versetzt wurden, durchgef{\"u}hrt. Erg{\"a}nzt wurden die Untersuchungen durch Porenl{\"o}sungsanalysen zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten der Hydratation. 6. Die kalorimetrischen Untersuchungen zur Beeinflussung der Hydratation des Portlandzementes zeigten, dass die dormante Periode durch die Zugabe der St{\"a}rkefließmittel z.T. erheblich verl{\"a}ngert wird. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass, je h{\"o}her die anionische Ladungsmenge der St{\"a}rkefließmittel ist, desto l{\"a}nger dauert die dormante Periode andauert. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus zeigte sich, dass eine niedrige Molekularmasse der St{\"a}rkefließmittel die Verl{\"a}ngerung der dormanten Periode beg{\"u}nstigt. 7. Durch die konduktometrischen Untersuchungen konnte gezeigt werden, dass alle St{\"a}rkefließmittel die Dauer des freien- und diffusionskontrollierten CSH-Phasenwachstums verlangsamen. Insbesondere die Ausf{\"a}llung des Portlandits, welches mit dem Erstarrungsbeginn korreliert, erfolgt zu deutlich sp{\"a}teren Zeitpunkten. Des Weiteren korrelierten die konduktometrischen Untersuchungen mit der zeitlichen Entwicklung der Calciumkonzentration der Porenl{\"o}sungen. Der Vergleich der St{\"a}rkefließmittel untereinander zeigte, dass die Molekularmasse ein Schl{\"u}sselparameter ist. Das St{\"a}rkefließmittel M-1 mit der geringsten Molekularmasse, welches geringe Mengen kurzkettiger Anhydroglucoseeinheiten aufweist, verz{\"o}gert die Hydratphasenbildung am st{\"a}rksten. Diese Wirkung ist vergleichbar mit der von Zuckern. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus deuteten die Ergebnisse daraufhin, dass die St{\"a}rkefließmittel auf den ersten Hydratationsprodukten adsorbieren, wodurch die Hydratphasenbildung verlangsamt wird. Die kalorimetrischen und konduktometrischen Daten sowie die Ergebnisse der Porenl{\"o}sungsanalytik des Zementes, erforderten eine genauere Betrachtung der Beeinflussung der Hydratation der Klinkerphasen C3A und C3S, durch die St{\"a}rkefließmittel. Demzufolge wurden die Untersuchungen mit den Klinkerphasen C3A und C3S in Analogie zum Portlandzement durchgef{\"u}hrt. Beurteilung der Beeinflussung der Hydratation und der Porenl{\"o}sung des C3A W{\"a}hrend die kalorimetrischen Untersuchungen zur C3A-Hydratation eine Tendenz zur verlangsamten Hydratphasenbildung durch die St{\"a}rkefließmittel aufzeigten, lieferten die konduktometrischen Ergebnisse grundlegende Erkenntnisse zur Beeinflussung der C3A-Hydratation. Das Stadium I der C3A-Hydratation ist durch einen Abfall der elektrischen Leitf{\"a}higkeit gepr{\"a}gt. Dies korreliert mit dem Absinken der Calciumionenkonzentration und dem Anstieg der Aluminiumionenkonzentration in der Porenl{\"o}sung der C3A-Suspensionen. Im Anschluss an das Stadium I bildet sich ein Plateau in den elektrischen Leitf{\"a}higkeitskurven aus. 8. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die St{\"a}rkefließmittel das Stadium I der C3A-Hydratation, d.h. die Aufl{\"o}sung und Bildung erster Calciumaluminathydrate verlangsamen. Insbesondere die St{\"a}rkefließmittel mit h{\"o}herer Molekularmasse erh{\"o}hten die Dauer des Stadium I. Das Stadium II wird durch die St{\"a}rkefließmittel in folgender Reihenfolge am st{\"a}rksten verl{\"a}ngert: M-1 > W-3 > K-1 > W-2 ≥ W-4 und verdeutlicht, dass keine Abh{\"a}ngigkeit von der anionischen Ladungsmenge identifiziert werden konnte. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass speziell die kurzkettige St{\"a}rke M-1, das Stadium II l{\"a}nger aufrechterhalten. 9. Das Stadium III und IV der C3A-Hydratation wird insbesondere durch die St{\"a}rkefließmittel mit h{\"o}herer Molekularmasse verl{\"a}ngert. Die Ergebnisse der Porenl{\"o}sungsanalytik korrelieren mit den Ergebnissen der elektrischen Leitf{\"a}higkeit. Speziell die zeitlichen Verl{\"a}ufe der Calciumionenkonzentration bildeten die Verl{\"a}ufe der Konduktivit{\"a}tskurven der C3A-Hydratation mit großer {\"U}bereinstimmung ab. Beurteilung der Beeinflussung der Hydratation und der Porenl{\"o}sung des C3S Die Ergebnisse der kalorimetrischen Untersuchungen zur Beeinflussung der C3S-Hydratation durch die St{\"a}rkefließmittel zeigen, dass diese maßgeblich verlangsamt wird. Das Maximum des Haupthydratationspeaks wird zu sp{\"a}teren Zeiten verschoben und auch die H{\"o}he des Maximums wird deutlich verringert. Durch die konduktometrischen Experimente wurde aufgekl{\"a}rt, welche Stadien der C3S-Hydrataion beeinflusst wurden. 10. