@article{LondongBarthSoebke,
  author    = {Londong, J{\"o}rg and Barth, Marcus and S{\"o}bke, Heinrich},
  title     = {Reducing antimicrobial resistances by source separation of domestic wastewater},
  series = {Frontiers in Environmental Health},
  volume    = {2023},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Environmental Health},
  number    = {Volume 2, article 1151898},
  publisher = {Frontiers Media},
  address   = {Lausanne},
  doi       = {10.3389/fenvh.2023.1151898},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20230403-49483},
  pages     = {1 -- 5},
  abstract  = {Antimicrobial resistances (AMR) are ranked among the top ten threats to public health and societal development worldwide. Toilet wastewater contained in domestic wastewater is a significant source of AMR entering the aquatic environment. The current commonly implemented combined sewer systems at times cause overflows during rain events, resulting in the discharge of untreated wastewater into the aquatic environment, thus promoting AMR. In this short research article, we describe an approach to transform combined sewer systems into source separation-modified combined sewer systems that separately treat toilet wastewater. We employ simulations for demonstrating that source separation-modified combined sewer systems reduce the emission of AMR- causing substances by up to 11.5 logarithm levels. Thus, source separation- modified combined sewer systems are amongst the most effective means of combating AMR. KEYWORDS},
  subject      = {Allgemeinheit},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LondongBarthSoebke,
  author    = {Londong, J{\"o}rg and Barth, Marcus and S{\"o}bke, Heinrich},
  title     = {Modeling and Simulation of Source Separation in Sanitation Systems for Reducing Emissions of Antimicrobial Resistances},
  series = {Water},
  volume    = {2021},
  journal   = {Water},
  number    = {Volume 13, issue 23, article 3342},
  publisher = {MDPI},
  address   = {Basel},
  doi       = {10.3390/w13233342},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20211202-45338},
  pages     = {1 -- 19},
  abstract  = {Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as one of the top ten threats to public health worldwide. In addition to public health, AMR also poses a major threat to food security and economic development. Current sanitation systems contribute to the emergence and spread of AMR and lack effective AMR mitigation measures. This study assesses source separation of blackwater as a mitigation measure against AMR. A source-separation-modified combined sanitation system with separate collection of blackwater and graywater is conceptually described. Measures taken at the source, such as the separate collection and discharge of material flows, were not considered so far on a load balance basis, i.e., they have not yet been evaluated for their effectiveness. The sanitation system described is compared with a combined system and a separate system regarding AMR emissions by means of simulation. AMR is represented in the simulation model by one proxy parameter each for antibiotics (sulfamethoxa-zole), antibiotic-resistant bacteria (extended-spectrum beta-lactamase E. Coli), and antibiotic re-sistance genes (blaTEM). The simulation results suggest that the source-separation-based sanitation system reduces emissions of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes into the aquatic environment by more than six logarithm steps compared to combined systems. Sulfa-methoxazole emissions can be reduced by 75.5\% by keeping blackwater separate from graywater and treating it sufficiently. In summary, sanitation systems incorporating source separation are, to date, among the most effective means of preventing the emission of AMR into the aquatic envi-ronment.},
  subject      = {Abwasser},
  language  = {en}
}