@phdthesis{Staeudel,
  author    = {St{\"a}udel, J{\"u}rgen},
  title     = {Development, Implementation and Operation of Integrated Sanitation Systems Based on Material-Flows - Integrated Sanitation in the City of Darkhan, Mongolia - A Practicable Example},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.3179},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20170512-31794},
  school      = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar},
  abstract  = {The world society faces a huge challenge to implement the human right of "access to sanitation". More and more it is accepted that the conventional approach towards providing sanitation services is not suitable to solve this problem. This dissertation examines the possibility to enhance "access to sanitation" for people who are living in areas with underdeveloped water and wastewater infrastructure systems. The idea hereby is to follow an integrated approach for sanitation, which allows for a mutual completion of existing infrastructure with resource-based sanitation systems. The notion "integrated sanitation system (iSaS)" is defined in this work and guiding principles for iSaS are formulated. Further on the implementation of iSaS is assessed at the example of a case study in the city of Darkhan in Mongolia. More than half of Mongolia's population live in settlements where yurts (tents of Nomadic people) are predominant. In these settlements (or "ger areas") sanitation systems are not existent and the hygienic situation is precarious. An iSaS has been developed for the ger areas in Darkhan and tested over more than two years. Further on a software-based model has been developed with the goal to describe and assess different variations of the iSaS. The results of the assessment of material-flows, monetary-flows and communication-flows within the iSaS are presented in this dissertation. The iSaS model is adaptable and transferable to the socio-economic conditions in other regions and climate zones.},
  subject      = {Abwasser},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Schmitz,
  author    = {Schmitz, Tonia Annick},
  title     = {Entwicklung und Bilanzierung eines Photobioreaktorsystems zur Makroalgenkultivierung am Standort einer landwirtschaftlichen Biogasanlage},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.4177},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20200604-41774},
  school      = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar},
  pages     = {220},
  abstract  = {Marine Makroalgen besitzen vielversprechende Eigenschaften und Inhaltsstoffe f{\"u}r die Verwendung als Energietr{\"a}ger, Nahrungsmittel oder als Ausgangsstoff f{\"u}r Pharmazeutika. Dass die Quantit{\"a}t und Qualit{\"a}t der in nat{\"u}rlicher Umgebung wachsenden Makroalgen schwankt, reduziert jedoch deren Verwertbarkeit und erschwert die Erschließung hochpreisiger Marktsegmente. Zudem ist eine Ausweitung der Zucht in marinen und k{\"u}stennahen Aquakulturen in Europa gegenw{\"a}rtig wenig aussichtsreich, da vielversprechende Areale bereits zum Fischfang oder als Erholungs- bzw. Naturschutzgebiete ausgewiesen sind. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird demzufolge ein geschlossenes Photobioreaktorsystem zur Makroalgenkultivierung entwickelt, welches eine umfassende Kontrolle der abiotischen Kultivierungsparameter und eine effektive Aufbereitung des Kulturmediums vorsieht, um eine standortunabh{\"a}ngige Algenproduktion zu erm{\"o}glichen. Zur Bilanzierung des Gesamtkonzeptes einer Kultivierung und Verwertung (stofflich oder energetisch) werden die spezifischen Wachstumsraten und Methanbildungspotentiale der Algenarten Ulva intestinalis, Fucus vesiculosus und Palmaria palmata in praktischen Versuchen ermittelt. Im Ergebnis wird f{\"u}r den gegenw{\"a}rtigen Entwicklungsstand der Kultivierungsanlage eine positive Bilanz f{\"u}r die stoffliche Verwertung der Algenart Ulva intestinalis und eine negative Bilanz f{\"u}r die energetische Verwertung aller untersuchten Algenarten erzielt. Wird ein Optimalszenario betrachtet, indem die Besatzdichten und Wachstumsraten der Algen in der Zucht erh{\"o}ht werden, bleibt die Energiebilanz negativ. Allerdings summieren sich die finanzielle Einnahmen durch einen Verkauf der Algen als Produkt auf j{\"a}hrlich 460.869€ f{\"u}r Ulva intestinalis, 4.010€ f{\"u}r Fucus vesiculosus und 16.913€ f{\"u}r Palmaria palmata. Im Ergebnis ist insbesondere eine stoffliche Verwertung der gez{\"u}chteten Gr{\"u}nalge Ulva intestinalis anzustreben und die Produktivit{\"a}t der Zuchtanlage im Sinne des Optimalszenarios zu steigern.},
  subject      = {Makroalgen},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{LondongBarthSoebke,
  author    = {Londong, J{\"o}rg and Barth, Marcus and S{\"o}bke, Heinrich},
  title     = {Modeling and Simulation of Source Separation in Sanitation Systems for Reducing Emissions of Antimicrobial Resistances},
  series = {Water},
  volume    = {2021},
  journal   = {Water},
  number    = {Volume 13, issue 23, article 3342},
  publisher = {MDPI},
  address   = {Basel},
  doi       = {10.3390/w13233342},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20211202-45338},
  pages     = {1 -- 19},
  abstract  = {Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as one of the top ten threats to public health worldwide. In addition to public health, AMR also poses a major threat to food security and economic development. Current sanitation systems contribute to the emergence and spread of AMR and lack effective AMR mitigation measures. This study assesses source separation of blackwater as a mitigation measure against AMR. A source-separation-modified combined sanitation system with separate collection of blackwater and graywater is conceptually described. Measures taken at the source, such as the separate collection and discharge of material flows, were not considered so far on a load balance basis, i.e., they have not yet been evaluated for their effectiveness. The sanitation system described is compared with a combined system and a separate system regarding AMR emissions by means of simulation. AMR is represented in the simulation model by one proxy parameter each for antibiotics (sulfamethoxa-zole), antibiotic-resistant bacteria (extended-spectrum beta-lactamase E. Coli), and antibiotic re-sistance genes (blaTEM). The simulation results suggest that the source-separation-based sanitation system reduces emissions of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes into the aquatic environment by more than six logarithm steps compared to combined systems. Sulfa-methoxazole emissions can be reduced by 75.5\% by keeping blackwater separate from graywater and treating it sufficiently. In summary, sanitation systems incorporating source separation are, to date, among the most effective means of preventing the emission of AMR into the aquatic envi-ronment.},
  subject      = {Abwasser},
  language  = {en}
}