@phdthesis{Dang,
  author    = {Dang, Trang},
  title     = {Automated Detailing of 4D Schedules},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.2310},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20141006-23103},
  school      = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar},
  pages     = {120},
  abstract  = {The increasing success of BIM (Building Information Model) and the emergence of its implementation in 3D construction models have paved a way for improving scheduling process. The recent research on application of BIM in scheduling has focused on quantity take-off, duration estimation for individual trades, schedule visualization, and clash detection. Several experiments indicated that the lack of detailed planning causes about 30\% non-productive time and stacking of trades. However, detailed planning still has not been implemented in practice despite receiving a lot of interest from researchers. The reason is associated with the huge amount and complexity of input data. In order to create a detailed planning, it is time consuming to manually decompose activities, collect and calculate the detailed information in relevant. Moreover, the coordination of detailed activities requires much effort for dealing with their complex constraints. This dissertation aims to support the generation of detailed schedules from a rough schedule. It proposes a model for automated detailing of 4D schedules by integrating BIM, simulation and Pareto-based optimization.},
  subject      = {Simulation},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Miller,
  type      = {Master Thesis},
  author    = {Miller, Martin},
  title     = {BIM-basierte Digitalisierung von Bestandsgeb{\"a}uden aus Sicht des FM am Beispiel von Heizungsanlagen},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.4661},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20220623-46616},
  school      = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar},
  pages     = {101},
  abstract  = {Das Ziel der Arbeit ist, f{\"u}r das Facility Management relevante Informationen f{\"u}r die mit Building Information Modeling basierende Erstellung von Bestandsgeb{\"a}uden am Beispiel einer Hei- zungsanlage zu definieren. Darauf basierend sind die notwendigen Arbeitsschritte der Objek- taufnahme abgeleitet. F{\"u}r die Definition der Arbeitsschritte wurden das grundlegende Vorge- hen bei einer Objektaufnahme sowie die gesetzlichen Gegebenheiten f{\"u}r den Betrieb einer Heizungsanlage dargelegt. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus sind in der vorliegenden Ausarbeitung die Vorteile und Herausforderungen hinsichtlich des Zusammenspiels von Building Information Modeling und Facility Management analysiert. Die definierten Arbeitsschritte sind anhand eines Beispiel- projektes angewendet worden. Im Rahmen des Beispielprojekts sind die entscheidenden Be- triebsdaten je Anlagenteil in Form von Informationsanforderungen nach DIN 17412 definiert. Das Geb{\"a}udemodell ist durch Parameter mit den f{\"u}r das Facility Management relevanten In- formationen erg{\"a}nzt. Die Resultate des Beispielprojektes sind mit aussagekr{\"a}ftigen Schnitten, Pl{\"a}nen sowie 3-D-Visualisierungen dargestellt. Abschließend sind die Ergebnisse in Bezug auf das FM validiert. Aus den Arbeitsschritten und Ergebnissen ist eine Leitlinie erstellt worden f{\"u}r den Digitalisierungsprozess von Bestandsgeb{\"a}uden f{\"u}r das Facility Management.},
  subject      = {Facility Management},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Cicek,
  author    = {Cicek, Burhan},
  title     = {Revisiting vernacular technique: Engineering a low environmental impact earth stabilisation method},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.4698},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20220803-46989},
  school      = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar},
  pages     = {195},
  abstract  = {The major drawbacks of earth as a construction material — such as its low water stability and moderate strength — have led mankind to stabilize earth. Different civilizations developed vernacular techniques mainly focussing on lime, pozzolan or gypsum stabilization. Recently, cement has become the most commonly used additive in earth stabilization as it improves the strength and durability of plain earth. Also, it is a familiar and globally available construction material. However, using cement as an additive reduces the environmental advantages of earth and run counter to global targets regarding the reduction of CO2 emissions. Alternatives to cement stabilization are currently neither efficient enough to reduce its environmental impact nor allow the possibility of obtaining better results than those of cement. As such, this thesis deals with the rediscovery of a reverse engineering approach for a low environmental impact earth stabilization technique, aiming to replace cement in earth stabilization. The first step in the method consists in a comprehensive review of earth stabilization with regards to earthen building standards and soil classification, which allows us to identify the research gap. The review showed that there is great potential in using other additives which result in similar improvements as those achieved by cement. However, the studies that have been conducted so far either use expansive soils, which are not suitable for earth constructions or artificial pozzolans that indirectly contribute to CO2 emissions. This is the main research gap. The key concept for the development in the second step of the method is to combine vernacular additives to both improve the strength and durability of plain earth and to reduce the CO2 emissions. Various earth-mixtures were prepared and both development and performance tests were done to investigate the performance of this technique. The laboratory analyses on mix-design have proven a high durability and the results show a remarkable increase in strength performance. Furthermore, a significant reduction in CO2 emissions in comparison to cement stabilization could be shown. The third step of the method discusses the results drawn from the experimental programme. In addition, the potential of the new earth mixture with regards to its usability in the field of building construction and architectural design is further elaborated on. The method used in this study is the first of its kind that allows investors to avoid the very time-consuming processes such as finding a suitable source for soil excavation and soil classification. The developed mixture has significant workability and suitability for production of stabilized earthen panels — the very first of its kind. Such a panel is practically feasible, reasonable, and could be integrated into earthen building standards in general and in particular to DIN 18948, which is related to earthen boards and published in 2018.},
  subject      = {Lehm},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{VoelkerBeckmannKoehlmannetal.,
  author    = {V{\"o}lker, Conrad and Beckmann, Julia and Koehlmann, Sandra and Kornadt, Oliver},
  title     = {Occupant requirements in residential buildings - an empirical study and a theoretical model},
  series = {Advances in Building Energy Research},
  journal   = {Advances in Building Energy Research},
  number    = {7 (1)},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.3813},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20181015-38137},
  pages     = {35 -- 50},
  abstract  = {Occupant needs with regard to residential buildings are not well known due to a lack of representative scientific studies. To improve the lack of data, a large scale study was carried out using a Post Occupancy Evaluation of 1,416 building occupants. Several criteria describing the needs of occupants were evaluated with regard to their subjective level of relevance. Additionally, we investigated the degree to which deficiencies subjectively exist, and the degree to which occupants were able to accept them. From the data obtained, a hierarchy of criteria was created. It was found that building occupants ranked the physiological needs of air quality and thermal comfort the highest. Health hazards such as mould and contaminated building materials were unacceptable for occupants, while other deficiencies were more likely to be tolerated. Occupant satisfaction was also investigated. We found that most occupants can be classified as satisfied, although some differences do exist between different populations. To explain the relationship between the constructs of what we call relevance, acceptance, deficiency and satisfaction, we then created an explanatory model. Using correlation and regression analysis, the validity of the model was then confirmed by applying the collected data. The results of the study are both relevant in shaping further research and in providing guidance on how to maximize tenant satisfaction in real estate management.},
  subject      = {Post Occupancy Evaluation},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Peters,
  author    = {Peters, Simone},
  title     = {The Influence of Power Ultrasound on Setting and Strength Development of Cement Suspensions},
  isbn      = {ISBN 978-3-00-055602-9},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.2744},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20170210-27446},
  school      = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar},
  pages     = {146},
  abstract  = {Ein aktuelles Thema in der Forschung der Betonindustrie ist die gezielte Steuerung des Erstarrens und der Entwicklung der (Fr{\"u}h)Festigkeit von Betonen und M{\"o}rteln. Aus {\"o}konomischer Sicht sind außerdem die Reduktion der CO2-Emission und die Schonung von Ressourcen und Energie wichtige Forschungsschwerpunkte. Eine M{\"o}glichkeit zum Erreichen dieser Ziele ist es, die Reaktivit{\"a}t/Hydratation der silikatischen Klinkerphasen gezielt anzuregen. Neben den bereits bekannten M{\"o}glichkeiten der Hydratationsbeschleunigung (u.a. W{\"a}rmebehandlung, Zugabe von Salzen) bietet die Anwendung von Power-Ultraschall (PUS) eine weitere Alternative zur Beschleunigung der Zementhydratation. Da bis zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt noch keine Erfahrungen zum Einsatz von PUS in der Zementchemie vorliegen, sollen mit der vorliegenden Arbeit grundlegende Kenntnisse zum Einfluss von PUS auf das Fließ- und Erstarrungsverhalten von Zementsuspensionen erarbeitet werden. Dazu wurde die Arbeit in f{\"u}nf Hauptuntersuchungsabschnitte aufgeteilt. Im ersten Teil wurden optimale PUS-Parameter wie Amplitude und Energieeintrag ermittelt, die eine effiziente Beschleunigung der Portlandzement(CEM I)hydratation bei kurzen Beschallzeiten und begrenzter Zementleimtemperaturerh{\"o}hung erlauben. Mit Hilfe unabh{\"a}ngiger Untersuchungsmethoden (Bestimmung des Erstarrungsbeginns, der Festigkeitsentwicklung, zerst{\"o}rungsfreier Ultraschallpr{\"u}fung, isothermer W{\"a}rmeflusskalorimetrie, hochaufl{\"o}sender Rasterelektronmikroskopie (REM) wurde die Wirkung von PUS auf den Hydratationsverlauf von CEM I-Suspensionen charakterisiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Behandlung von CEM I-Suspensionen mit PUS grunds{\"a}tzlich ein beschleunigtes Erstarren und eine beschleunigte (Fr{\"u}h)Festigkeitsentwicklung hervorruft. Anhand von REM-Untersuchungen konnte eindeutig nachgewiesen werden, dass die Beschleunigung der CEM I-Hydratation mit einer beschleunigten Hydratation der Hauptklinkerphase Alit korreliert. Auf Grundlage dieser Erkenntnisse wurden die Ursachen der Aktivierung der Alithydratation untersucht. Dazu wurden Untersuchungen an Einzelsystemen des CEM I (silikatische Klinkerphase) durchgef{\"u}hrt. Es ist bekannt, das die Hydratation der Hauptklinkerphase Alit (in der reinen Form Tricalciumsilikat 3CaO*SiO2; C3S) durch L{\"o}sungs-/F{\"a}llungsreaktionen (Bildung von Calcium-Silikat-Hydrat Phasen, C-S-H Phasen) bestimmt wird. Mit Hilfe von Untersuchungen zur Aufl{\"o}sung (C3S) und Kristallbildung (C-S-H Phasen) in L{\"o}sungen und Suspensionen (Aufzeichnung der elektrischen Leitf{\"a}higkeit sowie Bestimmung der Ionenkonzentrationen der w{\"a}ssrigen Phase, REM-Charakterisierung der Pr{\"a}zipitate) wurde die Beeinflussung dieser durch eine PUS-Behandlung charakterisiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass in partikelfreien L{\"o}sungen (prim{\"a}re Keimbildung) eine PUS-Behandlung keinen Einfluss auf die Kinetik der Kristallisation von C-S-H Phasen hervorruft. Das heißt, auch die durch PUS eingetragene Energie reicht offensichtlich nicht aus, um in Abwesenheit von Oberfl{\"a}chen die C-S-H Phasen Bildung zu beschleunigen. Das weist darauf hin, dass die Bildung von C-S-H Phasen nicht durch eine Beschleunigung von Ionen in der L{\"o}sung (erh{\"o}hte Diffusion durch Anwendung von PUS) hervorgerufen wird. Eine Beschleunigung des Kristallisationsprozesses (Keimbildung und Wachstum von C-S-H Phasen) durch PUS wird nur in Anwesenheit von Partikeln in der L{\"o}sung (Suspension) erzielt. Das belegen Ergebnisse, bei denen die Bildung erster C-S-H Phasen bei geringer {\"U}bers{\"a}ttigung (heterogene Keimbildung, in Anwesenheit von Oberfl{\"a}chen) erfolgt. Unter diesen Bedingungen konnte gezeigt werden, dass PUS innerhalb der ersten 30 Minuten der Hydratation eine erh{\"o}hte F{\"a}llung von ersten C-S-H Phasen bewirkt. Diese fungieren dann vermutlich w{\"a}hrend der Haupthydratation als Keim bzw. geeignete Oberfl{\"a}che zum beschleunigten Aufwachsen von weiteren C-S-H Phasen. Weiterhin ist vorstellbar, dass (in Analogie zu anderen Bereichen der Sonochemie) PUS durch Kavitation Schockwellen hervorruft, welche Partikel und w{\"a}ssriges Medium beschleunigen und damit erh{\"o}hte Partikelbewegungen und -kollisionen induziert. Dies wiederum bewirkt, dass die anf{\"a}nglich auf der C3S-Oberfl{\"a}che gebildeten C-S-H Phasen teilweise wieder entfernt werden. Damit ist das Inl{\"o}sunggehen von Ca- und Si-Ionen aus dem C3S weiterhin m{\"o}glich. Um den genauen Mechanismus weiter zu charakterisieren sollten mit geeigneten Methoden weitere Untersuchungen durchgef{\"u}hrt werden. