@article{BargstaedtBlickling2004,
  author    = {Bargst{\"a}dt, Hans-Joachim and Blickling, Arno},
  title     = {Effective cost estimate and construction processes with 3D interactive technologies: Towards a virtual world of construction sites},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.232},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-2320},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {The development of 3D technologies during the last decades in many different areas, leads us towards the complete 3D representation of planet earth on a high level of detail. On the lowest level we have geographical information systems (GIS) representing the outer layer of our planet as a 3D model. In the meantime these systems do not only give a geographical model but also present additional information like ownership, infrastructure and others that might be of interest for the construction business. In future these systems will serve as basis for virtual environments for planning and simulation of construction sites. In addition to this work is done on the integration of GIS systems with 3D city models in the area of urban planning and thus integration of different levels of detail. This article presents research work on the use of 3D models in construction on the next level of detail below the level of urban planning. The 3D city model is taken as basis for the 3D model of the construction site. In this virtual nD-world a contractor can organize and plan his resources, simulate different variants of construction processes and thus find out the most effective solution for the consideration of costs and time. On the basis of former researches the authors present a new approach for cost estimation and simulation using development technologies from game software.},
  subject      = {Produktmodell},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BeerFirmenichRichter2004,
  author    = {Beer, Daniel G. and Firmenich, Berthold and Richter, Torsten},
  title     = {A Concept for CAD Systems with Persistent Versioned Data Models},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.204},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-2046},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {The synchronous distributed processing of common source code in the software development process is supported by well proven methods. The planning process has similarities with the software development process. However, there are no consistent and similarly successful methods for applications in construction projects. A new approach is proposed in this contribution.},
  subject      = {Produktmodell},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{BreitKuendigHaeubi2004,
  author    = {Breit, Manfred and K{\"u}ndig, Daniel and H{\"a}ubi, Fritz},
  title     = {Project oriented learning environment (POLE-Europe)},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.93},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-935},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {The presented work focuses on collaboration- experiences gathered with complex design and engineering projects, using the learning platform POLE- Europe. Within the POLE environment student-teams from different universities, disciplines and cultural backgrounds are assigned to real-world projects with clearly defined design - tasks, usually to be accomplished within one semester while working in a virtual environment for most of the time. The concept of POLE and the information and collaboration technology is described.},
  subject      = {Bautechnik},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{ChouHsieh2004,
  author    = {Chou, Yu-Hur and Hsieh, Shang-Hsien},
  title     = {Design of Partial Scoring Assessment System for Reinforcement Concrete Design Course : Development of Partial Scoring Assessment System for Reinforcement Concrete Design Course},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.90},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-905},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {In the field of Civil Engineering, the content of reinforcement concrete design course (RC course) has complicated design procedures and many difficult specifications to recognize, so most of the students regard the RC course a tough course, and teachers very often find the class time insufficient. Also, teachers of the RC course usually spend a lot of time in organizing the examinations for handling tedious calculations and complicated logical reasoning. Furthermore, correcting examination papers with partial scoring takes even more time of the teacher's. Therefore, the objective of this research is to design and develop a partial scoring assessment system to meet the needs in engineering design courses, such as the RC course. This assessment system can generate test items with variable parameters. It also supports inference diagnosis on the examinee's misconceptions and gives partial scores in grading the examination. In this research, the example test subject is the analysis of rectangular reinforced concrete beam with single layer steel bars.},
  subject      = {Bautechnik},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{FahrigNachtweyGellert2004,
  author    = {Fahrig, Torsten and Nachtwey, Bj{\"o}rn and Gellert, Sebastian},
  title     = {A Product Model based Approach to Interactive CAE Design Optimization},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.190},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-1901},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {We present a software prototype for fluid flow problems in civil engineering, which combines essential features of Computational Steering approaches with efficient methods for model transfer and high performance computing. The main components of the system are described: - The modeler with a focus on the data management of the product model - The pre-processing and the post-processing toolkit - The simulation kernel based on the Lattice Boltzmann method - The required hardware for real-time computing},
  subject      = {Produktmodell},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Firmenich2004,
  author    = {Firmenich, Berthold},
