@inproceedings{HauschildBorrmannHuebler2004,
  author    = {Hauschild, Thomas and Borrmann, Andr{\´e} and H{\"u}bler, Reinhard},
  title     = {Integration of Constraints into Digital Building Models for Cooperative Planning Processes},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.177},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-1775},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {The uniqueness and the long life cycle of buildings imply a dynamically modifiable building model. The technological foundation for the management of digital building models, a dynamic model management system (MMS), developed by our research group, allows to explicitly access and to modify the object model of the stored planning data. In this paper, the integration of constraints in digital building models will be shown. Constraints are conditions, which apply to the instances of domain model classes, and are defined by the user at runtime of the information system. For the expression of constraints, the Constraint Modelling Language (CML) has been developed and will be described in this paper. CML is a powerful, intuitively usable object-oriented language, which allows the expression of constraints at a high semantic level. A constrained-enabled MMS can verify, whether an instance fulfils the applying constraints. To ensure flexibility, the evaluation of constraints is not implicitly performed by the systems, but explicitly initiated by the user. A classification of constraint types and example usage scenarios are given.},
  subject      = {Architektur},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Oetsch2004,
  author    = {{\"O}tsch, Silke},
  title     = {{\"U}berw{\"a}ltigen und schmeicheln. Der physiologische, symbolische und ganzheitliche K{\"o}rper in der Architektur.},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.659},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20050727-6926},
  school      = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {Der menschliche K{\"o}rper ist Bezugspunkt von repr{\"a}sentativen Str{\"o}mungen der zeitgen{\"o}ssischen Architektur, so lautet die Hauptthese der Dissertation. Bislang wurde das zeitgen{\"o}ssische architekturimmanente Konzept des K{\"o}rpers gr{\"o}ßtenteils selektiv und anhand wenig repr{\"a}sentativer Beispiele von der Kritik behandelt: Ein auf physiologische Gesichtspunkte reduzierter K{\"o}rper interagiert mit Bauten der klassischen Moderne oder neuen Medientechnologien. Eine umfassende Besch{\"a}ftigung mit theoretischen Konzepten des K{\"o}rpers und mit dem Fallbeispiel der zeitgen{\"o}ssischen Hotel- und Kasinoarchitektur in Las Vegas zeigt, dass der Begriff des K{\"o}rpers komplexer geworden ist, womit der Bezug zum K{\"o}rper weniger augenf{\"a}llig erscheint. Der Ansatz der Ph{\"a}nomenologie, Erkl{\"a}rungsmuster durch eine Hinwendung zum K{\"o}rper zu erhalten wird von verschiedenen Autoren in Frage gestellt. Wenn die Grenzen von K{\"o}rper bzw. Leib und Umwelt nicht mehr zu bestimmen sind, tauge der Begriff nicht als Letztbegr{\"u}ndung. Diese Kritik kann entkr{\"a}ftet werden, wenn auf das Modell der animate form der Philosophin Sheets-Johnstone zur{\"u}ckgegriffen wird. Dieses Konzept f{\"u}hrt {\"u}ber Merleau-Pontys K{\"o}rperbegriff hinaus, der Sheets-Johnstones Aussage nach abstrakt sei. Insbesondere eine Hinwendung zum taktil-kin{\"a}sthetischen K{\"o}rper liefert neue Perspektiven. Damit ist es sinnvoll, Architektur in ihrer Beziehung zum K{\"o}rper zu beurteilen, weil der K{\"o}rper definierbar und eingrenzbar ist. Anhand des Fallbeispiels der Hotel- und Kasinoarchitektur von Las Vegas kann aufzeigt werden, in welcher Weise sich Planer heute auf den K{\"o}rper beziehen. Architektur geht in einem Megamedium auf, umgesetzt mit unterschiedlichen Techniken der Umweltgestaltung. Sowohl die Quantit{\"a}t als auch die Qualit{\"a}t der eingesetzten Reize nimmt zu. Dabei werden vor allem Reize eingesetzt, die tendenziell unbewusst wahrgenommen werden. Neben der Abstimmung auf die Sinne und die physische Beschaffenheit wird die symbolische Pr{\"a}gung des K{\"o}rpers beachtet. W{\"u}nsche und Vorstellungen der Nutzer werden {\"u}ber Zielgruppenanalysen ermittelt und finden ihre Entsprechung in semiotischen Architekturelementen. Diese werden so gestaltet, dass der Nutzer den semiotischen Gehalt zugleich sinnlich erf{\"a}hrt. Dieses Konzept des K{\"o}rpers wird als ganzheitlicher K{\"o}rper bezeichnet. Aufschlussreich ist ein Vergleich mit Vorstellungen des K{\"o}rpers vorausgehender Phasen, so z.B. dem Modell, das sich aus Scott Brown, Venturi und Izenours Buch Learning from Las Vegas ableiten l{\"a}sst, und das sich ebenso aus Texten und Bauten von Zeitgenossen wie Lynch, Norberg-Schulz und Kahn herausarbeiten l{\"a}sst. {\"U}ber die Besch{\"a}ftigung der Architekturtheoretiker mit der Sinneswahrnehmung entsteht ein Bewusstsein f{\"u}r den Einfluss des Symbolischen, das eine subjektive, durch das soziale und kulturelle Umfeld gepr{\"a}gte Wahrnehmung hervorbringt. Der K{\"o}rper ist eingebettet in symbolische Systeme wie Konventionen und Traditionen, die sein Handeln bestimmen. Dahingegen beziehen sich Vertreter der klassischen Moderne haupts{\"a}chlich auf die physiologischen Eigenschaften des K{\"o}rpers, seine Abmessungen und Bewegungsabl{\"a}ufe, wie Texte, Bauten und Menschmodelle z.B. von Meyer, Neutra, Le Corbusier und Neufert zeigen. Es f{\"a}llt auf, dass in Texten {\"u}ber Architektur von Las Vegas h{\"a}ufig Begriffe vorkommen, die zugleich zentrale Termini der Ph{\"a}nomenologie sind, wie Atmosph{\"a}re und der englische Begriff experience. Es zeigt sich, dass sich die Bedeutungen der philosophischen Termini in der Architektur des Fallbeispiel widerspiegelt. Anders als die vorschnelle Etikettierung der Architekturstr{\"o}mung als „Erlebnisarchitektur" suggeriert, bezieht sich der Begriff experience auf eine Ausrichtung an der Erfahrung. Diese ist das Resultat der langfristigen Pr{\"a}gung einer konkreten Nutzergruppe durch den in der Umwelt agierenden und durch seine symbolische Pr{\"a}gung beeinflussten K{\"o}rper. Die Erfahrung impliziert das Erlebnis, als kurzfristige Interaktion von K{\"o}rper und Umwelt. Am Fallbeispiel kann außerdem gezeigt werden, dass Techniken zur Schaffung von Atmosph{\"a}ren eingesetzt werden. In Anlehnung an den Philosophen B{\"o}hme kennzeichnen sich Atmosph{\"a}ren durch eine besondere N{\"a}he von Architektur und K{\"o}rper. Die Tatsache, dass Architekten gezielt Atmosph{\"a}ren schaffen, die gemeinhin nicht der Str{\"o}mung der „Erlebnisarchitekur zugerechnet werden, weist darauf hin, dass sich das Leitbild des ganzheitlichen K{\"o}rpers in unterschiedlichen Kontexten findet. Im Gegensatz zu Thesen Eisenmans oder Jamesons, die eine Entfremdung von K{\"o}rper und Raum bzw. das Ende des anthropozentrischen Weltbilds feststellen, propagieren Planer wie Jerde die Herstellung von Architektur, die Nutzer und Umwelt in einer {\"u}bergeordneten Ganzheit vereint. Ganzheit kann aber trotz feinerer Abstimmung auf den K{\"o}rper nur grenzwertig erreicht werden, da Nutzer nicht vollst{\"a}ndig erfasst werden k{\"o}nnen, sich die Planungen auf bestimmte Zielgruppen beschr{\"a}nken und die Interessen von Planer und Nutzer verschieden sind.},
  subject      = {K{\"o}rper},
  language  = {de}
}
@inproceedings{SoibelmanO'BrienElvin2004,
  author    = {Soibelman, Lucio and O'Brien, William and Elvin, George},
  title     = {Collaborative Design Processes: A Class on Concurrent Collaboration in Multidisciplinary Design},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.194},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-1948},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {The rise of concurrent engineering in construction demands early team formation and constant communication throughout the project life cycle, but educational models in architecture, engineering and construction have been slow to adjust to this shift in project organization. Most students in these fields spend the majority of their college years working on individual projects that do not build teamwork or communication skills. Collaborative Design Processes (CDP) is a capstone design course where students from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and the University of Florida learn methods of collaborative design enhanced by the use of information technology. Students work in multidisciplinary teams to collaborate from remote locations via the Internet on the design of a facility. An innovation of this course compared to previous efforts is that students also develop process designs for the integration of technology into the work of multidisciplinary design teams. The course thus combines both active and reflective learning about collaborative design and methods. The course is designed to provide students the experience, tools, and methods needed to improve design processes and better integrate the use of technology into AEC industry work practices. This paper describes the goals, outcomes and significance of this new, interdisciplinary course for distributed AEC education. Differences from existing efforts and lessons learned to promote collaborative practices are discussed. Principal conclusions are that the course presents effective pedagogy to promote collaborative design methods, but faces challenges in both technology and in traditional intra-disciplinary training of students.},
  subject      = {Hochschulbildung},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{KellerAntoniadisMenzel2004,
  author    = {Keller, Martin and Antoniadis, George and Menzel, Karsten},
  title     = {Resource Management for the Construction Industry},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.167},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-1679},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {The management of resources is an essential task in each construction company. Today, ERP systems and e-Business systems are available to assist construction companies to efficiently organise the allocation of their personnel and equipment within the company, but they cannot provide the company with the idle resources for every single task that has to be performed during a construction project. Therefore, companies should have an alternative solution to better exploit expensive resources and compensate their fixed costs, but also have them available at the right time for their own business activities. This paper outlines the approach taken by the EU funded project "e-Sharing" (IST-2001-33325) to support resource management between construction companies. It will describe requirements for the management of construction resources, its core features, and the integration approach. Therefore, we will outline the approach of an integrated resource type model supporting the management and classification of construction equipment, construction tasks and qualification profiles. The development is based on a cross-domain analysis and evaluation of existing models. ...},