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wurde der Einfluss von PUS auf das Fließverhalten von CEM I-Suspensionen untersucht. Aus der Anwendung von PUS in anderen technischen Bereichen sind unter anderem Effekte wie das Entl{\"u}ften, das Homogenisieren und das Dispergieren von Suspensionen und Emulsionen mittels PUS bekannt. Mit Hilfe der Bestimmung des Luftporengehaltes, Sedimentationsversuchen und cryo-SEM Untersuchungen wurde der Einfluss von PUS auf CEM I-Suspensionen charakterisiert. Die Ergebnisse belegen, dass durch PUS eine verbesserte Homogenit{\"a}t und Dispergierung der CEM I-Suspension erzielt wird. Damit wird f{\"u}r CEM I-Suspensionen unterschiedlichster w/z-Werte eine verbesserte Fließf{\"a}higkeit festgestellt. Ergebnisse der Bestimmung von Ausbreitmaßen und Trichterauslaufzeiten zeigen, dass PUS einen direkten Einfluss vor allem auf die Viskosit{\"a}t der CEM I-Suspensionen besitzt. Werden Fließmitteln (FM) der CEM I-Suspension zugegeben, wird nicht in jedem Fall eine verbesserte Fließf{\"a}higkeit festgestellt. Hier scheint unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen (w/z-Wert, FM-Gehalt, PUS) die Reaktion zwischen Aluminat- und Sulfatphase des Klinkers gest{\"o}rt. Zur eindeutigen Kl{\"a}rung dieses Sachverhaltes bedarf es jedoch weiterer quantitativer Untersuchungen zum Reaktionsumsatz. Im dritten Teil der Arbeit wurden die am CEM I gewonnenen Erkenntnisse zum Einfluss von PUS auf die Hydratation an Portland-H{\"u}ttensand(H{\"U}S)-Zement-Systemen verifiziert. Daf{\"u}r wurden auch in diesem Teil der Arbeit zun{\"a}chst die optimalen PUS-Parameter festgelegt und der Einfluss auf das Erstarrung- und Erh{\"a}rtungsverhalten dokumentiert. Untersuchungsmethoden sind unter anderem die Bestimmung des Erstarrungsbeginns und der (Fr{\"u}h)Festigkeitsentwicklung, Temperaturaufzeichnungen und isothermale W{\"a}rmeflusskalorimetrie sowie REM. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass auch die Reaktion von H{\"U}S-Zementen durch PUS beschleunigt wird. Weiterf{\"u}hrende Untersuchungen belegen, dass die erzielte Beschleunigung vorwiegend auf der Beschleunigung der Alitkomponente des CEM I beruht. Im Fokus der Teile vier und f{\"u}nf dieser Arbeit stand die Anwendbarkeit der PUS-Technik unter praktischen Bedingungen. Zum einen wurde die Anwendbarkeit von PUS in fertig gemischten M{\"o}rteln beurteilt. Anhand des Vergleichs wichtiger Frisch- und Festm{\"o}rteleigenschaften unterschiedlich hergestellter M{\"o}rtel (beschallt im Anschluss an konventionelle Mischtechnik, beschallt im Anschluss an Suspensionsmischtechnik mit anschließender Zumischung der Gesteinsk{\"o}rnung und nicht beschallt) wird gezeigt, dass im Fall von M{\"o}rteln mit hohem Leimanteil eine durch PUS induzierte beschleunigte Festigkeitsentwicklung auch mit herk{\"o}mmlichen Mischabl{\"a}ufen (ohne aufwendige Umstellung des Mischprozesses) m{\"o}glich ist. Abschließend wird untersucht, ob der Herstellungsprozess von Wandbauteilen im Fertigteilwerk durch den Einsatz von PUS optimiert werden kann und ob eine Einbindung der PUS-Technik in den Fertigungsprozess ohne gr{\"o}ßeren Aufwand m{\"o}glich ist. Dazu wurden in einem ersten Schritt die Frisch- und Festbetoneigenschaften eines aktuell angewendeten selbstverdichtenden Betons im Labormaßstab (M{\"o}rtel) in Abh{\"a}ngigkeit einer PUS-Behandlung dokumentiert und mit der seiner unbeschallten Referenz verglichen. Aufgrund der durch PUS verursachten verbesserten Fließ- und Festigkeitseigenschaften kann die beschallte M{\"o}rtelrezeptur hinsichtlich Fließmittelgehalt und Dauer der W{\"a}rmebehandlung optimiert werden. Somit werden ca. 30 \% der Fließmittelzugabe und 40 \% der Dauer der W{\"a}rmebehandlung eigespart. Eine Einbindung der PUS-Technik in das betrachtete Fertigteilwerk ist nach {\"U}berpr{\"u}fung der konstruktiven Gegebenheiten der Fertigungsstrukturen ohne gr{\"o}ßeren Aufwand m{\"o}glich.},
  subject      = {Cement},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{KoenigMueller,
  author    = {K{\"o}nig, Reinhard and M{\"u}ller, Daniela},
  title     = {Simulating the development of residential areas of the city of Vienna from 1888 to 2001},
  series = {Compendium of Abstracts of the 8th International Conference on Urban Planning and Environment (UPE8)},
  booktitle = {Compendium of Abstracts of the 8th International Conference on Urban Planning and Environment (UPE8)},
  address   = {Kaiserslautern, Germany},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.2606},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20160622-26066},
  pages     = {23},
  abstract  = {The structure and development of cities can be seen and evaluated from different points of view. By replicating the growth or shrinkage of a city using historical maps depicting different time states, we can obtain momentary snapshots of the dynamic mechanisms of the city. An examination of how these snapshots change over the course of time and a comparison of the different static time states reveals the various interdependencies of population density, technical infrastructure and the availability of public transport facilities. Urban infrastructure and facilities are not distributed evenly across the city - rather they are subject to different patterns and speeds of spread over the course of time and follow different spatial and temporal regularities. The reasons and underlying processes that cause the transition from one state to another result from the same recurring but varyingly pronounced hidden forces and their complex interactions. Such forces encompass a variety of economic, social, cultural and ecological conditions whose respective weighting defines the development of a city in general. Urban development is, however, not solely a product of the different spatial distribution of economic, legal or social indicators but also of the distribution of infrastructure. But to what extent is the development of a city affected by the changing provision of infrastructure? As},
  subject      = {Simulation},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{TreyerKleinKoenigetal.,
  author    = {Treyer, Lukas and Klein, Bernhard and K{\"o}nig, Reinhard and Meixner, Christine},
  title     = {Lightweight urban computation interchange (LUCI) system},
  series = {Proceedings},
  booktitle = {Proceedings},
  publisher = {FOSS4G},
  address   = {Seoul, South Korea},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.2598},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20160622-25982},
  pages     = {12},
  abstract  = {In this paper we introduce LUCI, a Lightweight Urban Calculation Interchange system, designed to bring the advantages of a calculation and content co-ordination system to small planning and design groups by the means of an open source middle-ware. The middle-ware focuses on problems typical to urban planning and therefore features a geo-data repository as well as a job runtime administration, to coordinate simulation models and its multiple views. The described system architecture is accompanied by two exemplary use cases that have been used to test and further develop our concepts and implementations.},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{HijaziHusseinKoenig,
  author    = {Hijazi, Ihab Hamzi and Hussein, M. H. and K{\"o}nig, Reinhard},
  title     = {Enabling geo-design: Evaluating the capacity of 3D city model to support thermal design in building},
  series = {9th 3DGeoInfo Conference},
  booktitle = {9th 3DGeoInfo Conference},
  address   = {Dubai, UAE},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.2508},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20160118-25089},
  pages     = {4},
  abstract  = {Enabling geo-design: Evaluating the capacity of 3D city model to support thermal design in building},
  subject      = {Informatik},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{KoenigTapiasSchmitt,
  author    = {K{\"o}nig, Reinhard and Tapias, Estefania and Schmitt, Gerhard},
  title     = {New Methods in Urban Analysis and Simulation: Documentation of teaching results from the spring semester 2015},
  organization    = {ETH Zurich},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.2505},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20160118-25052},
  pages     = {76},
  abstract  = {Documentation of teaching results from the spring semester 2015 at the chair of Information Architecture at ETH Zurich},
  subject      = {Architektur},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Vu,
  author    = {Vu, Bac Nam},
  title     = {Stochastic uncertainty quantification for multiscale modeling of polymeric nanocomposites},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.2555},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20160322-25551},
  school      = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar},
  pages     = {265},
  abstract  = {Nanostructured materials are extensively applied in many fields of material science for new industrial applications, particularly in the automotive, aerospace industry due to their exceptional physical and mechanical properties. Experimental testing of nanomaterials is expensive, timeconsuming,challenging and sometimes unfeasible. Therefore,computational simulations have been employed as alternative method to predict macroscopic material properties. The behavior of polymeric nanocomposites (PNCs) are highly complex. The origins of macroscopic material properties reside in the properties and interactions taking place on finer scales. It is therefore essential to use multiscale modeling strategy to properly account for all large length and time scales associated with these material systems, which across many orders of magnitude. Numerous multiscale models of PNCs have been established, however, most of them connect only two scales. There are a few multiscale models for PNCs bridging four length scales (nano-, micro-, meso- and macro-scales). In addition, nanomaterials are stochastic in nature and the prediction of macroscopic mechanical properties are influenced by many factors such as fine-scale features. The predicted mechanical properties obtained by traditional approaches significantly deviate from the measured values in experiments due to neglecting uncertainty of material features. This discrepancy is indicated that the effective macroscopic properties of materials are highly sensitive to various sources of uncertainty, such as loading and boundary conditions and material characteristics, etc., while very few stochastic multiscale models for PNCs have been developed. Therefore, it is essential to construct PNC models within the framework of stochastic modeling and quantify the stochastic effect of the input parameters on the macroscopic mechanical properties of those materials. This study aims to develop computational models at four length scales (nano-, micro-, meso- and macro-scales) and hierarchical upscaling approaches bridging length scales from nano- to macro-scales. A framework for uncertainty quantification (UQ) applied to predict the mechanical properties of the PNCs in dependence of material features at different scales is studied. Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis are of great helps in quantifying the effect of input parameters, considering both main and interaction effects, on the mechanical properties of the PNCs. To achieve this major goal, the following tasks are carried out: At nano-scale, molecular dynamics (MD) were used to investigate deformation mechanism of glassy amorphous polyethylene (PE) in dependence of temperature and strain rate. Steered molecular dynamics (SMD)were also employed to investigate interfacial characteristic of the PNCs. At mico-scale, we developed an atomistic-based continuum model represented by a representative volume element (RVE) in which the SWNT's properties and the SWNT/polymer interphase are modeled at nano-scale, the surrounding polymer matrix is modeled by solid elements. Then, a two-parameter model was employed at meso-scale. A hierarchical multiscale approach has been developed to obtain the structure-property relations at one length scale and transfer the effect to the higher length scales. In particular, we homogenized the RVE into an equivalent fiber. The equivalent fiber was then employed in a micromechanical analysis (i.e. Mori-Tanaka model) to predict the effective macroscopic properties of the PNC. Furthermore, an averaging homogenization process was also used to obtain the effective stiffness of the PCN at meso-scale. Stochastic modeling and uncertainty quantification consist of the following ingredients: - Simple random sampling, Latin hypercube sampling, Sobol' quasirandom sequences, Iman and Conover's method (inducing correlation in Latin hypercube sampling) are employed to generate independent and dependent sample data, respectively. - Surrogate models, such as polynomial regression, moving least squares (MLS), hybrid method combining polynomial regression and MLS, Kriging regression, and penalized spline regression, are employed as an approximation of a mechanical model. The advantage of the surrogate models is the high computational efficiency and robust as they can be constructed from a limited amount of available data. - Global sensitivity analysis (SA) methods, such as variance-based methods for models with independent and dependent input parameters, Fourier-based techniques for performing variance-based methods and partial derivatives, elementary effects in the context of local SA, are used to quantify the effects of input parameters and their interactions on the mechanical properties of the PNCs. A bootstrap technique is used to assess the robustness of the global SA methods with respect to their performance. In addition, the probability distribution of mechanical properties are determined by using the probability plot method. The upper and lower bounds of the predicted Young's modulus according to 95 \% prediction intervals were provided. The above-mentioned methods study on the behaviour of intact materials. Novel numerical methods such as a node-based smoothed extended finite element method (NS-XFEM) and an edge-based smoothed phantom node method (ES-Phantom node) were developed for fracture problems. These methods can be used to account for crack at macro-scale for future works. The predicted mechanical properties were validated and verified. They show good agreement with previous experimental and simulations results.},
  subject      = {Polymere},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{Koenig,
  author    = {K{\"o}nig, Reinhard},
  title     = {CPlan: An Open Source Library for Computational Analysis and Synthesis},
  series = {33rd eCAADe Conference},
  booktitle = {33rd eCAADe Conference},
  editor    = {Martens, Bob and Wurzer, G, Gabriel and Grasl, Tomas and Lorenz, Wolfgang and Schaffranek, Richard},
  publisher = {Vienna University of Technology},
  address   = {Vienna},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.2503},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20160118-25037},
  pages     = {245 -- 250},