  title     = {Product Models in Network Based Co-operation in Structural Engineering},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.211},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-2119},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {The Priority Programme 'Network Based Co-operation in Structural Engineering' of the 'German Research Foundation' (DFG) has been established in the year 2000. This paper describes and discusses the main research directions and first results of the workgroup 'Distributed Product Models'. The five projects of the workgroup have developed completely different solutions for specific application domains. Each solution concept deals with a consistent product modeling and knowledge processing in a distributed environment in the planning process. The individual solution approaches of the projects are described and the underlying basic assumptions are discussed. A unified system architecture is described for all projects of the workgroup. Two different approaches (object-oriented and graph-based models) have been introduced for product and knowledge modeling. The common structure of these models will be explained to fully understand the differences of these modeling approaches. Finally the concepts for co-operative work and conflict management in a distributed environment are described: The solution approaches will be distinguished by classifying the supported co-operation according to time. A final scientific summary describes the state-of-the-art in network based co-operation in structural engineering: The role of research directions like knowledge modeling, standard product modeling and versioning in the distributed planning process will be explained.},
  subject      = {Produktmodell},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GaoWuRen2004,
  author    = {Gao, Zuoren and Wu, Weiyu and Ren, Aizhu},
  title     = {Physically Based Modeling and Multi-Physical Simulation System for Wood Structure Fire Performance},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.238},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-2381},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {This research is devoted to promoting the performance-based engineering in wood structure fire. It looks into the characteristic of the material, structural composing and collapse detecting to find out the main factors in the wood structure collapse in fire. The aim of the research is to provide an automatic simulation platform for the complicated circulation. A physically based model for slim member for beams and columns and a frame of multi-physical simulation are provided to implement the system. The physically based model contains material model, structural mechanics model, material mechanics model, as well as geometry model for the compositive simulation. The multi-physical simulation is built on the model and has the capacity to carry out a simulation combining structural, fire (thermal, CFD) and material degradation simulation. The structural and fire simulation rely on two sophisticated software respectively, ANSYS (an FEA software) and FDS (with a core of CFD). Researchers of the paper develop system by themselves to combine the two existing ones. The system has the capability to calculate the wood char to find out the loss of cross-section and to detect the collapse caused in different ways. The paper gives a sample of Chinese traditional house to show how this simulation system works.},
  subject      = {Produktmodell},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{GebbekenPfeifferVidekhina2004,
  author    = {Gebbeken, Norbert and Pfeiffer, Eberhard and Videkhina, Inna},
  title     = {Modules for the education of civil engineers and the management of expert knowledge},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.91},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-918},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {In the focus of the Bologna-contract of the European secretaries of education the universities are invited to aim a unification and comparability of certificates and to offer compatible and cooperative models of education. Among existing lectures in the Internet there will arise a new competition between the universities in netbased teaching and learning environments. For the use of distributed sources of information and for the possibility to generate free configurable sequences of education modules you need management systems which are able to handle different formats of documents and to assemble it to consistent and valid lessons. Beside elementar viewing-functions, fusion of information also administrative tasks are needed, e.g. automated efficiency controls, adaptive learning surroundings. This paper attends to three aspects: - netbased teaching and learning in the area of the instruction of civil engineers - netbased information assembling and fusion of knowledge bases to higher level documents - netbased learning with international coordinated projects},
  subject      = {Bautechnik},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{GebbekenPfeifferVidekhina2004,
  author    = {Gebbeken, Norbert and Pfeiffer, Eberhard and Videkhina, Inna},
  title     = {Calculation of beam structures with the symbolic computer language Maple},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.84},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-845},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {Beside the standard calculation programs for civil engineering buildings mathematical programs have been lately established for the solution of differential equations for the analysis of mechanical and static systems. Programs like Maple, Matlab, MathCAD and Mathematica are popular in this field. To the knowledge of the authors, the widest application functionality offers the program Maple. Its advantages are, e.g. the alternatively symbolic or numerical solution of differential equation systems, the easy handling of parameter studies, the immediate visualization of results, the definition of macros for selected calculation steps and their export in other computer languages and, not least, the automatically generated, very clear documentation of the matehematical calculus.},
  subject      = {Bautechnik},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HoltzhauerSaal2004,
  author    = {Holtzhauer, Eric and Saal, Helmut},
  title     = {Product modelling in the steel construction domain},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.241},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-2415},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {The complexity of the relationships between the actors of a building project requires high efficiency in communication. Among other things, data sharing is crucial. The exchange of data is made possible by interfaces between expert programs, which rely on product models. The latter are neutral standards with formal definitions of building objects and their attributes. This paper deals with the state of the art and the research activities concerning product models in the steel construction domain and the advantages provided by this technology for the sector.},
