@phdthesis{Cicek,
  author    = {Cicek, Burhan},
  title     = {Revisiting vernacular technique: Engineering a low environmental impact earth stabilisation method},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.4698},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20220803-46989},
  school      = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar},
  pages     = {195},
  abstract  = {The major drawbacks of earth as a construction material — such as its low water stability and moderate strength — have led mankind to stabilize earth. Different civilizations developed vernacular techniques mainly focussing on lime, pozzolan or gypsum stabilization. Recently, cement has become the most commonly used additive in earth stabilization as it improves the strength and durability of plain earth. Also, it is a familiar and globally available construction material. However, using cement as an additive reduces the environmental advantages of earth and run counter to global targets regarding the reduction of CO2 emissions. Alternatives to cement stabilization are currently neither efficient enough to reduce its environmental impact nor allow the possibility of obtaining better results than those of cement. As such, this thesis deals with the rediscovery of a reverse engineering approach for a low environmental impact earth stabilization technique, aiming to replace cement in earth stabilization. The first step in the method consists in a comprehensive review of earth stabilization with regards to earthen building standards and soil classification, which allows us to identify the research gap. The review showed that there is great potential in using other additives which result in similar improvements as those achieved by cement. However, the studies that have been conducted so far either use expansive soils, which are not suitable for earth constructions or artificial pozzolans that indirectly contribute to CO2 emissions. This is the main research gap. The key concept for the development in the second step of the method is to combine vernacular additives to both improve the strength and durability of plain earth and to reduce the CO2 emissions. Various earth-mixtures were prepared and both development and performance tests were done to investigate the performance of this technique. The laboratory analyses on mix-design have proven a high durability and the results show a remarkable increase in strength performance. Furthermore, a significant reduction in CO2 emissions in comparison to cement stabilization could be shown. The third step of the method discusses the results drawn from the experimental programme. In addition, the potential of the new earth mixture with regards to its usability in the field of building construction and architectural design is further elaborated on. The method used in this study is the first of its kind that allows investors to avoid the very time-consuming processes such as finding a suitable source for soil excavation and soil classification. The developed mixture has significant workability and suitability for production of stabilized earthen panels — the very first of its kind. Such a panel is practically feasible, reasonable, and could be integrated into earthen building standards in general and in particular to DIN 18948, which is related to earthen boards and published in 2018.},
  subject      = {Lehm},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{CicekCancino,
  type      = {Master Thesis},
  author    = {Cicek, Burhan and Cancino, Pamela},
  title     = {K{\"u}reken 2013. Entwerfen eines Dorfes aus Lehm},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.6356},
  school      = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar},
  pages     = {107},
  abstract  = {Die Diskussionen in der Politik und in der Gesellschaft {\"u}ber Klimawandel, globale Erw{\"a}rmung oder Nachhaltigkeit, die schon noch l{\"a}nger anh{\"a}lt, werden nie ein Ende finden, solange die Probleme, auf denen sie basiert, unl{\"o}sbar bleiben. Vorgeschlagene L{\"o}sungen werden meist nicht richtig umgesetzt. Im Zusammenhang mit dieser Problematik steigt aber das Verantwortungsgef{\"u}hl f{\"u}r bessere Zukunftsstrategien immer mehr. Die in den letzten Jahren vorgekommenen Umweltkatastrophen, wie im Golf von Mexiko (April 2010) oder im Fukushima (M{\"a}rz 2011) die noch aktuell sind, zeigen, dass der Prim{\"a}renergieeinsatz oder die Transportproblematik nicht mehr nur die Sorge der Entwicklungsl{\"a}nder, sondern auch der Industriel{\"a}nder ist. Die Bauwelt mit ihrem erheblichen Energiebedarf spielt bei der Festlegung der Zukunftsstrategien eine große Rolle. Vor allem sind die Forschungen nach umweltfreundlichen Materialien, der