  abstract  = {Some caad packages offer additional support for the optimization of spatial configurations, but the possibilities for applying optimization are usually limited either by the complexity of the data model or by the constraints of the underlying caad system. Since we missed a system that allows to experiment with optimization techniques for the synthesis of spatial configurations, we developed a collection of methods over the past years. This collection is now combined in the presented open source library for computational planning synthesis, called CPlan. The aim of the library is to provide an easy to use programming framework with a flat learning curve for people with basic programming knowledge. It offers an extensible structure that allows to add new customized parts for various purposes. In this paper the existing functionality of the CPlan library is described.},
  subject      = {Architektur},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KnechtKoenig,
  author    = {Knecht, Katja and K{\"o}nig, Reinhard},
  title     = {Automatische Grundst{\"u}cksumlegung mithilfe von Unterteilungsalgorithmen und typenbasierte Generierung von Stadtstrukturen},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.2673},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20160822-26730},
  abstract  = {Dieses Arbeitspapier beschreibt, wie ausgehend von einem vorhandenen Straßennetzwerk Bebauungsareale mithilfe von Unterteilungsalgorithmen automatisch umgelegt, d.h. in Grundst{\"u}cke unterteilt, und anschließend auf Basis verschiedener st{\"a}dtebaulicher Typen bebaut werden k{\"o}nnen. Die Unterteilung von Bebauungsarealen und die Generierung von Bebauungsstrukturen unterliegen dabei bestimmten stadtplanerischen Einschr{\"a}nkungen, Vorgaben und Parametern. Ziel ist es aus den dargestellten Untersuchungen heraus ein Vorschlagssystem f{\"u}r stadtplanerische Entw{\"u}rfe zu entwickeln, das anhand der Umsetzung eines ersten Softwareprototyps zur Generierung von Stadtstrukturen weiter diskutiert wird.},
  subject      = {Automatisierung},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{PhungThi,
  author    = {Phung Thi, Thu Ha},
  title     = {Metakaolin as an Additive in Composite Cement},
  publisher = {F. A. Finger-Institut f{\"u}r Baustoffkunde},
  address   = {Weimar},
  isbn      = {978-3-00-042655-1},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.1976},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20130705-19764},
  school      = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar},
  pages     = {119},
  abstract  = {Metakaolin made from kaolin is used around the world but rarely in Vietnam where abundant deposits of kaolin is found. The first studies of producing metakaolin were conducted with high quality Vietnamese kaolins. The results showed the potential to produce metakaolin, and its effect has on strength development of mortars and concretes. However, utilisation of a low quality kaolin for producing Vietnamese metakaolin has not been studied so far. The objectives of this study were to produce a good quality metakaolin made from low quality Vietnamese kaolin and to facilitate the utilisation of Vietnamese metakaolin in composite cements. In order to reach such goals, the optimal thermal conversion of Vietnamese kaolin into metakaolin was carried out by many investigations, and as such the optimal conversion is found using the analysis results of DSC/TGA, XRD and CSI. During the calcination in a range of 500 - 800 oC lasting for 1 - 5 hours, the characterisation of calcinated kaolin was also monitored for mass loss, BET surface, PSD, density as well as the presence of the residual water. It is found to have a well correlation between residual water and BET surface. The pozzolanic activity of metakaolin was tested by various methods regarding to the saturated lime method, mCh and TGA-CaO method. The results of the study showed which method is the most suitable one to characterise the real activity of metakaolin and can reach the greatest agreement with concrete performance. Furthermore, the pozzolanic activity results tested using methods were also analysed and compared to each other with respect to the BET surface. The properties of Vietnam metakaolin was established using investigations on water demand, setting time, spread-flowability, and strength. It is concluded that depending on the intended use of composite cement and weather conditions of cure, each Vietnamese metakaolin can be used appropriately to produce (1) a composite cement with a low water demand (2) a high strength of composite cement (3) a composite cement that aims to reduce CO2 emissions and to improve economics of cement products (4) a high performance mortar. The durability of metakaolin mortar was tested to find the needed metakaolin content against ASR, sulfat and sulfuric acid attacks successfully.},
  subject      = {metakaolin},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Sowoidnich,
  author    = {Sowoidnich, Thomas},
  title     = {A Study of Retarding Effects on Cement and Tricalcium Silicate Hydration induced by Superplasticizers},
  isbn      = {978-3-00-052204-8},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.2544},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20160224-25444},
  school      = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar},
  pages     = {214},
  abstract  = {Fließmittel werden in Betonen verwendet, um deren Fließeigenschaften w{\"a}hrend der Verarbeitung zu verbessern und Wasser einzusparen. Beide Faktoren beeinflussen nicht nur den Frischbeton, sondern auch signifikant die Festbetoneigenschaften. Nachteilig wirken sich Fließmittel auf die Festigkeitsentwicklung aus, die z.T. sehr stark verz{\"o}gert wird. Dies ist vor allem bei Bauteilen, die im Rahmen eines Vorfertigungsprozesses hergestellt werden, ein {\"o}konomischer Nachteil. Die vorliegende Arbeit widmet sich den Ursachen f{\"u}r die Verz{\"o}gerung der Portlandzementhydratation bei Verwendung von Fließmitteln. Um die komplexen Reaktionen, die w{\"a}hrend der Portlandzementhydratation auftreten, zu vereinfachen, betrachtet ein {\"u}berwiegender Teil der Arbeit die Wechselwirkung Fließmittel-Tricalciumsilikat (Abk. Ca3SiO5 oder C3S, Hauptbestandteil von Portlandzementklinker). Die Untersuchungen werden in drei Hauptteilen durchgef{\"u}hrt, wobei Methoden wie u.a. isotherme W{\"a}rmeflusskalorimetrie, Elektrische Leitf{\"a}higkeit, Elektronenmikroskopie, ICP-OES, TOC als auch Analytische Ultrazentrifugation Anwendung finden. Basierend auf der Wechselwirkung von Kationen mit anionischen Ladungstr{\"a}gern von Polymeren wird die Interaktion von Calcium mit Fließmitteln im ersten Teil der Arbeit untersucht. Dabei kommt es {\"u}berwiegend zur Komplexierung von Calciumionen durch die funktionellen Gruppen der Plymere (Carboxyl- bzw. Sulfonguppen), die in zement{\"a}ren Umgebungen sowohl gel{\"o}st in der w{\"a}ssrigen Phase als auch als Bestandteil von Partikelgrenzfl{\"a}chen vorhanden sind. Neben diesen Effekten kann auch gezeigt werden, dass Fließmittel die Bildung von nanoskaligen Partikeln hervorrufen, die infolge der sterischen Wirkung von Fließmitteln dispergiert in der w{\"a}ssrigen Phase vorliegen (Clusterbildung). Analog zu neuesten Erkenntnissen aus dem Bereich der Biomineralisation ist daher davon auszugehen, dass diese Nanopartikel durch Agglomeration das Kristallwachtsum beeinflussen. Ausgehend von der Annahme, dass die Aufl{\"o}sungs- und/ oder F{\"a}llungskinetik durch die Wirkung von Fließmitteln behindert und damit f{\"u}r den Verz{\"o}gerungseffekt der Fließmittel w{\"a}hrend der komplexen Hydratationsreaktion verantwortlich seien k{\"o}nnen, werden die zugrundeliegenden Vorg{\"a}nge im zweiten Abschnitt getrennt voneinander untersucht. Es wird anhand von L{\"o}sungsuntersuchungen an C-S-H Phasen und Portlandit herausgestellt, dass die Komplexierung von gel{\"o}sten Calciumionen durch funktionelle Gruppen der Polymere die L{\"o}slichkeit von Portlandit erh{\"o}ht. Im Gegensatz f{\"u}hrt die Komplexierung von Calciumionen in der w{\"a}ssrigen Phase zu einer Verringerung der Calciumionenkonzentration in der w{\"a}ssrigen Phase. Diese Effekte werden auf die unterschiedlich starke Adsorptionsneigung der Polymere an C-S-H-Phasen und Portlandit zur{\"u}ckgef{\"u}hrt. Es wird davon ausgegangen, dass die Adsorption aufgrund der gr{\"o}ßeren spezifischen Oberfl{\"a}che st{\"a}rker an den C-S-H-Phasen als am Portlandit auftritt. Demnach stellt sich dar, dass die Polymere erst nachdem die funktionellen Gruppen Calciumionen aus der w{\"a}ssrigen Phase komplexiert haben an den C-S-H-Phasen adsorbieren. Weiterhin kann gezeigt werden, dass die freie C3S Aufl{\"o}sungsrate in Anwesenheit von Fließmitteln keinen direkten Zusammenhang zur Verz{\"o}gerung erkennen l{\"a}sst. Teilweise kommt es zu einer in Bezug zur Kontrollprobe ohne Fließmittel erh{\"o}hten sowie auch verringerten Aufl{\"o}sungsrate. Wird das Komplexierungsvem{\"o}gen der Fließmittel ber{\"u}cksichtigt, so kann durchaus eine verlangsamte freie Aufl{\"o}sungsrate ermittelt werden. Doch auch Calcit zeigt einen verz{\"o}gernden Einfluss auf die freie C3S Aufl{\"o}sung, obwohl es den Gesamtprozess der Hydratation signifikant beschleunigt. Somit kann die behinderte Aufl{\"o}sung als m{\"o}gliche Ursache f{\"u}r die verz{\"o}gernde Wirkung w{\"a}hrend der Zementhydratation weder best{\"a}tigt noch widerlegt werden. Dieser Punkt sollte in zuk{\"u}nftigen Arbeiten weiter untersucht werden. Im letzten Schritt dieses Untersuchungsabschnitts wird die reine Kristallisation von C-S-H-Phasen und Portlandit untersucht. Es stellt sich heraus, dass Fließmittel insbesondere durch die Wirkung der Komplexierung von Ionen in der w{\"a}ssrigen Phase sowohl die Induktionszeit verl{\"a}ngern als auch die Kristallwachstumsrate ver{\"a}ndern. Dies allein kann aber nicht die komplette Verz{\"o}gerungswirkung erkl{\"a}ren. Ein wichtiger Verz{\"o}gerungsfaktor ist die Adsorption der Polymere an Kristalloberfl{\"a}chen als auch eine fließmittelbedingte Dispergierung von nanoskaligen Einzelpartikeln, die deren Agglomeration zu Kristallen behindert. Im letzten Hauptuntersuchungsabschnitt werden die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse auf die w{\"a}hrend der Zement- und Tricalciumsilikathydratation parallel ablaufenden Reaktionen analysiert. Dabei wird insbesondere die ionische Zusammensetzung der w{\"a}ssrigen Phase von C3S Pasten und Suspensionen untersucht, um Hinweise f{\"u}r eine kinetische Hemmung der Hydratationsreaktion zu identifizieren. Zusammenfassend wird festgestellt, dass die Ursachen der verz{\"o}gernden Wirkung von Fließmitteln auf die Hydratation von C3S auf die starke Verz{\"o}gerung der Kristallisation von Hydratphasen zur{\"u}ckzuf{\"u}hren ist. Dabei kommt den zwei Faktoren Komplexierung von Calciumionen an Oberfl{\"a}chen und Stabilisierung von nanoskaligen Partikeln eine zentrale Bedeutung zu. Diese Effekte k{\"o}nnen durch die Wirkung als Templat als auch durch Erh{\"o}hung der L{\"o}slichkeit infolge Komplexierung freier/gel{\"o}ster Ionen teilkompensiert werden. Dass die Aufl{\"o}sungsreaktion durch die Anwesenheit von Fließmitteln behindert wird, kann nur indirekt anhand der Entwicklung von Ionenkonzentrationen festgestellt werden. Ob dieser Vorgang die Ursache oder die Folge des L{\"o}sungs-F{\"a}llungs-Mechanismus der Hydratation ist und damit die verz{\"o}gernde Wirkung durch behinderte Aufl{\"o}sung des Edukts hervorgerufen wird, bleibt Gegenstand weiterer Untersuchungen. Im Rahmen der Arbeit kann auch gezeigt werden, dass Fließmittel chemisch als Inhibitoren wirken indem sie den Frequenzfaktor verringern. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus wird erstmalig eine Methode entwickelt, die die Bestimmung der Ionenkonzentration in Pasten in-situ erlaubt. Mit deren Hilfe wird dargestellt, dass die Entwicklung der Ionenkonzentration als auch die allgemein verwendete W{\"a}rmefreisetzungsrate (Kalorimetrie) miteinander korrespondiert. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus erlaubt die entwickelte Methode die weitere Differenzierung der Accelerationsperiode in drei Stadien. Die Kristallisation von C-S-H-Phasen und Portlandit ist f{\"u}r den Beginn der Haupthydratationsperiode entscheidend.},
  subject      = {Cement},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Abeltshauser,
  author    = {Abeltshauser, Rainer},
  title     = {Identification and separation of physical effects of coupled systems by using defined model abstractions},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.2860},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20170314-28600},
  school      = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar},
  abstract  = {The thesis investigates at the computer aided simulation process for operational vibration analysis of complex coupled systems. As part of the internal methods project "Absolute Values" of the BMW Group, the thesis deals with the analysis of the structural dynamic interactions and excitation interactions. The overarching aim of the methods project is to predict the operational vibrations of engines. Simulations are usually used to analyze technical aspects (e. g. operational vibrations, strength, ...) of single components in the industrial development. The boundary conditions of submodels are mostly based on experiences. So the interactions with neighboring components and systems are neglected. To get physically more realistic results but still efficient simulations, this work wants to support the engineer during the preprocessing phase by useful criteria. At first suitable abstraction levels based on the existing literature are defined to identify structural dynamic interactions and excitation interactions of coupled systems. So it is possible to separate different effects of the coupled subsystems. On this basis, criteria are derived to assess the influence of interactions between the considered systems. These criteria can be used during the preprocessing phase and help the engineer to build up efficient models with respect to the interactions with neighboring systems. The method was developed by using several models with different complexity levels. Furthermore, the method is proved for the application in the industrial environment by using the example of a current combustion engine.},
  subject      = {Strukturdynamik},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Vogler,
  author    = {Vogler, Verena},
  title     = {A framework for artificial coral reef design: Integrating computational modelling and high precision monitoring strategies for artificial coral reefs - an Ecosystem-aware design approach in times of climate change},