  subject      = {Baubetrieb},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LikhitruangsilpIoannou2004,
  author    = {Likhitruangsilp, Veerasak and Ioannou, Photios},
  title     = {Risk-sensitive Markov Decision Process for Underground Construction Planning and Estimating},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.224},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-2247},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {This paper presents an application of dynamic decision making under uncertainty in planning and estimating underground construction. The application of the proposed methodology is illustrated by its application to an actual tunneling project—The Hanging Lake Tunnel Project in Colorado, USA. To encompass the typical risks in underground construction, tunneling decisions are structured as a risk-sensitive Markov decision process that reflects the decision process faced by a contractor in each tunneling round. This decision process consists of five basic components: (1) decision stages (locations), (2) system states (ground classes and tunneling methods), (3) alternatives (tunneling methods), (4) ground class transition probabilities, and (5) tunneling cost structure. The paper also presents concepts related to risk preference that are necessary to model the contractor's risk attitude, including the lottery concept, utility theory, and the delta property. The optimality equation is formulated, the model components are defined, and the model is solved by stochastic dynamic programming. The main results are the optimal construction plans and risk-adjusted project costs, both of which reflect the dynamics of subsurface construction, the uncertainty about geologic variability as a function of available information, and the contractor's risk preference.},
  subject      = {Mehragentensystem},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{YabukiKotaniShitani2004,
  author    = {Yabuki, Nobuyoshi and Kotani, Jun and Shitani, Tomoaki},
  title     = {A Steel Bridge Design System Architecture using VR-CAD and Web Service-based Multi-Agents},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.214},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-2146},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {This paper presents a new design environment based on Multi-Agents and Virtual Reality (VR). In this research, a design system with a virtual reality function was developed. The virtual world was realized by using GL4Java, liquid crystal shutter glasses, sensor systems, etc. And the Multi-Agent CAD system with product models, which had been developed before, was integrated with the VR design system. A prototype system was developed for highway steel plate girder bridges, and was applied to a design problem. The application verified the effectiveness of the developed system.},
  subject      = {Mehragentensystem},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Zierold2004,
  author    = {Zierold, Sabine},
  title     = {Der mediale Raum der Architektur},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.767},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20060806-8106},
  school      = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {Der architektonische Raum wird als ein Medium der Kommunikation im Kontext der >neuen< Medien begriffen, aus der Erkenntnis, dass er schon immer ein Medium war und aus einer komplexen Medienstruktur in Abh{\"a}ngigkeit von anderen Medien besteht. Im Prozess von Handlung und Kommunikation ist der architektonische Raum das Medium, das r{\"a}umliche N{\"a}he von Individuen {\"u}ber alle Sinne und das Bewusstsein gleichzeitig intensiv erm{\"o}glicht. Der architektonische Raum als immersives Kommunikationsmedium erreicht im Zeitalter der >neuen< Medien eine neue Dimension, indem mehr und andere Wirklichkeitsalternativen der Kommunikation zur Verf{\"u}gung stehen. N. Luhmann folgend, wird die Architektur aus der Sicht der Form/Medium-Differenz systemtheoretisch als strukturierter M{\"o}glichkeitsraum betrachtet. Der Raum ist das Medium f{\"u}r Formen des architektonischen Raumes, in dem Architektur {\"u}berhaupt erst wirksam wird. Umgekehrt sind die Formen des architektonischen Raumes Medien f{\"u}r die Wahrnehmung einer Vielzahl von r{\"a}umlichen Wirklichkeiten. Eine Fassade aus Stein oder Glas ist gebaute Form und kann als Medium Information kommunizieren. Medien werden ihrer Bestimmung um so besser gerecht, je mehr sie sich der Aufmerksamkeit entziehen und wie transparente Fenster hinter der Oberfl{\"a}che der sinnlichen Wahrnehmung zur{\"u}cktreten. Als >unwahrnehmbares< Medium ist der architektonische Raum damit eine hintergr{\"u}ndige >Wirkungsmacht<, eine B{\"u}hne f{\"u}r die Entfaltung von Wirkung, Atmosph{\"a}re und Bewegung. Seine physische Wirklichkeit war schon immer durch virtuelle Wirklichkeiten oder Realit{\"a}ten entgrenzt, die durch Techniken und Technologien der Simulation als k{\"u}nstliche Welten wahrnehmbar und kommunizierbar werden. Dies kann an tradierten Beispielen der gotischen Kathedrale, dem Panorama, den panoptischen R{\"a}umen, dem Theater, Kino oder den kontinuierlichen R{\"a}umen von der Moderne bis heute aufgezeigt weren. Virtuelle R{\"a}ume gotischer Glasbilder oder barocker Decken- und Wandbilder im Medium des architektonischen Raumes sind uns gel{\"a}ufig. Die Immersion, das Eintauchen in diese virtuellen Wirklichkeitssp{\"a}ren l{\"o}st die Wahrnehmung der eigenen k{\"o}rperlichen Pr{\"a}senz in ihnen aus. Das Potential des virtuellen Raumes der Architektur besteht im Vergleich zu anderen virtuellen Realit{\"a}ten von Text, Bild oder digitalen Medien in seiner Gebundenheit an die physische, r{\"a}umliche Reizstruktur, der er die Eindringlichkeit und Komplexit{\"a}t seiner Wirkung verdankt. Es werden unterschiedliche Wechselwirkungen und gemeinsame Entwicklungen von zeitgen{\"o}ssischen Beispielen der Architektur mit den >neuen< Medien aufgezeigt. In der »sensitiven Wand« wird die physische Raumgrenze durch die Integration neuer Techniken und Technologien digitaler, elektronischer Medien etwas extrem Flexibles und Formbares in Interaktion mit dem Benutzer. Der H2O Pavillon (Oosterhuis und NOX, 1997) ist ein Beispiel daf{\"u}r. Der ausgepr{\"a}gt polysensorische Immersionsraum steht f{\"u}r die Einheit von digitaler und architektonischer Simulation. Die metaphorische Welt von H{\"o}hle und Quelle des Thermalbades Vals (P.Zumthor, 1996) ist die r{\"a}umliche Reflexion auf die metaphorische Struktur virtueller R{\"a}ume der >neuen< Medien. Die simulierte Wirklichkeit in den Medien Wasser, Stein und architektonischer Raum produziert sch{\"o}pferisch den polysensorischen immersiven Zugang in die virtuellen Welten >authentischer< physischer Umgebung. Das >Sichtbare< im Medium Raum der Architektur ist ohne das >Unsichtbare< nicht zu begreifen bzw. das sinnlich Wahrnehmbare nicht ohne das Unwahrnehmbare. Das Erkennen dieser Relation von Form und Medium erm{\"o}glicht die Formulierung des neuen Begriffes des medialen Raumes der Architektur, der zur Basis f{\"u}r eine Medientheorie der Architektur wird, als Sichtweise der Entgrenzung des physischen Raumes durch den virtuellen Raum f{\"u}r die subjektive Wahrnehmung, Handlung und Kommunikation.},
  subject      = {Architektur},
  language  = {de}
}
@inproceedings{MenzelDittrichDomschke2004,
  author    = {Menzel, Karsten and Dittrich, J{\"o}rg and Domschke, Sven},
  title     = {About the implantation process of mobile computing in AEC},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.110},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-1106},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {The AEC industry is conscious of the potentials arising from the usage of mobile computer systems to increase productivity by streamlining their business processes. Discussions are no longer on whether or not to use a mobile computer solution, but rather, on how it should be used. However, the implantation process of this new technology in Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) and Facility Management (FM) practise is very slow and should be improved. One way to encourage and ease the usage of mobile computer systems in AEC is a more process-oriented usability and context appropriateness of mobile computer solutions. Context-sensitivity is defined as a crucial feature to be taken into account for further research in the area of Mobile Computing. Context-sensitive, mobile IT-solutions depend on two features: (1) flexible definitions of (construction) processes describing the context and (2) tools for flexible, multi-dimensional information management representing the context. It is on this premise that the authors propose the n-dimensional data management approach for the implementation of mobile computing solutions. In this paper, we analyse working scenarios in the AEC and FM sector, defining context aspects which are transformed and formalized as dimension hierarchies of the envisaged context model.},
  subject      = {Mobile Computing},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{vanTreeckRank2004,
  author    = {van Treeck, Christoph and Rank, Ernst},
  title     = {Analysis of building structure and topology based on Graph Theory},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.230},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-2308},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {Individual views on a building product of people involved in the design process imply different models for planning and calculation. In order to interpret these geometrical, topological and semantical data of a building model we identify a structural component graph, a graph of room faces, a room graph and a relational object graph as aids and we explain algorithms to derive these relations. The application of the technique presented is demonstrated by the analysis and discretization of a sample model in the scope of building energy simulation.},