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass sowohl die Menge der eingebrachten anionischen Ladungen als auch das Vorhandensein sehr kleiner St{\"a}rkefließmittelmolek{\"u}le (Zucker), Schl{\"u}sselparameter der verz{\"o}gerten Hydratationskinetik des C3S sind. Der grundlegende Mechanismus der Hydratationsverz{\"o}gerung beruht auf einer Kombination aus verminderter CSH-Keimbildung und Adsorptionsprozessen auf den ersten gebildeten CSH-Phasen der C3S-Partikel. Beurteilung des Adsorptionsverhaltens am Zement, C3A und C3S Die Bestimmung des Adsorptionsverhaltens der St{\"a}rkefließmittel erfolgte mit der Phenol-Schwefels{\"a}ure-Methode an Zement,- C3A- und C3S-Suspensionen. Durch den Vergleich der Adsorptionsraten und Adsorptionsmengen in Abh{\"a}ngigkeit von den molekularen Parametern der St{\"a}rkefließmittel wurde ein Wechselwirkungsmodell identifiziert. 11. Die Ursache f{\"u}r die hohe Dispergierleistung der St{\"a}rkefließmittel liegt in Adsorptionsprozessen an den ersten gebildeten Hydratphasen des Zementes begr{\"u}ndet. Die Molekularmasse der St{\"a}rkefließmittel ist ein Schl{\"u}sselparameter der entscheidend f{\"u}r den Mechanismus der Adsorption ist. W{\"a}hrend anionische, langkettige St{\"a}rken an mehreren Zementpartikeln gleichzeitig adsorbieren und f{\"u}r eine Vernetzung der Zementpartikel untereinander sorgen (Verdickerwirkung), adsorbieren kurzkettige anionische St{\"a}rken lediglich an den ersten gebildeten Hydratphasen der einzelnen Zementpartikel und f{\"u}hren zu elektrostatischer Abstoßung (Fließmittelwirkung). 12. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die St{\"a}rkefließmittel mit geringerem Molekulargewicht bei h{\"o}heren Konzentrationen an den Hydratphasen des Zementes adsorbieren. Die St{\"a}rkefließmittel mit h{\"o}herer Molekularmasse erreichen bei einer Zugabemenge von 0,7 \% ein Plateau. Daraus wird geschlussfolgert, dass die gr{\"o}ßeren Fließmittelmolek{\"u}le einen erh{\"o}hten Platzbedarf erfordern und zur Abs{\"a}ttigung der hydratisierenden Oberfl{\"a}chen bei geringeren Zugabemengen f{\"u}hren. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus konnte gezeigt werden, dass die St{\"a}rkefließmittel mit h{\"o}herer anionischer Ladungsmenge zu h{\"o}heren Adsorptionsmengen auf den Zement-, C3A- und C3S-Partikeln f{\"u}hren. 13. Die Adsorptionsprozesse finden an den ersten gebildeten Hydratphasen der C3A-Partikel statt, wodurch sowohl die Aufl{\"o}sung des C3A als auch die Bildung der Calciumhydroaluminate verlangsamt wird. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus wurde festgestellt, dass die Verlangsamung des freien- und diffusionskontrollierten Hydratphasenwachstums des C3S, durch die Adsorption der St{\"a}rkefließmittel auf den ersten gebildeten CSH-Phasen hervorgerufen wird. Des Weiteren wurde festgestellt, dass sehr kleine zucker{\"a}hnliche Molek{\"u}le in der kurzkettigen Maniokst{\"a}rke in der Lage sind, die Bildung der ersten CSH-Keime zu unterdr{\"u}cken. Dadurch kann die langanhaltende Plateauphase der elektrischen Leitf{\"a}higkeit der C3S-Hydratation erkl{\"a}rt werden. Beurteilung der Porenstruktur- und Festigkeitsausbildung Die Beurteilung der Qualit{\"a}t der Mikrostruktur erfolgte durch die Bestimmung der Rohdichte und der Porenradienverteilung mit Hilfe der Quecksilberhochdruckporosimetrie. Durch das Versetzen der Zementleime mit den St{\"a}rkefließmitteln konnten bei gleichbleibender Verarbeitbarkeit Zementsteinprobek{\"o}rper mit einem um 17,5 \% geringeren w/z-Wert von 0,35 hergestellt werden. Die Absenkung des w/z-Wertes f{\"u}hrt zu einem Anstieg der Rohdichte des Zementsteins. 14. Durch die Zugabe der St{\"a}rkefließmittel und den verringerten w/z-Wert wird die Porenstruktur der Zementsteinproben im Vergleich zum Referenzzementstein verfeinert, da die Gesamtporosit{\"a}t sinkt. Insbesondere der Kapillarporenanteil wird verringert und der Gelporenanteil erh{\"o}ht. Im Unterschied zu den PCE-Fließmitteln f{\"u}hrt die Zugabe der St{\"a}rkefließmittel zu keinem erh{\"o}hten Eintrag von Luftporen. Dies wiederum hat zur Folge, dass bei der Verwendung der St{\"a}rkefließmittel auf Entsch{\"a}umer verzichtet werden kann. 15. Entsprechend der dichteren Zementsteinmatrix wurden f{\"u}r die Zementsteine mit den St{\"a}rkefließmitteln nach 7 d und 28 d, erh{\"o}hte Biegezug- und Druckfestigkeiten ermittelt. Insbesondere die 28 d Druckfestigkeit wurde durch den verringerten w/z-Wert um die Faktoren 3,5 - 6,6 erh{\"o}ht.}, subject = {Bauchemie}, language = {de} }