  isbn      = {978-3-00-074495-2},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.4611},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20220322-46115},
  school      = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar},
  pages     = {243},
  abstract  = {Tropical coral reefs, one of the world's oldest ecosystems which support some of the highest levels of biodiversity on the planet, are currently facing an unprecedented ecological crisis during this massive human-activity-induced period of extinction. Hence, tropical reefs symbolically stand for the destructive effects of human activities on nature [4], [5]. Artificial reefs are excellent examples of how architectural design can be combined with ecosystem regeneration [6], [7], [8]. However, to work at the interface between the artificial and the complex and temporal nature of natural systems presents a challenge, i.a. in respect to the B-rep modelling legacy of computational modelling. The presented doctorate investigates strategies on how to apply digital practice to realise what is an essential bulwark to retain reefs in impossibly challenging times. Beyond the main question of integrating computational modelling and high precision monitoring strategies in artificial coral reef design, this doctorate explores techniques, methods, and linking frameworks to support future research and practice in ecology led design contexts. Considering the many existing approaches for artificial coral reefs design, one finds they often fall short in precisely understanding the relationships between architectural and ecological aspects (e.g. how a surface design and material composition can foster coral larvae settlement, or structural three-dimensionality enhance biodiversity) and lack an integrated underwater (UW) monitoring process. Such a process is necessary in order to gather knowledge about the ecosystem and make it available for design, and to learn whether artificial structures contribute to reef regeneration or rather harm the coral reef ecosystem. For the research, empirical experimental methods were applied: Algorithmic coral reef design, high precision UW monitoring, computational modelling and simulation, and validated through parallel real-world physical experimentation - two Artificial Reef Prototypes (ARPs) in Gili Trawangan, Indonesia (2012-today). Multiple discrete methods and sub techniques were developed in seventeen computational experiments and applied in a way in which many are cross valid and integrated in an overall framework that is offered as a significant contribution to the field. Other main contributions include the Ecosystem-aware design approach, Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for coral reef design, algorithmic design and fabrication of Biorock cathodes, new high precision UW monitoring strategies, long-term real-world constructed experiments, new digital analysis methods and two new front-end web-based tools for reef design and monitoring reefs. The methodological framework is a finding of the research that has many technical components that were tested and combined in this way for the very first time. In summary, the thesis responds to the urgency and relevance in preserving marine species in tropical reefs during this massive extinction period by offering a differentiated approach towards artificial coral reefs - demonstrating the feasibility of digitally designing such 'living architecture' according to multiple context and performance parameters. It also provides an in-depth critical discussion of computational design and architecture in the context of ecosystem regeneration and Planetary Thinking. In that respect, the thesis functions as both theoretical and practical background for computational design, ecology and marine conservation - not only to foster the design of artificial coral reefs technically but also to provide essential criteria and techniques for conceiving them. Keywords: Artificial coral reefs, computational modelling, high precision underwater monitoring, ecology in design.},
  subject      = {Korallenriff},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Koenig,
  author    = {K{\"o}nig, Reinhard},
  title     = {Computers in the design phase - Ten thesis on their uselessness},
  series = {Der Generalist},
  journal   = {Der Generalist},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.2607},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20160622-26075},
  abstract  = {At the end of the 1960s, architects at various universities world- wide began to explore the potential of computer technology for their profession. With the decline in prices for PCs in the 1990s and the development of various computer-aided architectural design systems (CAAD), the use of such systems in architectural and planning offices grew continuously. Because today no ar- chitectural office manages without a costly CAAD system and because intensive soſtware training has become an integral part of a university education, the question arises about what influence the various computer systems have had on the design process forming the core of architectural practice. The text at hand devel- ops ten theses about why there has been no success to this day in introducing computers such that new qualitative possibilities for design result. RESTRICTEDNESS},
  subject      = {CAD},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Staeudel,
  author    = {St{\"a}udel, J{\"u}rgen},
  title     = {Development, Implementation and Operation of Integrated Sanitation Systems Based on Material-Flows - Integrated Sanitation in the City of Darkhan, Mongolia - A Practicable Example},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.3179},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20170512-31794},
  school      = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar},
  abstract  = {The world society faces a huge challenge to implement the human right of "access to sanitation". More and more it is accepted that the conventional approach towards providing sanitation services is not suitable to solve this problem. This dissertation examines the possibility to enhance "access to sanitation" for people who are living in areas with underdeveloped water and wastewater infrastructure systems. The idea hereby is to follow an integrated approach for sanitation, which allows for a mutual completion of existing infrastructure with resource-based sanitation systems. The notion "integrated sanitation system (iSaS)" is defined in this work and guiding principles for iSaS are formulated. Further on the implementation of iSaS is assessed at the example of a case study in the city of Darkhan in Mongolia. More than half of Mongolia's population live in settlements where yurts (tents of Nomadic people) are predominant. In these settlements (or "ger areas") sanitation systems are not existent and the hygienic situation is precarious. An iSaS has been developed for the ger areas in Darkhan and tested over more than two years. Further on a software-based model has been developed with the goal to describe and assess different variations of the iSaS. The results of the assessment of material-flows, monetary-flows and communication-flows within the iSaS are presented in this dissertation. The iSaS model is adaptable and transferable to the socio-economic conditions in other regions and climate zones.},
  subject      = {Abwasser},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{KoenigBauriedel,
  author    = {K{\"o}nig, Reinhard and Bauriedel, Christian},
  title     = {Computer-generated Urban Structures},
  series = {Proceedings of the Generative Art Conference},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Generative Art Conference},
  address   = {Milan, Italy},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.2609},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20160623-26090},
  pages     = {1 -- 10},
  abstract  = {How does it come to particular structure formations in the cities and which strengths play a role in this process? On which elements can the phenomena be reduced to find the respective combination rules? How do general principles have to be formulated to be able to describe the urban processes so that different structural qualities can be produced? With the aid of mathematic methods, models based on four basic levels are generated in the computer, through which the connections between the elements and the rules of their interaction can be examined. Conclusions on the function of developing processes and the further urban origin can be derived.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KleinKoenig,
  author    = {Klein, Bernhard and K{\"o}nig, Reinhard},
  title     = {Computational Urban Planning: Using the Value Lab as Control Center},
  series = {FCL Magazine, Special Issue Simulation Platform},
  journal   = {FCL Magazine, Special Issue Simulation Platform},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.2601},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20160622-26011},
  pages     = {38 -- 45},
  abstract  = {Urban planning involves many aspects and various disciplines, demanding an asynchronous planning approach. The level of complexity rises with each aspect to be considered and makes it difficult to find universally satisfactory solutions. To improve this situation we propose a new approach, which complement traditional design methods with a computational urban plan- ning method that can fulfil formalizable design requirements automatically. Based on this approach we present a design space exploration framework for complex urban planning projects. For a better understanding of the idea of design space exploration, we introduce the concept of a digital scout which guides planners through the design space and assists them in their creative explorations. The scout can support planners during manual design by informing them about potential im- pacts or by suggesting different solutions that fulfill predefined quality requirements. The planner can change flexibly between a manually controlled and a completely automated design process. The developed system is presented using an exemplary urban planning scenario on two levels from the street layout to the placement of building volumes. Based on Self-Organizing Maps we implemented a method which makes it possible to visualize the multi-dimensional solution space in an easily analysable and comprehensible form.},
  subject      = {Stadtgestaltung},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Koenig,
  author    = {K{\"o}nig, Reinhard},
  title     = {Die Stadt der Agenten und Automaten},
  series = {FORUM - Architektur \& Bauforum},
  journal   = {FORUM - Architektur \& Bauforum},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.2608},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20160622-26083},
  abstract  = {PLANUNGSUNTERST{\"U}TZUNG DURCH DIE ANALYSE R{\"A}UMLICHER PROZESSE MITTELS COMPUTERSIMULATIONEN. Erst wenn man - zumindest im Prinzip - versteht, wie eine Stadt mit ihren komplexen, verwobenen Vorg{\"a}ngen im Wesentlichen funktioniert, ist eine sinnvolle Stadtplanung m{\"o}glich. Denn jede Planung bedeutet einen Eingriff in den komplexen Organismus einer Stadt. Findet dieser Eingriff ohne Wissen {\"u}ber die Funktionsweise des Organismus statt, k{\"o}nnen auch die Auswirkungen nicht abgesch{\"a}tzt werden. Dieser Beitrag stellt dar, wie urbane Prozesse mittels Computersimulationen unter Zuhilfenahme so genannter Multi-Agenten-Systeme und Zellul{\"a}rer Automaten verstanden werden k{\"o}nnen. von},
  subject      = {CAD},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Schwedler,
  author    = {Schwedler, Michael},
  title     = {Integrated structural analysis using isogeometric finite element methods},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.2737},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20170130-27372},
  school      = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar},
  pages     = {209},
  abstract  = {The gradual digitization in the architecture, engineering, and construction industry over the past fifty years led to an extremely heterogeneous software environment, which today is embodied by the multitude of different digital tools and proprietary data formats used by the many specialists contributing to the design process in a construction project. Though these projects become increasingly complex, the demands on financial efficiency and the completion within a tight schedule grow at the same time. The digital collaboration of project partners has been identified as one key issue in successfully dealing with these challenges. Yet currently, the numerous software applications and their respective individual views on the design process severely impede that collaboration. An approach to establish a unified basis for the digital collaboration, regardless of the existing software heterogeneity, is a comprehensive digital building model contributed to by all projects partners. This type of data management known as building information modeling (BIM) has many benefits, yet its adoption is associated with many difficulties and thus, proceeds only slowly. One aspect in the field of conflicting requirements on such a digital model is the cooperation of architects and structural engineers. Traditionally, these two disciplines use different abstractions of reality for their models that in consequence lead to incompatible digital representations thereof. The onset of isogeometric analysis (IGA) promised to ease the discrepancy in design and analysis model representations. Yet, that initial focus quickly shifted towards using these methods as a more powerful basis for numerical simulations. Furthermore, the isogeometric representation alone is not capable of solving the model abstraction problem. It is thus the intention of this work to contribute to an improved digital collaboration of architects and engineers by exploring an integrated analysis approach on the basis of an unified digital model and solid geometry expressed by splines. In the course of this work, an analysis framework is developed that utilizes such models to automatically conduct numerical simulations commonly required in construction projects. In essence, this allows to retrieve structural analysis results from BIM models in a fast and simple manner, thereby facilitating rapid design iterations and profound design feedback. The BIM implementation Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) is reviewed with regard to its capabilities of representing the unified model. The current IFC schema strongly supports the