  subject      = {Produktmodell},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{GordonAkinciGarrett2004,
  author    = {Gordon, Chris and Akinci, Burcu and Garrett, James H.},
  title     = {An Approach for Planning Sensor-Based Inspection of the Built Environment},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.150},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-1500},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {The promise of lower costs for sensors that can be used for construction inspection means that inspectors will continue to have new choices to consider in creating inspection plans. However, these emerging inspection methods can require different activities, resources, and decisions such that it can be difficult to compare the emerging methods with other methods that satisfy the same inspection needs. Furthermore, the context in which inspection is performed can significantly influence how well certain inspection methods are suited for a given set of goals for inspection. Context information, such as weather, security, and the regulatory environment, can be used to understand what information about a component should be collected and how an inspection should be performed. The research described in this paper is aimed at developing an approach for comparing and selecting inspection plans. This approach consists of (1) refinement of given goals for inspection, if necessary, in order to address any additional information needs due to a given context and in order to reach a level of detail that can be addressed by an inspection activity; (2) development of constraints to describe how an inspection should be achieved; (3) matching of goals to available inspection methods, and generation of activities and resource plans in order to address the goals; and (4) selection of an inspection plan from among the possible plans that have been identified. The authors illustrate this approach with observations made at a local construction site.},
  subject      = {Monitor{\"u}berwachung},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{vanRooyenOlivier2004,
  author    = {van Rooyen, G.C. and Olivier, A. H.},
  title     = {Notes on structural analysis in a distributed collaboratory},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.145},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-1451},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {The worldwide growth of communication networks and associated technologies provide the basic infrastructure for new ways of executing the engineering process. Collaboration amongst team members seperated in time and location is of particular importance. Two broad themes can be recognized in research pertaining to distributed collaboration. One theme focusses on the technical and technological aspects of distributed work, while the other emphasises human aspects thereof. The case of finite element structural analysis in a distributed collaboratory is examined in this paper. An approach is taken which has its roots in human aspects of the structural analysis task. Based on experience of how structural engineers currently approach and execute this task while utilising standard software designed for use on local workstations only, criteria are stated for a software architechture that could support collaborative structural analysis. Aspects of a pilot application and the results of qualitative performance measurements are discussed.},
  subject      = {Ingenieurbau},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{ChengLauLaw2004,
  author    = {Cheng, Jinxing and Lau, Gloria and Law, Kincho},
  title     = {A simulation access language and framework for project management applications},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.156},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-1567},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {As computer programs become ever more complex, software development has shifted from focusing on programming towards focusing on integration. This paper describes a simulation access language (SimAL) that can be used to access and compose software applications over the Internet. Specifically, the framework is developed for the integration of tools for project management applications. The infrastructure allows users to specify and to use existing heterogeneous tools (e.g., Microsoft Project, Microsoft Excel, Primavera Project Planner, and AutoCAD) for simulation of project scenarios. This paper describes the components of the SimAL language and the implementation efforts required in the development of the SimAL framework. An illustration example bringing on-line weather forecasting service for project scheduling and management applications is provided to demonstrate the use of the simulation language and the infrastructure framework.},
  subject      = {Hochschulbildung},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{JianpingTianyiQiping2004,
  author    = {Jianping, Zhang and Tianyi, Ma and Qiping, Shen},
  title     = {Application of Data Warehouse and Data Mining in Construction Management},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.124},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-1247},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {All construction project are constrained by their schedules, budgets and specifications, and safety and environmental regulations. These constraints made construction management more complex and difficult. At the same time, many historical data that can support the decisions in the future are kept in construction enterprises,. To use the historical data effectively and efficiently, it is essential to apply the data warehouse and data mining technologies. This paper introduces a research which aims to develop a data warehouse system according to the requirements of construction enterprises and use data mining technology to learn useful information and knowledge from the data warehouse system. The design, the development and the application of this system are detailedly introduced in this paper.},
  subject      = {Bauwerk},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WeiseKatranuschkovScherer2004,
  author    = {Weise, Matthias and Katranuschkov, Peter and Scherer, Raimar J.},
  title     = {Generic Services for the Support of Evolving Building Model Data},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.207},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-2077},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {Many problems related to data integration in AEC can be better tackled by an approach that takes into account the heterogeneity of tasks, models and applications but does not require continuous consistency of the evolving design data, at each data management operation. Such an approach must incorporate adequate services that can facilitate reintegration of concurrently modified data at reasonably selected coordination points. In this paper we present a set of methods which, used in combination, can achieve that goal. After a description of the principal envisaged cooperative work scenario each of these methods is discussed in detail and current observations drawn from their software realisation are given. Whilst the suggested approach is valid for any EXPRESS-based data model, the practical focus of work has been on facilitating IFC-driven integration.},
  subject      = {Produktmodell},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{KoenigKlingerBerkhahn2004,
  author    = {K{\"o}nig, Markus and Klinger, Axel and Berkhahn, Volker},
  title     = {Structural Correctness of Planning Processes in Building Engineering},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.169},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-1690},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {The planning of projects in building engineering is a complex process which is characterized by a dynamical composition and many modifications during the definition and execution time of processes. For a computer-aided and network-based cooperation a formal description of the planning process is necessary. In the research project "Relational Process Modelling in Cooperative Building Planning" a process model is described by three parts: an organizational structure with participants, a building structure with states and a process structure with activities. This research project is part of the priority program 1103 "Network-Based Cooperative Planning Processes in Structural Engineering" promoted by the German Research Foundation (DFG). Planning processes in civil engineering can be described by workflow graphs. The process structure describes the logical planning process and can be formally defined by a bipartite graph. This structure consists of activities, transitions and relationships between activities and transitions. In order to minimize errors at execution time of a planning process a consistent and structurally correct process model must be guaranteed. This contribution considers the concept and the algorithms for checking the consistency and the correctness of the process structure.},
  subject      = {Baubetrieb},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Abdalla2004,
  author    = {Abdalla, Jamal},
  title     = {Elements of an Agent-based Mediative Communication Protocol for Design Objects},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.220},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-2207},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {Integrated structural engineering system usually consists of large number of design objects that may be distributed across different platforms. These design objects need to communicate data and information among each other. For efficient communication among design objects a common communication protocol need to be defined. This paper presents the elements of a communication protocol that uses a mediator agent to facilitate communication among design objects. This protocol is termed the Mediative Communication Protocol (MCP). The protocol uses certain design communication performatives and the semantics of an Agent Communication language (ACL) mainly the Knowledge and Query Manipulation Language (KQML) to implement its steps. Details of a Mediator Agent, that will facilitate the communication among design objects, is presented. The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is used to present the Meditative protocol and show how the mediator agent can be use to execute the steps of the meditative communication protocol. An example from structural engineering application is presented to demonstrate and validate the protocol. It is concluded that the meditative protocol is a viable protocol to facilitate object-to-object communication and also has potential to facilitate communication among the different project participants at the higher level of integrated structural engineering systems.},
