@article{BenzTarabenLichtenheldetal.,
  author    = {Benz, Alexander and Taraben, Jakob and Lichtenheld, Thomas and Morgenthal, Guido and V{\"o}lker, Conrad},
  title     = {Thermisch-energetische Geb{\"a}udesimulation auf Basis eines Bauwerksinformationsmodells},
  series = {Bauphysik},
  journal   = {Bauphysik},
  number    = {40, Heft 2},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.3835},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20181221-38354},
  pages     = {61 -- 67},
  abstract  = {F{\"u}r eine Absch{\"a}tzung des Heizw{\"a}rmebedarfs von Geb{\"a}uden und Quartieren k{\"o}nnen thermisch-energetische Simulationen eingesetzt werden. Grundlage dieser Simulationen sind geometrische und physikalische Geb{\"a}udemodelle. Die Erstellung des geometrischen Modells erfolgt in der Regel auf Basis von Baupl{\"a}nen oder Vor-Ort-Begehungen, was mit einem großen Recherche- und Modellierungsaufwand verbunden ist. Sp{\"a}tere bauliche Ver{\"a}nderungen des Geb{\"a}udes m{\"u}ssen h{\"a}ufig manuell in das Modell eingearbeitet werden, was den Arbeitsaufwand zus{\"a}tzlich erh{\"o}ht. Das physikalische Modell stellt die Menge an Parametern und Randbedingungen dar, welche durch Materialeigenschaften, Lage und Umgebungs-einfl{\"u}sse gegeben sind. Die Verkn{\"u}pfung beider Modelle wird innerhalb der entsprechenden Simulations-software realisiert und ist meist nicht in andere Softwareprodukte {\"u}berf{\"u}hrbar. Mithilfe des Building Information Modeling (BIM) k{\"o}nnen Simulationsdaten sowohl konsistent gespeichert als auch {\"u}ber Schnittstellen mit entsprechenden Anwendungen ausgetauscht werden. Hierf{\"u}r wird eine Methode vorgestellt, die thermisch-energetische Simulationen auf Basis des standardisierten {\"U}bergabe-formats Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) inklusive anschließender Auswertungen erm{\"o}glicht. Dabei werden geometrische und physikalische Parameter direkt aus einem {\"u}ber den gesamten Lebenszyklus aktuellen Geb{\"a}udemodell extrahiert und an die Simulation {\"u}bergeben. Dies beschleunigt den Simulations-prozess hinsichtlich der Geb{\"a}udemodellierung und nach sp{\"a}teren baulichen Ver{\"a}nderungen. Die erarbeite-te Methode beruht hierbei auf einfachen Modellierungskonventionen bei der Erstellung des Bauwerksinformationsmodells und stellt eine vollst{\"a}ndige {\"U}bertragbarkeit der Eingangs- und Ausgangswerte sicher. Thermal building simulation based on BIM-models. Thermal energetic simulations are used for the estimation of the heating demand of buildings and districts. These simulations are based on building models containing geometrical and physical information. The creation of geometrical models is usually based on existing construction plans or in situ assessments which demand a comparatively big effort of investigation and modeling. Alterations, which are later applied to the structure, request manual changes of the related model, which increases the effort additionally. The physical model represents the total amount of parameters and boundary conditions that are influenced by material properties, location and environmental influences on the building. The link between both models is realized within the correspondent simulation soft-ware and is usually not transferable to other software products. By Applying Building Information Modeling (BIM) simulation data is stored consistently and an exchange to other software is enabled. Therefore, a method which allows a thermal energetic simulation based on the exchange format Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) including an evaluation is presented. All geometrical and physical information are extracted directly from the building model that is kept up-to-date during its life cycle and transferred to the simulation. This accelerates the simulation process regarding the geometrical modeling and adjustments after later changes of the building. The developed method is based on simple conventions for the creation of the building model and ensures a complete transfer of all simulation data.},
  subject      = {Building Information Modeling},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{BenzTarabenLichtenheldetal.,
  author    = {Benz, Alexander and Taraben, Jakob and Lichtenheld, Thomas and Morgenthal, Guido and V{\"o}lker, Conrad},
  title     = {Thermisch-energetische Geb{\"a}udesimulation auf Basis eines Bauwerksinformationsmodells},
  series = {Bauphysik},
  journal   = {Bauphysik},
  number    = {40, Heft 2},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.3819},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20181102-38190},