use of redundant model data, a major pitfall in digital collaboration. Additionally, it does not allow to describe the geometry by volumetric splines. As the pursued approach builds upon a unique model for both, architectural and structural design, and furthermore requires solid geometry, necessary schema modifications are suggested. Structural entities are modeled by volumetric NURBS patches, each of which constitutes an individual subdomain that, with regard to the analysis, is incompatible with the remaining full model. The resulting consequences for numerical simulation are elaborated in this work. The individual subdomains have to be weakly coupled, for which the mortar method is used. Different approaches to discretize the interface traction fields are implemented and their respective impact on the analysis results is evaluated. All necessary coupling conditions are automatically derived from the related geometry model. The weak coupling procedure leads to a linear system of equations in saddle point form, which, owed to the volumetric modeling, is large in size and, the associated coefficient matrix has, due to the use of higher degree basis functions, a high bandwidth. The peculiarities of the system require adapted solution methods that generally cause higher numerical costs than the standard procedures for symmetric, positive-definite systems do. Different methods to solve the specific system are investigated and an efficient parallel algorithm is finally proposed. When the structural analysis model is derived from the unified model in the BIM data, it does in general initially not meet the requirements on the discretization that are necessary to obtain sufficiently accurate analysis results. The consequently necessary patch refinements must be controlled automatically to allowfor an entirely automatic analysis procedure. For that purpose, an empirical refinement scheme based on the geometrical and possibly mechanical properties of the specific entities is proposed. The level of refinement may be selectively manipulated by the structural engineer in charge. Furthermore, a Zienkiewicz-Zhu type error estimator is adapted for the use with isogeometric analysis results. It is shown that also this estimator can be used to steer an adaptive refinement procedure.},
  subject      = {Finite-Elemente-Methode},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Amiri,
  author    = {Amiri, Fatemeh},
  title     = {Computational modelling of fracture with local maximum entropy approximations},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.2631},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20160719-26310},
  school      = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar},
  pages     = {130},
  abstract  = {The key objective of this research is to study fracture with a meshfree method, local maximum entropy approximations, and model fracture in thin shell structures with complex geometry and topology. This topic is of high relevance for real-world applications, for example in the automotive industry and in aerospace engineering. The shell structure can be described efficiently by meshless methods which are capable of describing complex shapes as a collection of points instead of a structured mesh. In order to find the appropriate numerical method to achieve this goal, the first part of the work was development of a method based on local maximum entropy (LME) shape functions together with enrichment functions used in partition of unity methods to discretize problems in linear elastic fracture mechanics. We obtain improved accuracy relative to the standard extended finite element method (XFEM) at a comparable computational cost. In addition, we keep the advantages of the LME shape functions,such as smoothness and non-negativity. We show numerically that optimal convergence (same as in FEM) for energy norm and stress intensity factors can be obtained through the use of geometric (fixed area) enrichment with no special treatment of the nodes near the crack such as blending or shifting. As extension of this method to three dimensional problems and complex thin shell structures with arbitrary crack growth is cumbersome, we developed a phase field model for fracture using LME. Phase field models provide a powerful tool to tackle moving interface problems, and have been extensively used in physics and materials science. Phase methods are gaining popularity in a wide set of applications in applied science and engineering, recently a second order phase field approximation for brittle fracture has gathered significant interest in computational fracture such that sharp cracks discontinuities are modeled by a diffusive crack. By minimizing the system energy with respect to the mechanical displacements and the phase-field, subject to an irreversibility condition to avoid crack healing, this model can describe crack nucleation, propagation, branching and merging. One of the main advantages of the phase field modeling of fractures is the unified treatment of the interfacial tracking and mechanics, which potentially leads to simple, robust, scalable computer codes applicable to complex systems. In other words, this approximation reduces considerably the implementation complexity because the numerical tracking of the fracture is not needed, at the expense of a high computational cost. We present a fourth-order phase field model for fracture based on local maximum entropy (LME) approximations. The higher order continuity of the meshfree LME approximation allows to directly solve the fourth-order phase field equations without splitting the fourth-order differential equation into two second order differential equations. Notably, in contrast to previous discretizations that use at least a quadratic basis, only linear completeness is needed in the LME approximation. We show that the crack surface can be captured more accurately in the fourth-order model than the second-order model. Furthermore, less nodes are needed for the fourth-order model to resolve the crack path. Finally, we demonstrate the performance of the proposed meshfree fourth order phase-field formulation for 5 representative numerical examples. Computational results will be compared to analytical solutions within linear elastic fracture mechanics and experimental data for three-dimensional crack propagation. In the last part of this research, we present a phase-field model for fracture in Kirchoff-Love thin shells using the local maximum-entropy (LME) meshfree method. Since the crack is a natural outcome of the analysis it does not require an explicit representation and tracking, which is advantageous over techniques as the extended finite element method that requires tracking of the crack paths. The geometric description of the shell is based on statistical learning techniques that allow dealing with general point set surfaces avoiding a global parametrization, which can be applied to tackle surfaces of complex geometry and topology. We show the flexibility and robustness of the present methodology for two examples: plate in tension and a set of open connected pipes.},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{KoenigSchmitt,
  author    = {K{\"o}nig, Reinhard and Schmitt, Gerhard},
  title     = {Backcasting and a new way of command in computational design : Proceedings},
  series = {CAADence in Architecture Conference},
  booktitle = {CAADence in Architecture Conference},
  editor    = {Szoboszlai, Mih{\´a}ly},
  address   = {Budapest},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.2599},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20160622-25996},
  pages     = {15 -- 25},
  abstract  = {It's not uncommon that analysis and simulation methods are used mainly to evaluate finished designs and to proof their quality. Whereas the potential of such methods is to lead or control a design process from the beginning on. Therefore, we introduce a design method that move away from a "what-if" forecasting philosophy and increase the focus on backcasting approaches. We use the power of computation by combining sophisticated methods to generate design with analysis methods to close the gap between analysis and synthesis of designs. For the development of a future-oriented computational design support we need to be aware of the human designer's role. A productive combination of the excellence of human cognition with the power of modern computing technology is needed. We call this approach "cognitive design computing". The computational part aim to mimic the way a designer's brain works by combining state-of-the-art optimization and machine learning approaches with available simulation methods. The cognition part respects the complex nature of design problems by the provision of models for human-computation interaction. This means that a design problem is distributed between computer and designer. In the context of the conference slogan "back to command", we ask how we may imagine the command over a cognitive design computing system. We expect that designers will need to let go control of some parts of the design process to machines, but in exchange they will get a new powerful command on complex computing processes. This means that designers have to explore the potentials of their role as commanders of partially automated design processes. In this contribution we describe an approach for the development of a future cognitive design computing system with the focus on urban design issues. The aim of this system is to enable an urban planner to treat a planning problem as a backcasting problem by defining what performance a design solution should achieve and to automatically query or generate a set of best possible solutions. This kind of computational planning process offers proof that the designer meets the original explicitly defined design requirements. A key way in which digital tools can support designers is by generating design proposals. Evolutionary multi-criteria optimization methods allow us to explore a multi-dimensional design space and provide a basis for the designer to evaluate contradicting requirements: a task urban planners are faced with frequently. We also reflect why designers will give more and more control to machines. Therefore, we investigate first approaches learn how designers use computational design support systems in combination with manual design strategies to deal with urban design problems by employing machine learning methods. By observing how designers work, it is possible to derive more complex artificial solution strategies that can help computers make better suggestions in the future.},
  subject      = {CAD},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KoenigBauriedel,
  author    = {K{\"o}nig, Reinhard and Bauriedel, Christian},
  title     = {Generating settlement structures: a method for urban planning and analysis supported by cellular automata},
  series = {Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design},
  journal   = {Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.2605},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20160624-26054},
  pages     = {602 -- 624},
  abstract  = {Previous models for the explanation of settlement processes pay little attention to the interactions between settlement spreading and road networks. On the basis of a dielectric breakdown model in combination with cellular automata, we present a method to steer precisely the generation of settlement structures with regard to their global and local density as well as the size and number of forming clusters. The resulting structures depend on the logic of how the dependence of the settlements and the road network is implemented to the simulation model. After analysing the state of the art we begin with a discussion of the mutual dependence of roads and land development. Next, we elaborate a model that permits the precise control of permeability in the developing structure as well as the settlement density, using the fewest necessary control parameters. On the basis of different characteristic values, possible settlement structures are analysed and compared with each other. Finally, we reflect on the theoretical contribution of the model with regard to the context of urban dynamics.},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{KoenigVaroudis,
  author    = {K{\"o}nig, Reinhard and Varoudis, Tasos},
  title     = {Spatial Optimizations: Merging depthmapX , spatial graph networks and evolutionary design in Grasshopper},
  series = {Proceedings of ecaade 34: Complexity \& Simplicity},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of ecaade 34: Complexity \& Simplicity},
  address   = {Oulu, Finland},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.2604},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20160622-26040},
  pages     = {1 -- 6},
  abstract  = {In the Space Syntax community, the standard tool for computing all kinds of spatial graph network measures is depthmapX (Turner, 2004; Varoudis, 2012). The process of evaluating many design variants of networks is relatively complicated, since they need to be drawn in a separated CAD system, exported and imported in depthmapX via dxf file format. This procedure disables a continuous integration into a design process. Furthermore, the standalone character of depthmapX makes it impossible to use its network centrality calculation for optimization processes. To overcome this limitations, we present in this paper the first steps of experimenting with a Grasshopper component (reference omitted until final version) that can access the functions of depthmapX and integrate them into Grasshopper/Rhino3D. Here the component is implemented in a way that it can be used directly for an evolutionary algorithm (EA) implemented in a Python scripting component in Grasshopper},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Ehrhardt,
  author    = {Ehrhardt, Dirk},
  title     = {ZUM EINFLUSS DER NACHBEHANDLUNG AUF DIE GEF{\"U}GEAUSBILDUNG UND DEN FROST-TAUMITTELWIDERSTAND DER BETONRANDZONE},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.3688},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20171120-36889},
  school      = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar},
  pages     = {235},