  subject      = {Mehragentensystem},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GaoWuRen2004,
  author    = {Gao, Zuoren and Wu, Weiyu and Ren, Aizhu},
  title     = {Physically Based Modeling and Multi-Physical Simulation System for Wood Structure Fire Performance},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.238},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-2381},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {This research is devoted to promoting the performance-based engineering in wood structure fire. It looks into the characteristic of the material, structural composing and collapse detecting to find out the main factors in the wood structure collapse in fire. The aim of the research is to provide an automatic simulation platform for the complicated circulation. A physically based model for slim member for beams and columns and a frame of multi-physical simulation are provided to implement the system. The physically based model contains material model, structural mechanics model, material mechanics model, as well as geometry model for the compositive simulation. The multi-physical simulation is built on the model and has the capacity to carry out a simulation combining structural, fire (thermal, CFD) and material degradation simulation. The structural and fire simulation rely on two sophisticated software respectively, ANSYS (an FEA software) and FDS (with a core of CFD). Researchers of the paper develop system by themselves to combine the two existing ones. The system has the capability to calculate the wood char to find out the loss of cross-section and to detect the collapse caused in different ways. The paper gives a sample of Chinese traditional house to show how this simulation system works.},
  subject      = {Produktmodell},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{Suzuki2004,
  author    = {Suzuki, Aketo},
  title     = {Numerical Analysis for Prediction as to Influence of Digging a Tunnel on Groundwater},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.113},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-1133},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {This paper describes monitoring of the in-valley discharge and underground water level at the place where the tunnel will be constructed and also, the numerical analysis for prediction applying the Tank Model and Linear Filter Method to calculate the prediction. The application of these analyses has actually allowed the change of underground water level to be grasped and more effective information system to be established by comparing the real-time monitoring data with the real-time calculation of prediction.},
  subject      = {Mobile Computing},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{XieIssaO'Brien2004,
  author    = {Xie, Haiyan and Issa, Raja and O'Brien, William},
  title     = {Structure of a Formal User Model for Construction Information Retrieval},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.129},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-1296},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {Information science researchers and developers have spent many years addressing the problem of retrieving the exact information needed and using it for analysis purposes. In informationseeking dialogues, the user, i.e. construction project manager or supplier, often asks questions about specific aspects of the tasks they want to perform. But most of the time it is difficult for the software systems to unambiguously understand their overall intentions. The existence of information tunnels (Tannenbaum 2002) aggravates this phenomenon. This study includes a detailed case study of the material management process in the construction industry. Based on this case study, the structure of a formal user model for information retrieval in construction management is proposed. This prototype user model will be incorporated into the system design for construction information management and retrieval. This information retrieval system is a user-centered product based on the development of a user configurable visitor mechanism for managing and retrieving project information without worrying too much about the underlying data structure of the database system. An executable UML model combined with OODB is used to reduce the ambiguity in the user's intentions and to achieve user satisfaction.},
  subject      = {Bauwerk},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{TakagiTaniKawamura2004,
  author    = {Takagi, Kousuke and Tani, Akinori and Kawamura, Hiroshi},
  title     = {Research on Intelligent Fuzzy Optimal Active and Hybrid Control Systems of Building Structures - Verification of Optimization Method on Switching Rules of Control Forces},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.223},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-2238},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {Recently, many reseraches on active control systems of building structures are preformed based on modern control theory and are installed real buildings. The authors have already proposed intelligent fuzzy optimal active control (IFOAC) systems. IFOAC systems imitate intelligent activities of human brains such as prediction, adaptation, decision-kaking and so on. In IFOAC systems, objective and subjective judgements on the active control can be taken into account. However, IFOAC systems are considered to be suitable for far-field erathquake and control effect becomes small in case of near-field earthqaukes which include a few velosity pules with large amplitudes. To improve control effect in case of near-souece earthquakes, the authors have also proposed hybrid control (HC) systems, in which IFOAC systems and fuzzy control system are combined. In HC systems, the fuzzy control systems are introduced as a reflective fuzzy active control (RFAC) system and imitates spinal reflection of human. In HC systems, active control forces are activated to buildings in accordance with switching rules on active control forces. In this paper, optimizations on fuzzy control rules in RFAC system and switching rules of active control forces in HC system are performed by Parameter-Free Genetic Algorithms (PfGAs). Here, the optimization is performed by using different earthquake inputs. The results of digital simulations show that the HC system can reduce maximal response displacements under restrictions on strokes of the actuator effectively in case of a near-source earthquake and the effectiveness of the proposed HC system is discussed and clarified.},
  subject      = {Mehragentensystem},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WillenbacherHuebler2004,
  author    = {Willenbacher, Heiko and H{\"u}bler, Reinhard},
  title     = {Intelligent Link-Management for the Support of Integration in Building Life Cycle},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.222},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-2223},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {The processes in the life cycle of buildings are characterised by highly distinct teamwork. The integration of all the distributed working participants, by providing an environment, which especially supports the communication and collaboration between the actors, is a fundamental step to improve the efficiency of the involved processes and to reduce the total costs. In this article, a link based modelling approach and its "intelligent" link management is introduced (1). This approach realises an integration environment based on a special building model that acts as a decision support system. The link-based modelling is characterised by the definition and specialisation of links between partial models. These intelligent managed links enable a very flexible and task specific data access and exchange between all the different views and partial models of the participants.},
  subject      = {Mehragentensystem},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{MilesCenTaylor2004,
  author    = {Miles, John and Cen, Mei and Taylor, Mark},
  title     = {Linking Sketching and Constraint Checking for Early Conceptual Design},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.1548},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-1547},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {At the start of the conceptual design process, designers start to give tangible form to their thoughts by sketching. This helps with reasoning and communicates ideas to other members of the team. Sketches are gradually worked up into more formal drawings which are then passed to the other stages of the design process. There are however some problems with basing early ideas on sketching. For example, due to their ad-hoc nature, sketches tend only to be diagrammatic representations and so designers cannot be sure that their ideas are feasible and what is being proposed meets the constraints described in the client brief. This can result in designers wasting time working up ideas which prove to be unsuitable. Also the process of constraint checking is complex and time consuming and so designers tend limit their search of possible options and instead choose satisfying rather than good solutions. This paper describes the INTEGRA project which examines the role of sketching in early conceptual design and how this can be linked to other aspects of the process and particularly automated constraint checking using an IT based approach. The focus for the work is the design of framed buildings. A multi-disciplinary approach has been adopted and the work has been undertaken in close collaboration with practising designers and clients.},
  subject      = {Konzipieren <Technik>},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MotawaAnumbaElHamalawi2004,
  author    = {Motawa, Ibrahim and Anumba, Chimay and El-Hamalawi, A.},