  subject      = {Produktmodell},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{HsiehChenShyu2004,
  author    = {Hsieh, Shang-Hsien and Chen, Chuin-Shan and Shyu, Hsin-Yih},
  title     = {On Computer-Aided Instruction Tools for Teaching College Engineering Mechanics Related Courses},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.92},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-926},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {In this research, questionnaires are designed to survey among teachers and students the current situation of applying Computer-Aided Instruction (CAI) tools to teaching and learning of college engineering mechanics related courses in Taiwan. The needs for CAI tools for teaching these mechanics related courses are investigated in the survey. Several prototypes of interactive multimedia tools are designed and implemented using information technologies. The applicability and effectiveness of these tools on assisting teaching of engineering mechanics related courses are discussed and evaluated. Moreover, a website for managing and sharing collected and developed CAI resources is constructed.},
  subject      = {Bautechnik},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Huhn2004,
  author    = {Huhn, Michael},
  title     = {Abstract and Concrete Scenarios in Concurrent Engineering},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.206},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-2068},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {An architecture of a distributed planning system for the building industry has been developed. The emphasis is on highly collaborative environments in steelwork, timber construction etc. where designers concurrently handle 3D models. The overall system connects local design systems by the so-called Design Framework DFW. This framework consists of the definition of distributed components and protocols which make the collaborative design work. The process of collaborative design has been formalized on an abstract level. This paper describes how this has been done. A sample is given to illustrate the mapping of concrete scenarios of the 'real design world' to an abstract scenario level. This work is funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG as part of the project SPP1103 (Meißner et al. 2003).},
  subject      = {Produktmodell},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KangMiranda2004,
  author    = {Kang, Shihchung and Miranda, Eduardo},
  title     = {Automated Simulation of the Erection Activities in Virtual Construction},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.231},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-2310},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {The goal of the research is the development of a computer system to plan, simulate and visualize erection processes in construction. In the research construction cranes are treated as robots with predefined degrees of freedom and crane-specific motion planning techniques are developed to generate time-optimized and collision-free paths for each piece to be erected in the project. Using inverse kinematics and structural dynamics simulation, the computer system then computes the crane motions and velocities necessary to achieve the previously calculated paths. The main benefits of the research are the accurate planning and scheduling of crane operations leading to optimization of crane usage and project schedules, as well as improving overall crane safety in the project. This research is aimed at the development of systems that will allow computer-assisted erection of civil infrastructure and ultimately to achieve fully-automated erection processes using robotic cranes...},
  subject      = {Produktmodell},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KangMiranda2004,
  author    = {Kang, Shihchung and Miranda, Eduardo},
  title     = {Physics Based Model for Simulating the Dynamics of Tower Cranes},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.240},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-2409},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {The goal of the research is to increase the understanding of dynamic behaviors during the crane operation, and develops computer-aided methods to improve the training of crane operators. There are approximately 125,000 cranes in operation today in the construction industry, responsible for major portion of erection activities. Unfortunately, many accidents occur every year in the U.S. and other countries related to the operation of cranes in construction sites. For example on November 28, 1989 a tower crane collapse during the construction of a building in San Francisco killing four construction workers, one civilian and injuring 28. According to the statistics from Occupational Safety Health Administration (OSHA), there were 137 crane-related fatalities from 1992 to 2001 in the US. A well-known internet website that keeps track of crane-related accidents (craneaccidents.com), reports 516 accidents and 277 fatalities from 2000 to 2002. These statistics show that even though many measures have been taken to decrease the number of crane-related accidents (Braam, 2002), the number of crane related accidents is still very large. It is important to recognize that each construction related fatality is not only a great human loss but also increases the costs of insurance, lawsuits, and the construction budget due to delay of a project (Paulson 1992)...},
  subject      = {Produktmodell},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KiviniemiFischer2004,
  author    = {Kiviniemi, Arto and Fischer, Martin},
  title     = {Requirements Management Interface to Building Product Models},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.242},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-2427},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {In current AEC practice client requirements are typically recorded in a building program, which, depending on the building type, covers various aspects from the overall goals, activities and spatial needs to very detailed material and condition requirements. This documentation is used as the starting point of the design process, but as the design progresses, it is usually left aside and changes are made incrementally based on the previous design solution. These incremental small changes can lead to a solution that may no longer meet the original requirements. In addition, design is by nature an iterative process and the proposed solutions often also cause evolution in the client requirements. However, the requirements documentation is usually not updated accordingly. Finding the latest updates and evolution of the requirements from the documentation is very difficult, if not impossible. This process can lead to an end result, which is significantly different from the documented requirements. Some important requirements may not be satisfied, and even if the design process was based on agreed-upon changes in the scope and requirements, differences in the requirements documents and in the completed building can lead to well-justified doubts about the quality of the design and construction process...},