  abstract  = {Die Festigkeitsentwicklung des Zementbetons basiert auf der chemischen Reaktion des Zementes mit dem Anmachwasser. Durch Nachbehandlungsmaßnahmen muss daf{\"u}r gesorgt werden, dass dem Zement gen{\"u}gend Wasser f{\"u}r seine Reaktion zur Verf{\"u}gung steht, da sonst ein Beton mit minderer Qualit{\"a}t entsteht. Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt die grunds{\"a}tzlichen Fragen der Betonnachbehandlung bei Anwendung von Straßenbetonen. Im Speziellen wird die Frage des erforderlichen Nachbehandlungsbedarfs von h{\"u}ttensandhaltigen Kompositzementen betrachtet. Die Wirkung der Nachbehandlung wird anhand des erreichten Frost-Tausalz-Widerstandes und der Gef{\"u}geausbildung in der unmittelbaren Betonrandzone bewertet. Der Fokus der Untersuchungen lag auf abgezogenen Betonoberfl{\"a}chen. Es wurde ein Modell zur Austrocknung des jungen Betons erarbeitet. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass in einer fr{\"u}hen Austrocknung (Kapillarphase) keine kritische Austrocknung der Betonrandzone einsetzt, sondern der Beton ann{\"a}hrend gleichm{\"a}ßig {\"u}ber die H{\"o}he austrocknet. Es wurde ein Nomogramm entwickelt, mit dem die Dauer der Kapillarphase in Abh{\"a}ngigkeit der Witterung f{\"u}r Straßenbetone abgesch{\"a}tzt werden kann. Eine kritische Austrocknung der wichtigen Randzone setzt nach Ende der Kapillarphase ein. F{\"u}r Betone unter Verwendung von Zementen mit langsamer Festigkeitsentwicklung ist die Austrocknung der Randzone nach Ende der Kapillarphase besonders ausgepr{\"a}gt. Im Ergebnis zeigen diese Betone dann einen geringen Frost-Tausalz-Widerstand. Mit Zementen, die eine 2d-Zementdruckfestigkeit ≥ 23,0 N/mm² aufweisen, wurde unabh{\"a}ngig von der Zementart (CEM I oder CEM II/B-S) auch dann ein hoher Frost-Tausalz-Widerstand erreicht, wenn keine oder eine schlechtere Nachbehandlung angewendet wurde. F{\"u}r die Praxis ergibt sich damit eine einfache M{\"o}glichkeit der Vorauswahl von geeigneten Zementen f{\"u}r den Verkehrsfl{\"a}chenbau. Betone, die unter Verwendung von Zementen mit langsamere Festigkeitsentwicklung hergestellt werden, erreichen einen hohen Frost-Tausalz-Widerstand nur mit einer geeigneten Nachbehandlung. Die Anwendung von fl{\"u}ssigen Nachbehandlungsmitteln (NBM gem{\"a}ß TL NBM-StB) erreicht eine {\"a}hnliche Wirksamkeit wie eine 5 t{\"a}gige Feuchtnachbehandlung. Voraussetzung f{\"u}r die Wirksamkeit der NBM ist, dass sie auf eine Betonoberfl{\"a}che ohne sichtbaren Feuchtigkeitsfilm (feuchter Glanz) aufgespr{\"u}ht werden. Besonders wichtig ist die Beachtung des richtigen Auftragszeitpunktes bei k{\"u}hler Witterung, da hier aufgrund der verlangsamten Zementreaktion der Beton l{\"a}nger Anmachwasser abst{\"o}ßt. Ein zu fr{\"u}her Auftrag des Nachbehandlungsmittels f{\"u}hrt zu einer Verschlechterung der Qualit{\"a}t der Betonrandzone. Durch Bereitstellung hydratationsabh{\"a}ngiger Transportkenngr{\"o}ßen (Feuchtetransport im Beton) konnten numerische Berechnungen zum Zusammenspiel zwischen der Austrocknung, der Nachbehandlung und der Gef{\"u}geentwicklung durchgef{\"u}hrt werden. Mit dem erstellten Berechnungsmodell wurden Parameterstudien durchgef{\"u}hrt. Die Berechnungen best{\"a}tigen die wesentlichen Erkenntnisse der Laboruntersuchungen. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus l{\"a}sst sich mit dem Berechnungsmodell zeigen, dass gerade bei langsam reagierenden Zementen und k{\"u}hler Witterung ohne eine Nachbehandlung eine sehr d{\"u}nne Randzone (ca. 500 µm - 1000 µm) mit stark erh{\"o}hter Kapillarporosit{\"a}t entsteht.},
  subject      = {Beton},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Mueller,
  author    = {M{\"u}ller, Matthias},
  title     = {Salt-frost Attack on Concrete - New Findings regarding the Damage Mechanism},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.4868},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20230103-48681},
  school      = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar},
  abstract  = {The reduction of the cement clinker content is an important prerequisite for the improvement of the CO2-footprint of concrete. Nevertheless, the durability of such concretes must be sufficient to guarantee a satisfactory service life of structures. Salt frost scaling resistance is a critical factor in this regard, as it is often diminished at increased clinker substitution rates. Furthermore, only insufficient long-term experience for such concretes exists. A high salt frost scaling resistance thus cannot be achieved by applying only descriptive criteria, such as the concrete composition. It is therefore to be expected, that in the long term a performance based service life prediction will replace the descriptive concept. To achieve the important goal of clinker reduction for concretes also in cold and temperate climates it is important to understand the underlying mechanisms for salt frost scaling. However, conflicting damage theories dominate the current State of the Art. It was consequently derived as the goal of this thesis to evaluate existing damage theories and to examine them experimentally. It was found that only two theories have the potential to describe the salt frost attack satisfactorily - the glue spall theory and the cryogenic suction theory. The glue spall theory attributes the surface scaling to the interaction of an external ice layer with the concrete surface. Only when moderate amounts of deicing salt are present in the test solution the resulting mechanical properties of the ice can cause scaling. However, the results in this thesis indicate that severe scaling also occurs at deicing salt levels, at which the ice is much too soft to damage concrete. Thus, the inability of the glue spall theory to account for all aspects of salt frost scaling was shown. The cryogenic suction theory is based on the eutectic behavior of salt solutions, which consist of two phases - water ice and liquid brine - between the freezing point and the eutectic temperature. The liquid brine acts as an additional moisture reservoir, which facilitates the growth of ice lenses in the surface layer of the concrete. The experiments in this thesis confirmed, that the ice formation in hardened cement paste increases due to the suction of brine at sub-zero temperatures. The extent of additional ice formation was influenced mainly by the porosity and by the chloride binding capacity of the hardened cement paste. Consequently, the cryogenic suction theory plausibly describes the actual generation of scaling, but it has to be expanded by some crucial aspects to represent the salt frost scaling attack completely. The most important aspect is the intensive saturation process, which is ascribed to the so-called micro ice lens pump. Therefore a combined damage theory was proposed, which considers multiple saturation processes. Important aspects of this combined theory were confirmed experimentally. As a result, the combined damage theory constitutes a good basis to understand the salt frost scaling attack on concrete on a fundamental level. Furthermore, a new approach was identified, to account for the reduced salt frost scaling resistance of concretes with reduced clinker content.},
  subject      = {Beton},
  language  = {en}
}
@masterthesis{Krtschil,
  type      = {Bachelor Thesis},
  author    = {Krtschil, Anna},
  title     = {Vergleich verschiedener Indikatoren in Bezug auf die {\"O}kobilanz von Geb{\"a}uden},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.2434},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20150716-24340},
  school      = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar},
  pages     = {73},
  abstract  = {Im Rahmen der Bachelorarbeit werden zwei Indikatoren zur Auswertung einer {\"O}kobilanz gegen{\"u}bergestellt. Die Umweltbelastungspunkte der Schweiz werden mit dem niederl{\"a}ndischen ReCiPe verglichen.},
  subject      = {Umweltbilanz},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Harirchian,
  author    = {Harirchian, Ehsan},
  title     = {Improved Rapid Assessment of Earthquake Hazard Safety of Existing Buildings Using a Hierarchical Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Model},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.4396},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20210326-43963},
  school      = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar},
  pages     = {143},
  abstract  = {Although it is impractical to avert subsequent natural disasters, advances in simulation science and seismological studies make it possible to lessen the catastrophic damage. There currently exists in many urban areas a large number of structures, which are prone to damage by earthquakes. These were constructed without the guidance of a national seismic code, either before it existed or before it was enforced. For instance, in Istanbul, Turkey, as a high seismic area, around 90\% of buildings are substandard, which can be generalized into other earthquakeprone regions in Turkey. The reliability of this building stock resulting from earthquake-induced collapse is currently uncertain. Nonetheless, it is also not feasible to perform a detailed seismic vulnerability analysis on each building as a solution to the scenario, as it will be too complicated and expensive. This indicates the necessity of a reliable, rapid, and computationally easy method for seismic vulnerability assessment, commonly known as Rapid Visual Screening (RVS). In RVS methodology, an observational survey of buildings is performed, and according to the data collected during the visual inspection, a structural score is calculated without performing any structural calculations to determine the expected damage of a building and whether the building needs detailed assessment. Although this method might save time and resources due to the subjective/qualitative judgments of experts who performed the inspection, the evaluation process is dominated by vagueness and uncertainties, where the vagueness can be handled adequately through the fuzzy set theory but do not cover all sort of uncertainties due to its crisp membership functions. In this study, a novel method of rapid visual hazard safety assessment of buildings against earthquake is introduced in which an interval type-2 fuzzy logic system (IT2FLS) is used to cover uncertainties. In addition, the proposed method provides the possibility to evaluate the earthquake risk of the building by considering factors related to the building importance and exposure. A smartphone app prototype of the method has been introduced. For validation of the proposed method, two case studies have been selected, and the result of the analysis presents the robust efficiency of the proposed method.},
  subject      = {Fuzzy-Logik},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Hollberg,
  author    = {Hollberg, Alexander},
  title     = {A parametric method for building design optimization based on Life Cycle Assessment - Appendix},
  series = {A parametric method for building design optimization based on Life Cycle Assessment},
  journal   = {A parametric method for building design optimization based on Life Cycle Assessment},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.2688},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20161101-26884},
  abstract  = {The building sector is responsible for a large share of human environmental impacts, over which architects and planners have a major influence. The main objective of this thesis is to develop a method for environmental building design optimization based on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) that is applicable as part of the design process. The research approach includes a thorough analysis of LCA for buildings in relation to the architectural design stages and the establishment of a requirement catalogue. The key concept of the novel method called Parametric Life Cycle Assessment(PLCA) is to combine LCA with parametric design. The application of this method to three examples shows that building designs can be optimized time-efficiently and holistically from the beginning of the most influential early design stages, an achievement which has not been possible until now.},
  subject      = {{\"O}kobilanz},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AlaladeReichertKoehnetal.,
  author    = {Alalade, Muyiwa and Reichert, Ina and K{\"o}hn, Daniel and Wuttke, Frank and Lahmer, Tom},
  title     = {A Cyclic Multi-Stage Implementation of the Full-Waveform Inversion for the Identification of Anomalies in Dams},
  series = {Infrastructures},
  volume    = {2022},
  journal   = {Infrastructures},
  number    = {Volume 7, issue 12, article 161},
  editor    = {Qu, Chunxu and Gao, Chunxu and Zhang, Rui and Jia, Ziguang and Li, Jiaxiang},
  publisher = {MDPI},
  address   = {Basel},
  doi       = {10.3390/infrastructures7120161},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20221201-48396},
  pages     = {19},
  abstract  = {For the safe and efficient operation of dams, frequent monitoring and maintenance are required. These are usually expensive, time consuming, and cumbersome. To alleviate these issues, we propose applying a wave-based scheme for the location and quantification of damages in dams. To obtain high-resolution "interpretable" images of the damaged regions, we drew inspiration from non-linear full-multigrid methods for inverse problems and applied a new cyclic multi-stage full-waveform inversion (FWI) scheme. Our approach is less susceptible to the stability issues faced by the standard FWI scheme when dealing with ill-posed problems. In this paper, we first selected an optimal acquisition setup and then applied synthetic data to demonstrate the capability of our approach in identifying a series of anomalies in dams by a mixture of reflection and transmission tomography. The results had sufficient robustness, showing the prospects of application in the field of non-destructive testing of dams.},
  subject      = {Damm},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Blickling2006,
  author    = {Blickling, Arno},
  title     = {Spezifikation des Bau-Solls durch interaktive Modellierung auf virtuellen Baustellen},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.790},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20061105-8311},