  title     = {Development of a Fuzzy System for Change Prediction in Construction Projects},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.218},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-2180},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {Change management has been the focus of different IT systems. These IT systems were developed to represent design information, record design rationale, facilitate design coordination and changes. They are largely based on managing reactive changes, particularly design changes, in which changes are recorded and then propagated to the relevant project members. However, proactive changes are hardly dealt with in IT systems. Proactive changes require estimating the likelihood of occurrence of a change event as well as estimating the degree of change impacts on project parameters. Changes in construction projects often result from the uncertainty associated with the imprecise and vague knowledge of much project information at the early stages of projects. This is a major outcome of the case studies carried out as part of this research. Therefore, the proposed model considers that incomplete knowledge and certain project characteristics are always behind change causes. For proactive changes, predicting a change event is the main task for modelling. The prediction model should strive to integrate these main elements: 1) project characteristics that lead to change 2) causes of change, 3) the likelihood of change occurrence, and 4) the change consequences. It should also define the dependency relationships between these elements. However, limited data (documented) are only available from previous projects for change cases and many of the above elements can only be expressed in linguistic terms. This means that the model will simulate the uncertainty and subjectivity associated with these sets of elements. Therefore, a fuzzy model is proposed in this research to capture these elements. The model analyses the impact of each set of elements on the other by assigning fuzzy values for these elements that express the uncertainty and subjectivity of their impact. The main aim is to predict change events and evaluate change effects on project parameters. The fuzzy model described above was developed in an IT system for operational purposes and was designed as a Java package of components with their supporting classes, beans, and files. This paper describes the development and the architecture of the proposed IT system to achieve these requirements. The system is intended to help project teams in dealing with change causes and then the change consequences in construction projects.},
  subject      = {Mehragentensystem},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{MilesJoitaBurnap2004,
  author    = {Miles, John and Joita, Liviu and Burnap, Peter},
  title     = {Collaborative Engineering: Virtual Teams in a Grid Environment Supporting Consortia in the Construction Industry},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.136},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-1362},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {In the AEC (Architecture / Engineering / Construction) industry a number of individuals and organisations collaborate and work jointly on a construction project. The resulting consortium has large pool of expertise and experience and can be defined as a Virtual Organisation (VO) formed for the duration of the project. VOs are electronically networked organisations where IT and web based communication technology play an important role in coordinating various activities of these organisations. This paper describes the design, development and implementation of a Grid enabled application called the Product Supplier Catalogue Database (PSCD) which supports collaborative working in consortia. As part of the Grid-enabling process, specialised metadata is being developed to enable PSCD to effectively utilise Grid middleware such as Globus and Java CoG toolkits. We also describe our experience whilst designing, developing and deploying the security service of the application using the Globus Security Interface (GSI).},
  subject      = {Ingenieurbau},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{Palm2004,
  author    = {Palm, Johan},
  title     = {Integrated Engineering Workflow focused on the Structural Engineering in the Industrial Environment},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.162},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-1625},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {The engineering and construction industry has been slow to exploit the full potential of information technology. The industry is highly fragmented, price sensitive, risk-adverse, and profit margins are small. Each project is unique with a small amount of technological innovation opportunities to capitalise on from one project to the next. Technological innovations that have been taking place are just simulating the old traditional paper workflow. Engineering information in digital form is being conveyed using traditional paper representations, which have to be interpreted by humans before the information can be used in other applications, thereby creating 'islands of information'. It can be seen that poorly implemented IT strategies are duplicating paperwork, rather than reducing or eliminating it (Crowley et al., 2000). This paper will introduce the Integrated Engineering Workflow (IEW) concept to re-organise a structural discipline working on multi-disciplinary projects so as to maximise the advantages offered by new information technology.},
  subject      = {Baubetrieb},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{Olivier2004,
  author    = {Olivier, A. H.},
  title     = {An application-centred framework for distributed engineering applications},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.135},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-1353},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {The conceptual structure of an application that can support the structural analysis task in a distributed collaboratory is described in (van Rooyen and Olivier 2004). The application described there has a standalone component for executing the finite element method on a local workstation in the absence of network access. This application is comparable to current, local workstation based finite element packages. However, it differs fundamentally from standard packages since the application itself, and its objects, are adapted to support distributed execution of the analysis task. Basic aspects of an object-oriented framework for the development of applications which can be used in similar distributed collaboratories are described in this paper. An important feature of this framework is its application-centred design. This means that an application can contain any number of engineering models, where the models are formed by the collection of objects according to semantic views within the application. This is achieved through very flexible classes Application and Model, which are described in detail. The advantages of the application-centred design approach is demonstrated with reference to the design of steel structures, where the finite element analysis model, member design model and connection design model interact to provide the required functionality.},
  subject      = {Ingenieurbau},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{YabukiYoshimura2004,
  author    = {Yabuki, Nobuyoshi and Yoshimura, Yutaka},
  title     = {An Evaluation System for Steel Structures of Hydroelectric Power Stations based on Fault Tree Analysis and Performance Maps},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.256},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-2564},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {This paper presents an evaluation system for steel structures of hydroelectric power stations, including hydraulic gates and penstocks, based on Fault Tree Analyasis (FTA) and performance maps. This system consists of fault tree diagrams of FTA, performance maps, design and analysis systems, and engineerin databases. These four modules are integrated by appropriate hyperlinks so that the user of this system can use it easily and seamlessly. A well developed system was applied to some illustrative example cases, and they showed that the developed methodology and system worked well and the users found the system useful and effective for their maintenance tasks at powerstations.},
  subject      = {Wissensmanagement},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{CheungNoruziaanLi2004,
  author    = {Cheung, Moe M. S. and Noruziaan, Bahman and Li, W. C.},
  title     = {Data acquisition, processing and management systems for a Canadian bridge monitoring project},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.123},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-1235},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {This paper will present a number of technical aspects for one of the most elaborate instrumentation and data acquisition projects ever undertaken in Canada. Confederation Bridge, the longest bridge built over ice covered seawater has been equipped with the state of the art data acquistition devices and systems as well as data transfer networks. The Bridge has been providing a fixed surface connection between Prince Edward Island and Province of New Brunswick in Canada since its opening in 1997. The Bridge has a rather long design service life of 100 years. Because of its large size and long span length, its design is not covered by any existing codes or standards worldwide. The focus of the paper is to introduce the data acquisition, transfer, processing and management systems. The instrumentation and communications infrastructure and devices will be presented in some details along with the data processing and management systems and techniques. Teams of engineers and researchers use the collected data to verify the analysis and design assumptions and parameters as well as investigate the short-term and long-term behaviour and health of the Bridge. The collected data are also used in furthering research activities in the field of bridge engineering and in elevating our knowledge about behaviour, reliability and durability of such complex structures, their components and materials.},