Recyclebarkeit der eingesetzten Baumaterialien oder dem vern{\"u}nftigen Nutzen der Naturressourcen die wichtigsten Schwerpunkte. In dieser Hinsicht bringt Lehm als Baumaterial viele Vorteile mit sich. Bei einem Artikel sagt der Lehmbauexperte Martin Rauch: "In heutiger Zeit und einem Kulturkreis, in dem Baugrund und Arbeitszeit unsere großen Kosten verursachen, findet der tradierte Lehmbau mit dem verbundenen großen Aufwand an menschlicher Arbeitszeit nur schwer seinen Platz. {\"U}ber die Art der Bauweise wird auch die Entscheidung gef{\"a}llt, wie und wo die Wertsch{\"o}pfung erfolgt und ob der Einsatz des Budgets einen gesellschaftlichen Nutzen mit sich bringt. Im Vergleich zu einem Sichtbetonhaus k{\"o}nnen bei einem Stampflehmhaus 40\% der Prim{\"a}renergie ein gespart und daf{\"u}r mehr lokale Arbeitsressourcen gebunden werden. Davon profitieren vor allem die lokalen Handwerker und mittelst{\"a}ndischen Betriebe" Anatolien ist der Ort, wo man immer noch die tiefsten Wurzeln der Baukultur menschlicher Geschichte findet. Diese Baukultur, die in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten fast verlorengegangen ist, ist die Lehmbaukultur. In dieser Hinsicht beabsichtigt dieser Entwurf die W{\"u}rde des Lehms in Anatolien wieder herzustellen und dadurch dessen Glaubw{\"u}rdigkeit zur{\"u}ckzubringen.},
  subject      = {Lehm},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{Schiecke2004,
  author    = {Schiecke, Steffen},
  title     = {Eignung alumosilikatischer Polymerbinder zur Modifizierung von Lehmbaustoffen},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.1419},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20100702-15088},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {Der Einsatz von Lehmbaustoffen st{\"o}ßt an Grenzen, wenn das Material Feuchtigkeit ausgesetzt ist. Die vorliegende Arbeit enth{\"a}lt Untersuchungen zur Verbesserung der Wasserbst{\"a}ndigkeit von Lehmbaustoffen. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass mittels alumosilikatischer Polymerbinder der Widerstand von Lehmbaustoffen gegen Feuchteeinwirkung erheblich verbessert werden kann. Die positiven bauklimatischen Eigenschaften werden dabei nicht negativ beeinflusst.},
  subject      = {Lehm},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{WagnerBoreRobinetetal.,
  author    = {Wagner, Norman and Bore, Thierry and Robinet, Jean-Charles and Coelho, Daniel and Taillade, Frederic and Delepine-Lesoille, Sylvie},
  title     = {Dielectric relaxation behavior of Callovo-Oxfordian clay rock: A hydraulic-mechanical-electromagnetic coupling approach},
  series = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth},
  journal   = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth},
  doi       = {10.1002/jgrb.50343},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20170428-31681},
  pages     = {4729 -- 4744},
  abstract  = {Water content is a key parameter to monitor in nuclear waste repositories such as the planed underground repository in Bure, France, in the Callovo-Oxfordian (COx) clay formation. High-frequency electromagnetic (HF-EM) measurement techniques, i.e., time or frequency domain reflectometry, offer useful tools for quantitative estimation of water content in porous media. However, despite the efficiency of HF-EM methods, the relationship between water content and dielectric material properties needs to be characterized. Moreover, the high amount of swelling clay in the COx clay leads to dielectric relaxation effects which induce strong dispersion coupled with high absorption of EM waves. Against this background, the dielectric relaxation behavior of the clay rock was studied at frequencies from 1 MHz to 10 GHz with network analyzer technique in combination with coaxial transmission line cells. For this purpose, undisturbed and disturbed clay rock samples were conditioned to achieve a water saturation range from 0.16 to nearly saturation. The relaxation behavior was quantified based on a generalized fractional relaxation model under consideration of an apparent direct current conductivity assuming three relaxation processes: a high-frequency water process and two interface processes which are related to interactions between the aqueous pore solution and mineral particles (adsorbed/hydrated water relaxation, counter ion relaxation and Maxwell-Wagner effects). The frequency-dependent HF-EM properties were further modeled based on a novel hydraulic-mechanical-electromagnetic coupling approach developed for soils. The results show the potential of HF-EM techniques for quantitative monitoring of the hydraulic state in underground repositories in clay formations.},
  subject      = {Lehm},
  language  = {en}
}