  school      = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {Heutige Methoden zur Soll-Spezifikation von Bauleistungen (Kostenermittlung und zeitliche Ablaufplanung) gehen von einer abstrahierten und vereinfachten Betrachtung der Zusammenh{\"a}nge bei Bauprojekten aus. Leistungsverzeichnisse, Kostenermittlungen und Bauzeitpl{\"a}ne orientieren sich nur indirekt an der Geometrie des Bauwerks und der Baustelle. Die dabei verwendeten Medien wie Papier, 2D-Dateien, digitale Leistungsbeschreibungen oder 3D-Darstellungen lassen die Suche nach Informationen auf der Baustelle zu einem zeitaufw{\"a}ndigen und in Anbetracht existierender Medientechnologien ineffizienten Prozess werden. Interaktive virtuelle Umgebungen erlauben die Aufl{\"o}sung starrer Zusammenh{\"a}nge durch interaktive Eingriffe des Anwenders und visualisieren komplexe bauproduktionstechnische Vorg{\"a}nge. Das Konzept der visuellen interaktiven Simulation der Bauproduktion sieht vor, die Soll-Spezifikation anhand eines interaktiven 3D-Modells zu entwickeln, um r{\"a}umliche Ver{\"a}nderungen und parallele Prozesse auf der virtuellen Baustelle im Rahmen der Entscheidungsfindung zum Bauablauf besser ber{\"u}cksichtigen zu k{\"o}nnen. Verlangt man einen hohen Grad an Interaktivit{\"a}t mit dem 3D-Modell, dann bieten sich Computerspieltechnologien sehr gut zu Verifikationszwecken an. Die visuelle interaktive Simulation der Bauproduktion ist damit als eine 3D-modellbasierte Methode der Prozessmodellierung zu verstehen, die Entscheidungen als Input ben{\"o}tigt und die Kostenermittlung sowie die zeitliche Ablaufplanung als Output liefert.},
  subject      = {Virtuelle Realit{\"a}t},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{ChowdhuryZabel,
  author    = {Chowdhury, Sharmistha and Zabel, Volkmar},
  title     = {Influence of loading sequence on wind induced fatigue assessment of bolts in TV-tower connection block},
  series = {Results in Engineering},
  volume    = {2022},
  journal   = {Results in Engineering},
  number    = {Volume 16, article 100603},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.rineng.2022.100603},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20221028-47303},
  pages     = {1 -- 18},
  abstract  = {Bolted connections are widely employed in structures like transmission poles, wind turbines, and television (TV) towers. The behaviour of bolted connections is often complex and plays a significant role in the overall dynamic characteristics of the structure. The goal of this work is to conduct a fatigue lifecycle assessment of such a bolted connection block of a 193 m tall TV tower, for which 205 days of real measurement data have been obtained from the installed monitoring devices. Based on the recorded data, the best-fit stochastic wind distribution for 50 years, the decisive wind action, and the locations to carry out the fatigue analysis have been decided. A 3D beam model of the entire tower is developed to extract the nodal forces corresponding to the connection block location under various mean wind speeds, which is later coupled with a detailed complex finite element model of the connection block, with over three million degrees of freedom, for acquiring stress histories on some pre-selected bolts. The random stress histories are analysed using the rainflow counting algorithm (RCA) and the damage is estimated using Palmgren-Miner's damage accumulation law. A modification is proposed to integrate the loading sequence effect into the RCA, which otherwise is ignored, and the differences between the two RCAs are investigated in terms of the accumulated damage.},
  subject      = {Schadensakkumulation},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ArnoldKraus,
  author    = {Arnold, Robert and Kraus, Matthias},
  title     = {On the nonstationary identification of climate-influenced loads for the semi-probabilistic approach using measured and projected data},
  series = {Cogent Engineering},
  volume    = {2022},
  journal   = {Cogent Engineering},
  number    = {Volume 9, issue 1, article 2143061},
  editor    = {Pham, Duc},
  publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
  address   = {London},
  doi       = {10.1080/23311916.2022.2143061},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20221117-47363},
  pages     = {1 -- 26},
  abstract  = {A safe and economic structural design based on the semi-probabilistic concept requires statistically representative safety elements, such as characteristic values, design values, and partial safety factors. Regarding climate loads, the safety levels of current design codes strongly reflect experiences based on former measurements and investigations assuming stationary conditions, i.e. involving constant frequencies and intensities. However, due to climate change, occurrence of corresponding extreme weather events is expected to alter in the future influencing the reliability and safety of structures and their components. Based on established approaches, a systematically refined data-driven methodology for the determination of design parameters considering nonstationarity as well as standardized targets of structural reliability or safety, respectively, is therefore proposed. The presented procedure picks up fundamentals of European standardization and extends them with respect to nonstationarity by applying a shifting time window method. Taking projected snow loads into account, the application of the method is exemplarily demonstrated and various influencing parameters are discussed.},
  subject      = {Reliabilit{\"a}t},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ChowdhuryKraus,
  author    = {Chowdhury, Sharmistha and Kraus, Matthias},
  title     = {Design-related reassessment of structures integrating Bayesian updating of model safety factors},
  series = {Results in Engineering},
  volume    = {2022},
  journal   = {Results in Engineering},
  number    = {Volume 16, article 100560},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.rineng.2022.100560},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20221028-47294},
  pages     = {1 -- 1},
  abstract  = {In the semi-probabilistic approach of structural design, the partial safety factors are defined by considering some degree of uncertainties to actions and resistance, associated with the parameters' stochastic nature. However, uncertainties for individual structures can be better examined by incorporating measurement data provided by sensors from an installed health monitoring scheme. In this context, the current study proposes an approach to revise the partial safety factor for existing structures on the action side, γE by integrating Bayesian model updating. A simple numerical example of a beam-like structure with artificially generated measurement data is used such that the influence of different sensor setups and data uncertainties on revising the safety factors can be investigated. It is revealed that the health monitoring system can reassess the current capacity reserve of the structure by updating the design safety factors, resulting in a better life cycle assessment of structures. The outcome is furthermore verified by analysing a real life small railway steel bridge ensuring the applicability of the proposed method to practical applications.},
  subject      = {Lebenszyklus},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KumariHarirchianLahmeretal.,
  author    = {Kumari, Vandana and Harirchian, Ehsan and Lahmer, Tom and Rasulzade, Shahla},
  title     = {Evaluation of Machine Learning and Web-Based Process for Damage Score Estimation of Existing Buildings},
  series = {Buildings},
  volume    = {2022},
  journal   = {Buildings},
  number    = {Volume 12, issue 5, article 578},
  publisher = {MDPI},
  address   = {Basel},
  doi       = {10.3390/buildings12050578},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20220509-46387},
  pages     = {1 -- 23},
  abstract  = {The seismic vulnerability assessment of existing reinforced concrete (RC) buildings is a significant source of disaster mitigation plans and rescue services. Different countries evolved various Rapid Visual Screening (RVS) techniques and methodologies to deal with the devastating consequences of earthquakes on the structural characteristics of buildings and human casualties. Artificial intelligence (AI) methods, such as machine learning (ML) algorithm-based methods, are increasingly used in various scientific and technical applications. The investigation toward using these techniques in civil engineering applications has shown encouraging results and reduced human intervention, including uncertainties and biased judgment. In this study, several known non-parametric algorithms are investigated toward RVS using a dataset employing different earthquakes. Moreover, the methodology encourages the possibility of examining the buildings' vulnerability based on the factors related to the buildings' importance and exposure. In addition, a web-based application built on Django is introduced. The interface is designed with the idea to ease the seismic vulnerability investigation in real-time. The concept was validated using two case studies, and the achieved results showed the proposed approach's potential efficiency},
  subject      = {Maschinelles Lernen},
  language  = {en}
}
@masterthesis{Nguyen,
  type      = {Bachelor Thesis},
  author    = {Nguyen, Thai Cuong},
  title     = {Fl{\"a}chen zweiter Ordnung - D{\"a}cher m{\"u}ssen nicht eben sein},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.3749},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20181024-37496},
  school      = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar},
  pages     = {47},
  abstract  = {In dieser Arbeit geht es um die Quadriken in der Ebene und im Raum. Dabei werden die Transformation in die Normalform und die Klassifikation untersucht. Aus den geometrischen Eigenschaften werden einige Anwendungsbeispiele der Quadriken in der Technik und dem allt{\"a}glichen Leben vorgestellt.},
  subject      = {Quadrik},
  language  = {de}
}
@techreport{VogelVoelkerArnoldetal.,
  author    = {Vogel, Albert and V{\"o}lker, Conrad and Arnold, J{\"o}rg and Schmidt, Jens and Thurow, Torsten and Braunes, J{\"o}rg and Tonn, Christian and Bode, Kay-Andr{\´e} and Baldy, Franziska and Erfurt, Wolfgang and Tatarin, Ren{\´e}},
  title     = {Methoden und Baustoffe zur nutzerorientierten Bausanierung. Schlussbericht zum InnoProfile Forschungsvorhaben},
  organization    = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar},
  isbn      = {978-3-86068-501-3 (Printausg.)},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.2022},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20130830-20229},
  pages     = {106},
  abstract  = {Nutzerorientierte Bausanierung bedeutet eine gegen{\"u}ber dem konventionellen Vorgehen deutlich verst{\"a}rkte Ausrichtung des Planungs- und Sanierungsprozesses auf die Anforderungen und Bed{\"u}rfnisse des zuk{\"u}nftigen Nutzers eines Geb{\"a}udes. Dies hat einerseits ein hochwertigeres Produkt zum Ergebnis, erfordert andererseits aber auch den Einsatz neuer Methoden und Baustoffe sowie ein vernetztes Zusammenarbeiten aller am Bauprozess Beteiligten. Der Fokus der Publikation liegt dabei auf den Bereichen, die eine hohe Relevanz f{\"u}r die nutzerorientierte Bausanierung aufweisen. Dabei handelt es sich insbesondere um: Computergest{\"u}tztes Bauaufmaß und digitale Bauwerksmodellierung (BIM), bauphysikalische Methoden zur Optimierung von Energieeffizienz und Behaglichkeit bei der Sanierung von Bestandsgeb{\"a}uden, zerst{\"o}rungsfreie Untersuchungsmethoden im Rahmen einer substanzschonenden Bauzustandsanalyse und Entwicklung von Erg{\"a}nzungsbaustoffen. Das Projekt nuBau ist eine Kooperation zwischen den Fakult{\"a}ten Bauingenieurwesen und Architektur der Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar. Die beteiligten Professuren sind: Bauphysik, Informatik in der Architektur, Polymere Werkstoffe und Werkstoffe des Bauens.},
  subject      = {Nutzerorientierte Bausanierung},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{HarirchianKumariJadhavetal.,
  author    = {Harirchian, Ehsan and Kumari, Vandana and Jadhav, Kirti and Rasulzade, Shahla and Lahmer, Tom and Raj Das, Rohan},
  title     = {A Synthesized Study Based on Machine Learning Approaches for Rapid Classifying Earthquake Damage Grades to RC Buildings},
  series = {Applied Sciences},
  volume    = {2021},
  journal   = {Applied Sciences},
  number    = {Volume 11, issue 16, article 7540},
  publisher = {MDPI},
  address   = {Basel},
  doi       = {10.3390/app11167540},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20210818-44853},
  pages     = {1 -- 33},
  abstract  = {A vast number of existing buildings were constructed before the development and enforcement of seismic design codes, which run into the risk of being severely damaged under the action of seismic excitations. This poses not only a threat to the life of people but also affects the socio-economic stability in the affected area. Therefore, it is necessary to assess such buildings' present vulnerability to make an educated decision regarding risk mitigation by seismic strengthening techniques such as retrofitting. However, it is economically and timely manner not feasible to inspect, repair, and augment every old building on an urban scale. As a result, a reliable rapid screening methods, namely Rapid Visual Screening (RVS), have garnered increasing interest among researchers and decision-makers alike. In this study, the effectiveness of five different Machine Learning (ML) techniques in vulnerability prediction applications have been investigated. The damage data of four different earthquakes from Ecuador, Haiti, Nepal, and South Korea, have been utilized to train and test the developed models. Eight performance modifiers have been implemented as variables with a supervised ML. The investigations on this paper illustrate that the assessed vulnerability classes by ML techniques were very close to the actual damage levels observed in the buildings.},
  subject      = {Maschinelles Lernen},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{TarabenMorgenthal,
  author    = {Taraben, Jakob and Morgenthal, Guido},
  title     = {Integration and Comparison Methods for Multitemporal Image-Based 2D Annotations in Linked 3D Building Documentation},
  series = {Remote Sensing},
  volume    = {2022},
  journal   = {Remote Sensing},
  number    = {Volume 14, issue 9, article 2286},
  publisher = {MDPI},
  address   = {Basel},
  doi       = {10.3390/rs14092286},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20220513-46488},
  pages     = {1 -- 20},