  subject      = {Bauwerk},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{ChouHsieh2004,
  author    = {Chou, Yu-Hur and Hsieh, Shang-Hsien},
  title     = {Design of Partial Scoring Assessment System for Reinforcement Concrete Design Course : Development of Partial Scoring Assessment System for Reinforcement Concrete Design Course},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.90},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-905},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {In the field of Civil Engineering, the content of reinforcement concrete design course (RC course) has complicated design procedures and many difficult specifications to recognize, so most of the students regard the RC course a tough course, and teachers very often find the class time insufficient. Also, teachers of the RC course usually spend a lot of time in organizing the examinations for handling tedious calculations and complicated logical reasoning. Furthermore, correcting examination papers with partial scoring takes even more time of the teacher's. Therefore, the objective of this research is to design and develop a partial scoring assessment system to meet the needs in engineering design courses, such as the RC course. This assessment system can generate test items with variable parameters. It also supports inference diagnosis on the examinee's misconceptions and gives partial scores in grading the examination. In this research, the example test subject is the analysis of rectangular reinforced concrete beam with single layer steel bars.},
  subject      = {Bautechnik},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{BuergyGarrett2004,
  author    = {B{\"u}rgy, Christian and Garrett, James H.},
  title     = {Supporting Domain Experts in Determining Viable User Interface Designs for Wearable Computers Used in AEC Work Situations},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.116},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-1168},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {The design of mobile IT systems, especially the design of wearable computer systems, is a complex task that requires computer science knowledge, such as that related to hardware configuration and software development, in addition to knowledge of the domain in which the system is intended to be used. Particularly in the AEC sector, it is necessary that the support from mobile information technology fit the work situation at hand. Ideally, the domain expert alone can adjust the wearable computer system to achieve this fit without having to consult IT experts. In this paper, we describe a model that helps in transferring existing design knowledge from non-AEC domains to new projects in the construction area. The base for this is a model and a methodology that describes the usage scenarios of said computer systems in an application-neutral and domain-independent way. Thus, the actual design information and experience will be transferable between different applications and domains.},
  subject      = {Mobile Computing},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KicingerArciszewskiDeJong2004,
  author    = {Kicinger, Rafal and Arciszewski, Tomasz and De Jong, Kenneth},
  title     = {Distributed Evolutionary Design: Island-Model-based Optimization of Steel Skeleton Structures in Tall Buildings},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.219},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-2195},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {This paper presents results of a study on distributed, or parallel, evolutionary computation in the topological design of steel structural systems in tall buildings. It describes results of extensive experimental research on various parallel evolutionary architectures applied to a complex structural design problem. The experiments were conducted using Inventor 2003, a networkbased evolutionary design support tool developed at George Mason University. First, a general introduction to evolutionary computation is provided with an emphasis on recent developments in parallel evolutionary architectures. Next, a discussion of conceptual design of steel structural systems in tall buildings is presented. Further, Inventor 2003 is briefly introduced as well as its design representation and evolutionary computation characteristics. Next, the results obtained from systematic design experiments conducted with Inventor 2003 are discussed. The objective of these experiments was to qualitatively and quantitatively investigate evolution of steel structural systems in tall buildings during a distributed evolutionary design process as well as to compare efficiency and effectiveness of various parallel evolutionary architectures with the traditional evolutionary design approaches. Two connectivity topologies (ring topology and fully-connected topology) have been investigated for four populations of structural designs evolving in parallel and using various migration strategies. Also, results of the initial sensitivity studies are reported in which two ways of initializing distributed evolutionary design processes were investigated, using either arbitrarily selected designs as initial parents or randomly generated ones. Finally, initial research conclusions are presented.},
  subject      = {Mehragentensystem},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{BreitKuendigHaeubi2004,
  author    = {Breit, Manfred and K{\"u}ndig, Daniel and H{\"a}ubi, Fritz},
  title     = {Project oriented learning environment (POLE-Europe)},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.93},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-935},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {The presented work focuses on collaboration- experiences gathered with complex design and engineering projects, using the learning platform POLE- Europe. Within the POLE environment student-teams from different universities, disciplines and cultural backgrounds are assigned to real-world projects with clearly defined design - tasks, usually to be accomplished within one semester while working in a virtual environment for most of the time. The concept of POLE and the information and collaboration technology is described.},
  subject      = {Bautechnik},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MilbradtSchierbaumSchwoeppe2004,
  author    = {Milbradt, Peter and Schierbaum, Jochen and Schw{\"o}ppe, Axel},
  title     = {Finite Cell-Elements of Higher Order},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.252},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-2524},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {The method of the finite elements is an adaptable numerical procedure for interpolation as well as for the numerical approximation of solutions of partial differential equations. The basis of these procedure is the formulation of suitable finite elements and element decompositions of the solution space. Classical finite elements are based on triangles or quadrangles in the two-dimensional space and tetrahedron or hexahedron in the threedimensional space. The use of arbitrary-dimensional convex and non-convex polyhedrons as the geometrical basis of finite elements increases the flexibility of generating finite element decompositions substantially and is sometimes the only way to get a clear decomposition...},
  subject      = {Finite-Elemente-Methode},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{HassanShelbournCarter2004,
  author    = {Hassan, Tarek and Shelbourn, Mark and Carter, Chris},
  title     = {Collaboration in Construction: Legal and Contractual Issues in ICT Applications},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.2007},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-2005},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {The construction industry is a project-based business bringing together many different organisations to complete a desired goal. The strategic use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) has enabled this goal to be completed more effectively. Two issues require addressing, the technology itself and the implementation factors of the technology. Such implementation factors should consider, among other factors, the legal and contractual issues associated with the use of ICT, training requirements and its effects on the organisational culture. To date the legal and contractual issues have not been extensively covered, and it is recognised that the technologies have not been properly covered by any recognised legal and contractual practices. This in turn is threatening to inhibit the growth and prosperity of the use of the technology on construction projects. This paper discusses these legal and contractual issues and describes methods and tools that can be used to enable the growth of technology to be used in a legal and contractually valid environment.},
  subject      = {Forschung},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ElRayesHyari2004,
  author    = {El-Rayes, Khaled and Hyari, Khalied},
  title     = {A Multi-objective Model for Optimizing Construction Planning of Repetitive Infrastructure Projects},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.213},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-2135},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {This paper presents the development of a model for optimizing resource utilization in repetitive infrastructure projects. The model provides the capability of simultaneous minimization of both project duration and work interruptions for construction crews. The model provides in a single run, a set of nondominated solutions that represent the tradeoff between these two objectives. The model incorporates a multiobjective genetic algorithm and scheduling algorithm. The model initially generates a randomly selected set of solutions that evolves to a near optimal set of tradeoff solutions in subsequent generations. Each solution represents a unique scheduling solution that is associated with certain project duration and a number of interruption days for utilized construction crews. As such, the model provides project planners with alternative schedules along with their expected duration and resource utilization efficiency.},
  subject      = {Mehragentensystem},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{FloodIssaAbuShdid2004,
  author    = {Flood, Ian and Issa, Raja and Abu-Shdid, Caesar},
