@article{MeyerKohlstockHauptHeldtetal.,
  author    = {Meyer-Kohlstock, Daniel and Haupt, Thomas and Heldt, Erik and Heldt, Nils and Kraft, Eckhard},
  title     = {Biochar as Additive in Biogas-Production from Bio-Waste},
  series = {ENERGIES},
  journal   = {ENERGIES},
  doi       = {10.3390/en9040247},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20170406-31119},
  abstract  = {Previous publications about biochar in anaerobic digestion show encouraging results with regard to increased biogas yields. This work investigates such effects in a solid-state fermentation of bio-waste. Unlike in previous trials, the influence of biochar is tested with a setup that simulates an industrial-scale biogas plant. Both the biogas and the methane yield increased around 5\% with a biochar addition of 5\%-based on organic dry matter biochar to bio-waste. An addition of 10\% increased the yield by around 3\%. While scaling effects prohibit a simple transfer of the results to industrial-scale plants, and although the certainty of the results is reduced by the heterogeneity of the bio-waste, further research in this direction seems promising.},
  subject      = {Festphasen-Fermentation},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Romallosa,
  author    = {Romallosa, Aries Roda D.},
  title     = {Briquette Production By The Informal Sector: The Case of UCLA in Iloilo City, Philippines},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.3233},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20170620-32335},
  school      = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar},
  pages     = {156},
  abstract  = {The construction and operation of a sanitary landfill (SLF) in the Philippines presents concerns on the regulation of the activities of the informal sector in the area. In anticipation of these directives, an association of informal waste reclaimers group called Uswag Calajunan Livelihood Association, Inc. (UCLA) was formed in May 2009. One option identified was the waste-to-energy activity through the production of fuel briquettes. With the availability of raw materials in the area, what was lacking then was an appropriate technology that would cater to their needs. This study, therefore, presented the case of UCLA on how socio-economic and technical aspects was integrated for the development and improvement of a briquetting technology needed in the production of quality briquettes as part of their income generating activities. A non-experimental posttest only design was utilized for the collection of descriptive information. Descriptions and discussions were also made on the enhancement of the briquetting machine from the first hand-press molder developed until the finalized design was attained. Results revealed that the improved briquetting technology withstood the wear and tear of operation showing a significant (P<0.01) increase on the production rate (220 pcs/hr; 4 kg/hr) and bulk density (444.83 kg/m3) of briquettes produced. The quality of cylindrical briquettes produced in terms of bulk density, heating value (15.13 MJ/kg), moisture (6.2\%), N and S closely met or has met the requirements of DIN 51731. Based on the operating expenses, the briquettes may be marked-up to Php0.25/pc (USD0.006) or Php15.00/kg (USD0.34) for profit generation. The potential daily earnings of Php130.00 (USD2.95) to Php288.56 (USD6.56) generated in producing briquettes are higher when compared to the majority of waste reclaimers' daily income of Php124.00 (USD2.82). The high positive response (93\%) on the usability of briquettes and the willingness of the respondents (81\%) to buy them when sold in the market indicates its promising potential as fuel in the nearby communities. Results of briquette production citing the case of UCLA could be considered as potential source of income given the social, technical, economic and environmental feasibility of the experiment. This method of utilizing wastes in an urban setting of a developing country with similar socio-economic and physical set-ups may also be recommended for testing or replication.},
  subject      = {Biotechnologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchmitzKraft,
  author    = {Schmitz, Tonia and Kraft, Eckhard},
  title     = {Pilot scale photobioreactor system for land-based macroalgae cultivation},
  series = {Journal of Applied Phycology},
  volume    = {2021},
  journal   = {Journal of Applied Phycology},
  doi       = {10.1007/s10811-021-02617-7},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20211207-45401},
  pages     = {1 -- 10},
  abstract  = {Marine macroalgae such as Ulva intestinalis have promising properties as feedstock for cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. However, since the quantity and quality of naturally grown algae vary widely, their exploitability is reduced - especially for producers in high-priced markets. Moreover, the expansion of marine or shore-based cultivation systems is unlikely in Europe, since promising sites either lie in fishing zones, recreational areas, or natural reserves. The aim was therefore to develop a closed photobioreactor system enabling full control of abiotic environmental parameters and an effective reconditioning of the cultivation medium in order to produce marine macroalgae at sites distant from the shore. To assess the feasibility and functionality of the chosen technological concept, a prototypal plant has been implemented in central Germany - a site distant from the sea. Using a newly developed, submersible LED light source, cultivation experiments with Ulva intestinalis led to growth rates of 7.72 ± 0.04 \% day-1 in a cultivation cycle of 28 days. Based on the space demand of the production system, this results in fresh mass productivity of 3.0 kg m-2, respectively, of 1.1 kg m-2 per year. Also considering the ratio of biomass to energy input amounting to 2.76 g kWh-1, significant future improvements of the developed photobioreactor system should include the optimization of growth parameters, and the reduction of the system's overall energy demand.},
  subject      = {Makroalgen},
  language  = {en}
}