  subject      = {Produktmodell},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KraftWilhelms2004,
  author    = {Kraft, Bodo and Wilhelms, Nils},
  title     = {Interactive Distributed Knowledge Support for Conceptual Building Design},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.209},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-2094},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {In our project, we develop new tools for the conceptual design phase. During conceptual design, the coarse functionality and organization of a building is more important than a detailed worked out construction. We identify two roles, first the knowledge engineer who is responsible for knowledge definition and maintenance; second the architect who elaborates the conceptual design. The tool for the knowledge engineer is based on graph technology, it is specified using PROGRES and the UPGRADE framework. The tools for the architect are integrated to the industrial CAD tool ArchiCAD. Consistency between knowledge and conceptual design is ensured by the constraint checker, another extension to ArchiCAD.},
  subject      = {Produktmodell},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{Lee2004,
  author    = {Lee, Yungui},
  title     = {Development and application of CAD software in the field of building structures in China},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.89},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-898},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {PKPM series CAD software is an integrated CAD system for building design, which integrated the following parts: architectural design, structural design, building service design and statistic analysis of quantity and budget. These four parts share the same database with high efficiency. Over 80\% of design corporation in China are using PKPM series CAD software. The detailed information and some key modules of PKPM series CAD software are mainly introduced in this paper.},
  subject      = {Bautechnik},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Makanae2004,
  author    = {Makanae, Koji},
  title     = {Highway Sequence Editor based on the Length-based Highway Product Model},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.234},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-2347},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {The highway product model based on the length information of the centerline, and the application system is developed. This paper shows the schema and the modeling process of the product model, which includes geometric elements such as an alignment, lanes, sidewalks, shoulders and sprits, and accessories such as guard fences, plantings and signs. Furthermore, The Highway Sequence Editor (HSE) is developed as an application system to verify the model.},
  subject      = {Produktmodell},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{NeubergFankEkkerlein2004,
  author    = {Neuberg, Frank and Fank, Ernst and Ekkerlein, Christian},
  title     = {Integrated Life Cycle Simulation and Assessment of Buildings},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.235},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-2351},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {Buildings require both for construction and, due to their comparatively long life cycle for maintenance, significant raw material and energy resources. So far available knowledge about resource consumption during an entire life cycle of a building is still quite rare, because various criteria affect each other and/or overlay mutually. In this contribution a model based software concept is presented using an integrated approach for life cycle simulation and assessment of buildings. The essential point of the development consists of connecting an IFC compliant product model of a building via the Internet with data bases for the resource and energy requirement of building materials. Furthermore, numerical simulations allow calculating and minimizing the energy consumption, the resource requirement, the waste streams and also the noxious emissions. In the context of this paper we present the first release of software programs for architects and engineers, which help them to evaluate their design decisions objectively in early planning steps. Additionally the usage of the software is demonstrated by a test case study for a real world building. By applying this software in practice a substantial contribution for saving energy and natural resources can be provided in the sense of sustainable and ecological building design.},
  subject      = {Produktmodell},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RombergNigglvanTreeck2004,
  author    = {Romberg, Richard and Niggl, Andreas and van Treeck, Christoph},
  title     = {Structural Analysis based on the Product Model Standard IFC},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.243},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-2433},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {In this paper we present a computer aided method supporting co-operation between different project partners, such as architects and engineers, on the basis of strictly three-dimensional models. The center of our software architecture is a product model, described by the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) of the International Alliance for Interoperability (IAI). From this a geometrical model is extracted and automatically transferred to a computational model serving as a basis for various simulation tasks. In this paper the focus is set on the advantage of the fully three-dimensional structural analysis performed by p-version of the finite element analysis. Other simulation methods are discussed in a separate contribution of this Volume (Treeck 2004). The validity of this approach will be shown in a complex example.},
  subject      = {Produktmodell},
  language  = {en}
}