  title     = {Developments in Hyper Real-Time Simulation of Transient Heat-Flow in Buildings},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.196},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-1961},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {This paper reports on the latest results in the development of a new approach for simulating the thermal behavior of buildings that overcomes the limitations of conventional heat-transfer simulation methods such as FDM and FEM. The proposed technique uses a coarse-grain approach to model development whereby each element represents a complete building component such as a wall, internal space, or floor. The thermal behavior of each coarse-grain element is captured using empirical modeling techniques such as artificial neural networks (ANNs). The main advantages of the approach compared to conventional simulation methods are: (a) simplified model construction for the end-user; (b) simplified model reconfiguration; (c) significantly faster simulation runs (orders of magnitude faster for two and three-dimensional models); and (d) potentially more accurate results. The paper demonstrates the viability of the approach through a number of experiments with a model of a composite wall. The approach is shown to be able to sustain highly accurate longterm simulation runs, if the coarse-grain modeling elements are implemented as ANNs. In contrast, an implementation of the coarse-grain elements using a linear model is shown to function inaccurately and erratically. The paper concludes with an identification of on-going work and future areas for development of the technique.},
  subject      = {Hochschulbildung},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KaklauskasCervenkaCervenka2004,
  author    = {Kaklauskas, Gintaris and Cervenka, Vladimir and Cervenka, Jan},
  title     = {Deflection Calculation of RC Beams: Finite Element Software versus Design Code Methods},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.249},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-2498},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {The paper investigates accuracy of deflection predictions made by the finite element package ATENA and design code methods ACI and EC2. Deflections have been calculated for a large number of experimental reinforced concrete beams reported by three investigators. Statistical parameters have been established for each of the technique at different load levels, separately for the beams with small and moderate reinforcement ratio.},
  subject      = {Finite-Elemente-Methode},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{BiltchoukPahl2004,
  author    = {Biltchouk, Irina and Pahl, Peter Jan},
  title     = {Interaction of Data Bases and Graphical Interfaces in Civil Engineering},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.163},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-1636},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {Applications for civil engineering tasks usually contain graphical user interfaces for the engineering processes. Persistent objects of the applications are stored to data bases. The influence of the interaction between a graphical user interface and a data base for the development of an civil engineering application is investigated in this paper. A graphic application for the linear elastic analysis of plane frames, which was previously developed with standard tools of the Java platform, is compared to a redesigned implementation using a generalized data base for persistent objects. The investigation leads to the following results : - A strict distinction between persistent and transient objects influences the class structure of an application, in particular the class structure of a graphical user interface. - The structure of an application depends on the logic for updating of references to persistent and transient graphical objects after an application is read from a file. - The complexity of the reference management can usually be handled better by just in time referencing associated with String - identifiers rather than by automated referencing associated with Name - identifiers.},
  subject      = {Baubetrieb},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{TonnWolkowiczThurow2004,
  author    = {Tonn, Christian and Wolkowicz, Christian and Thurow, Torsten},
  title     = {Plausibility in Architectural Design - DOMEdesign - Software Support for the formal shaping and architect-oriented design of shell structures},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.181},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-1812},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {Complex gridshell structures used in architecturally ambitious constructions remain as appealing as ever in the public realm. This paper describes the theory and approach behind the software realisation of a tool which helps in finding the affine self-weight geometry of gridshell structures. The software tool DOMEdesign supports the formal design process of lattice and grid shell structures based upon the laws of physics. The computer-aided simulation of suspension models is used to derive structurally favourable forms for domes and arches subject to compression load, based upon the input of simple architectonic parameters. Irregular plans, three-dimensional topography, a choice different kinds of shell lattice structures and the desired height of the dome are examples of design parameters which can be used to modify the architectural design. The provision of data export formats for structural dimensioning and visualisation software enables engineers and planners to use the data in future planning and to communicate the design to the client.},
  subject      = {Architektur},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KatranuschkovGehreScherer2004,
  author    = {Katranuschkov, Peter and Gehre, Alexander and Scherer, Raimar J.},
  title     = {User Requirements Capture in Distributed Project Environments: A Process-centred Approach},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.202},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-2029},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {Efforts to define standards for representing AEC/FM data have been fairly successful. However defining a standard reference process model has not met with the same success. Yet almost every conceptual modelling or software development project starts by defining the business processes to be supported and the related requirements to be satisfied. This paper describes a new process-centred methodology for user requirements capture developed in the ICCI project (IST-2001-33022). Its essence is in recognising user requirements and use cases in the context of the real construction process, identifying the actors and roles for each individual activity and associating these activities with information, communication and standardisation requirements on the basis of a formalised specification, named the Process Matrix. In the paper we outline the history of process matrix development, introduce the basic structure of the matrix and show how it can be further extended and refined. We present also a web-based software implementation of the developed approach, describe how it has been used in ICCI and outline further perspectives.},
  subject      = {Informationstechnik},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{RaueWeitzmann2004,
  author    = {Raue, Erich and Weitzmann, R{\"u}diger},
  title     = {Analysis and Design of Hybrid Structures using Optimization Strategies},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.102},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-1023},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {The paper gives a general overview and concerns with a specified set of computer-aided analysis modules for hybrid structures loaded by extreme excitations. All problems are solved by methods of linear, quadratic or nonlinear mathematical optimization, that leads to very effective and economic design solutions. All approaches are derived from general optimization problem that can be easily altered to conform to specific design tasks. Some advantages and possibilities of hybrid structural modeling (single or mixed model-supported) are discussed. The methods will be illustrated by an example structure and optimization schemes.},
  subject      = {Konzipieren <Technik>},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MaQin2004,
  author    = {Ma, Zhiliang and Qin, Liang},
  title     = {A Framework of Management Information System for Construction Projects},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.212},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-2126},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {A comprehensive framework of information management system for construction projects in China has been established through extensive literature survey and field investigation. It utilizes the potential information technologies and covers the practical management patterns as well as the major aspects of construction project management. It can be used to guide and evaluate the design of the information management systems for construction projects in order to make the system to be applicable to a wide variety of construction projects and survive the changes in project management.},
  subject      = {Mehragentensystem},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{MaWongYang2004,
  author    = {Ma, Zhiliang and Wong, K. D. and Yang, Jun},
  title     = {An Approach to Utilizing Exchanged Documents in Construction Projects Based on Data Warehouse Technology},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.122},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-1227},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {There are many construction projects in China and mass documents are exchanged among the multi-party, including the owner, the contractor and the engineer in the projects. Based on previous studies, an approach to the utilization of the exchanged documents is established by using data warehouse technology and a prototype system called EXPLYZER is developed. The approach and the prototype system are verified through their application in a construction project. It is concluded that the approach can support the decision-making in project management.},
