@article{MuellerLudwigTangeHasholt,
  author    = {M{\"u}ller, Matthias and Ludwig, Horst-Michael and Tange Hasholt, Marianne},
  title     = {Salt frost attack on concrete: the combined effect of cryogenic suction and chloride binding on ice formation},
  series = {Materials and Structures},
  volume    = {2021},
  journal   = {Materials and Structures},
  number    = {issue 54, article 189},
  doi       = {10.1617/s11527-021-01779-7},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20211207-45392},
  pages     = {1 -- 16},
  abstract  = {Scaling of concrete due to salt frost attack is an important durability issue in moderate and cold climates. The actual damage mechanism is still not completely understood. Two recent damage theories—the glue spall theory and the cryogenic suction theory—offer plausible, but conflicting explanations for the salt frost scaling mechanism. The present study deals with the cryogenic suction theory, which assumes that freezing concrete can take up unfrozen brine from a partly frozen deicing solution during salt frost attack. According to the model hypothesis, the resulting saturation of the concrete surface layer intensifies the ice formation in this layer and causes salt frost scaling. In this study an experimental technique was developed that makes it possible to quantify to which extent brine uptake can increase ice formation in hardened cement paste (used as a model material for concrete). The experiments were carried out with low temperature differential scanning calorimetry, where specimens were subjected to freeze-thaw cycles while being in contact with NaCl brine. Results showed that the ice content in the specimens increased with subsequent freeze-thaw cycles due to the brine uptake at temperatures below 0 °C. The ability of the hardened cement paste to bind chlorides from the absorbed brine at the same time affected the freezing/melting behavior of the pore solution and the magnitude of the ice content.},
  subject      = {Beton},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{MuellerSeidelLudwigetal.,
  author    = {M{\"u}ller, Christoph and Seidel, Maik and Ludwig, Horst-Michael and M{\"u}ller, Matthias},
  title     = {Pr{\"u}fung des Frost-Tausalz-Widerstandes von Beton f{\"u}r die Expositionsklasse XF2},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.4887},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20240226-48877},
  pages     = {34},
  abstract  = {In cold and moderate climates concrete can be subjected to a combined salt frost attack, which can cause scaling damage. Consequently, numerous test procedures were developed to determine the resistance of concrete compositions against this kind of attack. These tests typically mimic a severe attack with high levels of saturation, e.g. as for concrete pavements. Very few approaches exist for testing the salt frost scaling resistance of concretes, which are subjected only to medium levels of saturation, as such concrete elements typically don't show notable scaling damage. However, the increasing use of low carbon cements with high clinker substitution rates might affect the salt frost scaling resistance of such concrete elements to some extent. To ensure adequate durability of such concretes it is thus desirable to determine their performance in an actual test procedure instead of relying on past experience. Thus, less severe test methods was developed, which are based on the Slab test and the CDF test, repectively.},
  subject      = {Beton},
  language  = {de}
}