  abstract  = {Data acquisition systems and methods to capture high-resolution images or reconstruct 3D point clouds of existing structures are an effective way to document their as-is condition. These methods enable a detailed analysis of building surfaces, providing precise 3D representations. However, for the condition assessment and documentation, damages are mainly annotated in 2D representations, such as images, orthophotos, or technical drawings, which do not allow for the application of a 3D workflow or automated comparisons of multitemporal datasets. In the available software for building heritage data management and analysis, a wide range of annotation and evaluation functions are available, but they also lack integrated post-processing methods and systematic workflows. The article presents novel methods developed to facilitate such automated 3D workflows and validates them on a small historic church building in Thuringia, Germany. Post-processing steps using photogrammetric 3D reconstruction data along with imagery were implemented, which show the possibilities of integrating 2D annotations into 3D documentations. Further, the application of voxel-based methods on the dataset enables the evaluation of geometrical changes of multitemporal annotations in different states and the assignment to elements of scans or building models. The proposed workflow also highlights the potential of these methods for condition assessment and planning of restoration work, as well as the possibility to represent the analysis results in standardised building model formats.},
  subject      = {Bauwesen},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Hanna,
  author    = {Hanna, John},
  title     = {Computational Modelling for the Effects of Capsular Clustering on Fracture of Encapsulation-Based Self-Healing Concrete Using XFEM and Cohesive Surface Technique},
  series = {Applied Sciences},
  volume    = {2022},
  journal   = {Applied Sciences},
  number    = {Volume 12, issue 10, article 5112},
  publisher = {MDPI},
  address   = {Basel},
  doi       = {10.3390/app12105112},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20220721-46717},
  pages     = {1 -- 17},
  abstract  = {The fracture of microcapsules is an important issue to release the healing agent for healing the cracks in encapsulation-based self-healing concrete. The capsular clustering generated from the concrete mixing process is considered one of the critical factors in the fracture mechanism. Since there is a lack of studies in the literature regarding this issue, the design of self-healing concrete cannot be made without an appropriate modelling strategy. In this paper, the effects of microcapsule size and clustering on the fractured microcapsules are studied computationally. A simple 2D computational modelling approach is developed based on the eXtended Finite Element Method (XFEM) and cohesive surface technique. The proposed model shows that the microcapsule size and clustering have significant roles in governing the load-carrying capacity and the crack propagation pattern and determines whether the microcapsule will be fractured or debonded from the concrete matrix. The higher the microcapsule circumferential contact length, the higher the load-carrying capacity. When it is lower than 25\% of the microcapsule circumference, it will result in a greater possibility for the debonding of the microcapsule from the concrete. The greater the core/shell ratio (smaller shell thickness), the greater the likelihood of microcapsules being fractured.},
  subject      = {Beton},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Koenig,
  author    = {K{\"o}nig, Reinhard},
  title     = {Interview on Information Architecture},
  series = {Swiss Architecture in the Moving Image},
  journal   = {Swiss Architecture in the Moving Image},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.2507},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20180422-25078},
  pages     = {151 -- 154},
  abstract  = {Interview on Information Architecture},
  subject      = {Architektur},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SirtlHadlichKrausetal.,
  author    = {Sirtl, Christin and Hadlich, Christiane and Kraus, Matthias and Osburg, Andrea},
  title     = {Determination of Bonding Failures in Transparent Materials with Non-Destructive Methods - Evaluation of Climatically Stressed Glued and Laminated Glass Compounds},
  series = {World Journal of Engineering and Technology},
  volume    = {2018},
  journal   = {World Journal of Engineering and Technology},
  number    = {Vol. 6, No 2},
  doi       = {10.4236/wjet.2018.62020},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20180606-37526},
  pages     = {315 -- 331},
  abstract  = {As part of an international research project - funded by the European Union - capillary glasses for facades are being developed exploiting storage energy by means of fluids flowing through the capillaries. To meet highest visual demands, acrylate adhesives and EVA films are tested as possible bonding materials for the glass setup. Especially non-destructive methods (visual analysis, analysis of birefringent properties and computed tomographic data) are applied to evaluate failure patterns as well as the long-term behavior considering climatic influences. The experimental investigations are presented after different loading periods, providing information of failure developments. In addition, detailed information and scientific findings on the application of computed tomographic analyses are presented.},
  subject      = {Klebtechnik},
  language  = {en}
}
@masterthesis{Boewe,
  type      = {Bachelor Thesis},
  author    = {B{\"o}we, Annelie},
  title     = {Entscheidungsfindung im Herstellungsprozess von Br{\"u}ckenkappen},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.1644},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20120425-16447},
  school      = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar},
  abstract  = {Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde die Entscheidungsfindung im Herstellungsprozess von Br{\"u}ckenkappen untersucht. Es stellte sich heraus, dass die Fuzzy-Methode ein geeignetes Werkzeug sein k{\"o}nnte, die Teilprozesse auf die M{\"o}glichkeit ihrer Parallelisierung hin zu untersuchen. Um diese Theorie zu testen, wurde auf den Grundlagen von Arbeiten der Professur Baubetrieb und Bauverfahren der Prozess n{\"a}her analysiert und unterst{\"u}tzend durch eigene Recherchen ein UML-Diagramm erstellt, welches als Aktivit{\"a}tsdiagramm ausgebildet wurde. Aufbauend auf diesem Ablauf und den gewonnenen Kenntnissen zur Herstellung einer Br{\"u}ckenkappe, konnten die einzelnen Prozesse zu Teilprozessen, sogenannten Bausteinen, zusammengefasst werden. Diese Bausteine sind entstanden, um die Simulation m{\"o}glich zu machen, indem der Ablauf weniger komplex wird und nur die Prozesse zu beurteilen sind, die beeinflusst bzw. in ihrer Reihenfolge bis zu einem gewissen Grad variabel sind. Eine erleichterte Interaktion mit den Bausteinen und deren {\"U}berf{\"u}hrung in ein Simulationsprogramm wurde {\"u}ber Templates realisiert. So besitzt jeder Baustein eine einheitliche Struktur. Unter anderem beinhalten die Bausteine die jeweiligen Ressourcen und Parameter, sowie die Abh{\"a}ngigkeiten der Prozesse untereinander und die zugeh{\"o}rige Priorit{\"a}t. Zur Entscheidungsfindung wurde die Fuzzylogik herangezogen und die Problemstellung der Parallelisierung zum Ziel gesetzt. Die Realisierung wurde {\"u}ber einen Entscheidungsbaum und das daraus resultierende Regelwerk erreicht. Somit ließen sich, ausgehend von einem festgelegten Prozess und durch die Fuzzifizierung der Eingangsparameter Priorit{\"a}t, Prozessdauer und Verf{\"u}gbarkeit der Ressourcen und Arbeitskr{\"a}fte, verschiedene Pfade identifizieren, allerdings nur in Verbindung mit den vorher analysierten Abh{\"a}ngigkeiten. F{\"u}r jeden der Eingangsparameter wurden so Fuzzy-Sets erstellt. {\"U}ber den Entscheidungsbaum, welcher mit den linguistischen Variablen versehen wurde, konnte {\"u}ber sogenannte "und" - Verkn{\"u}pfungen das Regelwerk aufgestellt werden. Das gek{\"u}rzte Regelwerk in dieser Arbeit beinhaltet grunds{\"a}tzlich nur die Regeln, die auch zu einer wirklichen Entscheidung f{\"u}hren. Daraus folgt, dass es m{\"o}glich ist mittels der Fuzzy-Methode eine Entscheidung dar{\"u}ber zu f{\"a}llen, ob zwei Prozesse zu parallelisieren sind oder nicht und aufgetretene Verz{\"o}gerungen wieder eingeholt werden k{\"o}nnen.},
  subject      = {Entscheidungsfindung},
  language  = {de}
}
@masterthesis{Schumann,
  type      = {Bachelor Thesis},
  author    = {Schumann, Alexander},
  title     = {Untersuchung und Beurteilung des Rissverhaltens eines Betongelenkes anhand unterschiedlicher Methoden},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.1982},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20130722-19829},
  school      = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar},
  pages     = {95},
  abstract  = {Die Bruchmechanik hat einen wichtigen Platz im modernen Bauingenieurwesen, um die Ausbreitung von Rissen in Bauteilen und ihre Gef{\"a}hrlichkeit einzusch{\"a}tzen. Dabei kommen verschiedenste Methoden zum Einsatz. In dieser Arbeit soll die Qualit{\"a}tsbewertung f{\"u}r einige dieser Methoden untersucht werden. Zu vergleichen sind u. a. die Genauigkeit, die Schnelligkeit, die Komplexit{\"a}t und die Stabilit{\"a}t. In den Vergleich sind die Finite Elemente Methode, die Extended Finite Elemente Methode und eine Kopplungsmethode (analytische L{\"o}sung f{\"u}r die Rissspitze und Finite Elemente L{\"o}sung f{\"u}r den Rest des Gebietes) einzubeziehen. Als reales Beispiel aus dem Bauingenieurwesen wird ein Betongelenk mit einem vorhandenen Riss betrachtet.},
  subject      = {Finite Elemente Methode},
  language  = {de}
}
@masterthesis{Mueller,
  type      = {Bachelor Thesis},
  author    = {M{\"u}ller, Naira},
  title     = {Erweiterung von Fliplife mit bauphysikalischen Inhalten},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.1676},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20120704-16763},
  school      = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar},
  pages     = {105},
  abstract  = {In dieser Arbeit wurde ein Konzept erstellt, das Fliplife um einen bauphysikalischen Karriereweg erweitert. In das Spiel wurden beispielhaft bauphysikalische Inhalte sowie spielkonzept-kompatible und wissensvermittelnde Spielmechaniken implementiert.},
  subject      = {Social Game},
  language  = {de}
}
@inproceedings{SirtlKraus,
  author    = {Sirtl, Christin and Kraus, Matthias},
  title     = {Bonding Quality of Joined Glass Components Exposed to UV and Fluidic Influences},
  publisher = {Ernst \& Sohn Verlag f{\"u}r Architektur und technische Wissenschaften GmbH \& Co. KG},
  address   = {Berlin},
  isbn      = {978-3-433-03269-5},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.3914},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20190514-39144},
  pages     = {10},
  abstract  = {Components of structural glazing have to meet different requirements and resist various impacts, depending on the field of application. Within an international research project of the EU innovation program Horizon 2020, special glass panes with a fluid circulating in capillaries are developed exploiting solar energy. Major influences to this glazing are UV irradiation and the fluidic contact, effecting the mechanical and optical durability of the bonding material within the glass setup. Regarding to visual requirements, acrylate adhesives and EVA films are analyzed as possible bonding materials by destructive and non-destructive testing methods. Two types of specimen are presented for obtaining the mechanical behavior and the surface appearances of the bonding material.},
  subject      = {Alterung},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{VoellmeckeSchwendnerHoetal.,
  author    = {V{\"o}llmecke, Lars and Schwendner, Sascha and Ho, Ai Phien and Fischer, Jens and Seim, Werner},
  title     = {Assessment of nailed connections in existing structures},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.6361},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20230609-63615},
  pages     = {7},
  abstract  = {This paper presents the development of an assessment scheme for a visual qualitative evaluation of nailed connections in existing structures, such as board trusses. In terms of further use and preservation, a quick visual inspection will help to evaluate the quality of a structure regarding its load-bearing capacity and deformation behaviour. Tests of old and new nailed joints in combination with a rating scheme point out the correlation between the load-bearing capacity and condition of a joint. Old joints of comparatively good condition tend to exhibit better results than those of poor condition. Moreover, aged joints are generally more load-bearing than newly assembled ones.},
  subject      = {Holzbau},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{MizrakBilen,
  author    = {Mizrak Bilen, Burcin},
  title     = {A Power-Centered Approach to the Capitalization of Climate Change in Property Sector and Strategic Limitation},
  doi       = {10.25643/BAUHAUS-UNIVERSITAET.3840},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20190107-38406},
  school      = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar},
  pages     = {256},
  abstract  = {The capitalization of 'certified' sustainable building sector will be investigated over the power theory of value approach of Jonathan Nitzan and Shimshon Bichler. The study will be initiated by questioning why the environment problems are one of the first items on the agenda and by sharing the ideas of scholars who approaches the subject skeptically, because the predominant literature underlying the necessity and prominence of the topic is already well-known and adapted by the majority. Over the theory developed by Nitzan and Bichler, the concepts of capitalization, strategic sabotage, power, legitimacy, and obedience will be discussed. The hypothesis of "the absentee owners of the construction sector, holding the whip hand and capitalizing the ecology, control the growth and the creativity of green building production and make it carbon-dependent, in order to increase their profit margin" will be questioned. To strengthen the arguments in the hypothesis, the factors, the institutional arrangements, value measurement methods, which affect directly the net present value, will be investigated both in corporation and in building scale in detail, because net present value/ capitalization is asserted as the most important criteria by Nitzan and Bichler to make the investment decisions in the capitalist economic system. To trace the implications of power and the strategic sabotage that power caused, as the empirical dimension of this dissertation, an interface exploring the correlational ties between the climate responsive architecture and the ever changing political, economical, and social contexts and building economics praxis by decades will be developed and the expert interviews will be conducted with the design teams and the appraisers.},
  subject      = {Klima{\"a}nderung},
  language  = {en}
}