  subject      = {Bauwerk},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KangMiranda2004,
  author    = {Kang, Shihchung and Miranda, Eduardo},
  title     = {Automated Simulation of the Erection Activities in Virtual Construction},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.231},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-2310},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {The goal of the research is the development of a computer system to plan, simulate and visualize erection processes in construction. In the research construction cranes are treated as robots with predefined degrees of freedom and crane-specific motion planning techniques are developed to generate time-optimized and collision-free paths for each piece to be erected in the project. Using inverse kinematics and structural dynamics simulation, the computer system then computes the crane motions and velocities necessary to achieve the previously calculated paths. The main benefits of the research are the accurate planning and scheduling of crane operations leading to optimization of crane usage and project schedules, as well as improving overall crane safety in the project. This research is aimed at the development of systems that will allow computer-assisted erection of civil infrastructure and ultimately to achieve fully-automated erection processes using robotic cranes...},
  subject      = {Produktmodell},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{NeubergFankEkkerlein2004,
  author    = {Neuberg, Frank and Fank, Ernst and Ekkerlein, Christian},
  title     = {Integrated Life Cycle Simulation and Assessment of Buildings},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.235},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-2351},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {Buildings require both for construction and, due to their comparatively long life cycle for maintenance, significant raw material and energy resources. So far available knowledge about resource consumption during an entire life cycle of a building is still quite rare, because various criteria affect each other and/or overlay mutually. In this contribution a model based software concept is presented using an integrated approach for life cycle simulation and assessment of buildings. The essential point of the development consists of connecting an IFC compliant product model of a building via the Internet with data bases for the resource and energy requirement of building materials. Furthermore, numerical simulations allow calculating and minimizing the energy consumption, the resource requirement, the waste streams and also the noxious emissions. In the context of this paper we present the first release of software programs for architects and engineers, which help them to evaluate their design decisions objectively in early planning steps. Additionally the usage of the software is demonstrated by a test case study for a real world building. By applying this software in practice a substantial contribution for saving energy and natural resources can be provided in the sense of sustainable and ecological building design.},
  subject      = {Produktmodell},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{GebbekenBaumhauerIonita2004,
  author    = {Gebbeken, Norbert and Baumhauer, Andreas and Ionita, Mihai},
  title     = {Increasing the Reliability and Performance through Automatization and Parallel Working},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.139},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-1397},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {Re-examination of the behaviour of structures can be necessary due to deterioration or changes in the traffic situation during their lifetime. The Finite Element Method (FEM) is widely used in order to accomplish numerical analysis. Considering the development of computer performance, more detailed FEM models can be analyzed, even on site, with mobile computers. To compensate the increasing amount of data needed for the model input, measures need to be taken to save time, by distributing the work. In order to provide consistency to the model, fedback data must be checked upon reception. A local wireless computer network of ultra-portable devices linked together with a computer can provide the coordination necessary for efficient parallel working. Based on a digital model consisting of all data gathered, structural modelling and numerical analysis are performed automatically. Thus, the user is released from the work that can be automatized and the time needed for the overall analysis of a structure is decreased.},
  subject      = {Ingenieurbau},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SemenovAlekseevaTarlapan2004,
  author    = {Semenov, Vitaly and Alekseeva, Elena and Tarlapan, Oleg},
  title     = {Virtual Construction using Map-based Approach},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.244},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-2447},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {The paper presents a general map-based approach to prototyping of products in virtual reality environments. Virtual prototyping of products is considered as a consistent simulation and visualization process mapping the source product model into its target visual representations. The approach enables to interrelate formally the product and visual information models with each other by defining mapping rules, to specify a prototyping scenario as a composition of map instances, and then to explore particular product models in virtual reality environments by interpreting the composed scenario. Having been realized, the proposed approach provides for the strongly formalized method and the common software framework to build virtual prototyping applications. As a result, the applications gain in expressiveness, reusability and reliability, as well as take on additional runtime flexibility...},
  subject      = {Produktmodell},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KiviniemiFischer2004,
  author    = {Kiviniemi, Arto and Fischer, Martin},
  title     = {Requirements Management Interface to Building Product Models},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.242},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-2427},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {In current AEC practice client requirements are typically recorded in a building program, which, depending on the building type, covers various aspects from the overall goals, activities and spatial needs to very detailed material and condition requirements. This documentation is used as the starting point of the design process, but as the design progresses, it is usually left aside and changes are made incrementally based on the previous design solution. These incremental small changes can lead to a solution that may no longer meet the original requirements. In addition, design is by nature an iterative process and the proposed solutions often also cause evolution in the client requirements. However, the requirements documentation is usually not updated accordingly. Finding the latest updates and evolution of the requirements from the documentation is very difficult, if not impossible. This process can lead to an end result, which is significantly different from the documented requirements. Some important requirements may not be satisfied, and even if the design process was based on agreed-upon changes in the scope and requirements, differences in the requirements documents and in the completed building can lead to well-justified doubts about the quality of the design and construction process...},
  subject      = {Produktmodell},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KangMiranda2004,
  author    = {Kang, Shihchung and Miranda, Eduardo},
  title     = {Physics Based Model for Simulating the Dynamics of Tower Cranes},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.240},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-2409},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {The goal of the research is to increase the understanding of dynamic behaviors during the crane operation, and develops computer-aided methods to improve the training of crane operators. There are approximately 125,000 cranes in operation today in the construction industry, responsible for major portion of erection activities. Unfortunately, many accidents occur every year in the U.S. and other countries related to the operation of cranes in construction sites. For example on November 28, 1989 a tower crane collapse during the construction of a building in San Francisco killing four construction workers, one civilian and injuring 28. According to the statistics from Occupational Safety Health Administration (OSHA), there were 137 crane-related fatalities from 1992 to 2001 in the US. A well-known internet website that keeps track of crane-related accidents (craneaccidents.com), reports 516 accidents and 277 fatalities from 2000 to 2002. These statistics show that even though many measures have been taken to decrease the number of crane-related accidents (Braam, 2002), the number of crane related accidents is still very large. It is important to recognize that each construction related fatality is not only a great human loss but also increases the costs of insurance, lawsuits, and the construction budget due to delay of a project (Paulson 1992)...},
  subject      = {Produktmodell},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HoltzhauerSaal2004,
  author    = {Holtzhauer, Eric and Saal, Helmut},
  title     = {Product modelling in the steel construction domain},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.241},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-2415},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {The complexity of the relationships between the actors of a building project requires high efficiency in communication. Among other things, data sharing is crucial. The exchange of data is made possible by interfaces between expert programs, which rely on product models. The latter are neutral standards with formal definitions of building objects and their attributes. This paper deals with the state of the art and the research activities concerning product models in the steel construction domain and the advantages provided by this technology for the sector.},
  subject      = {Produktmodell},
  language  = {en}
}