  pages     = {61 -- 67},
  abstract  = {F{\"u}r eine Absch{\"a}tzung des Heizw{\"a}rmebedarfs von Geb{\"a}uden und Quartieren k{\"o}nnen thermisch-energetische Simulationen eingesetzt werden. Grundlage dieser Simulationen sind geometrische und physikalische Geb{\"a}udemodelle. Die Erstellung des geometrischen Modells erfolgt in der Regel auf Basis von Baupl{\"a}nen oder Vor-Ort-Begehungen, was mit einem großen Recherche- und Modellierungsaufwand verbunden ist. Sp{\"a}tere bauliche Ver{\"a}nderungen des Geb{\"a}udes m{\"u}ssen h{\"a}ufig manuell in das Modell eingearbeitet werden, was den Arbeitsaufwand zus{\"a}tzlich erh{\"o}ht. Das physikalische Modell stellt die Menge an Parametern und Randbedingungen dar, welche durch Materialeigenschaften, Lage und Umgebungs-einfl{\"u}sse gegeben sind. Die Verkn{\"u}pfung beider Modelle wird innerhalb der entsprechenden Simulations-software realisiert und ist meist nicht in andere Softwareprodukte {\"u}berf{\"u}hrbar. Mithilfe des Building Information Modeling (BIM) k{\"o}nnen Simulationsdaten sowohl konsistent gespeichert als auch {\"u}ber Schnittstellen mit entsprechenden Anwendungen ausgetauscht werden. Hierf{\"u}r wird eine Methode vorgestellt, die thermisch-energetische Simulationen auf Basis des standardisierten {\"U}bergabe-formats Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) inklusive anschließender Auswertungen erm{\"o}glicht. Dabei werden geometrische und physikalische Parameter direkt aus einem {\"u}ber den gesamten Lebenszyklus aktuellen Geb{\"a}udemodell extrahiert und an die Simulation {\"u}bergeben. Dies beschleunigt den Simulations-prozess hinsichtlich der Geb{\"a}udemodellierung und nach sp{\"a}teren baulichen Ver{\"a}nderungen. Die erarbeite-te Methode beruht hierbei auf einfachen Modellierungskonventionen bei der Erstellung des Bauwerksinformationsmodells und stellt eine vollst{\"a}ndige {\"U}bertragbarkeit der Eingangs- und Ausgangswerte sicher. Thermal building simulation based on BIM-models. Thermal energetic simulations are used for the estimation of the heating demand of buildings and districts. These simulations are based on building models containing geometrical and physical information. The creation of geometrical models is usually based on existing construction plans or in situ assessments which demand a comparatively big effort of investigation and modeling. Alterations, which are later applied to the structure, request manual changes of the related model, which increases the effort additionally. The physical model represents the total amount of parameters and boundary conditions that are influenced by material properties, location and environmental influences on the building. The link between both models is realized within the correspondent simulation soft-ware and is usually not transferable to other software products. By Applying Building Information Modeling (BIM) simulation data is stored consistently and an exchange to other software is enabled. Therefore, a method which allows a thermal energetic simulation based on the exchange format Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) including an evaluation is presented. All geometrical and physical information are extracted directly from the building model that is kept up-to-date during its life cycle and transferred to the simulation. This accelerates the simulation process regarding the geometrical modeling and adjustments after later changes of the building. The developed method is based on simple conventions for the creation of the building model and ensures a complete transfer of all simulation data.},
  subject      = {Geb{\"a}udeh{\"u}lle},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{AlsaadSchaelteSchneeweissetal.,
  author    = {Alsaad, Hayder and Sch{\"a}lte, Gereon and Schneeweiß, Mario and Becher, Lia and Pollack, Moritz and Gena, Amayu Wakoya and Schweiker, Marcel and Hartmann, Maria and Voelker, Conrad and Rossaint, Rolf and Irrgang, Matthias},
  title     = {The Spread of Exhaled Air and Aerosols during Physical Exercise},
  series = {Journal of Clinical Medicine},
  volume    = {2023},
  journal   = {Journal of Clinical Medicine},
  number    = {Volume 12, issue 4, article 1300},
  publisher = {Basel},
  address   = {MDPI},
  doi       = {10.3390/jcm12041300},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20230208-49262},
  pages     = {20},
  abstract  = {Physical exercise demonstrates a special case of aerosol emission due to its associated elevated breathing rate. This can lead to a faster spread of airborne viruses and respiratory diseases. Therefore, this study investigates cross-infection risk during training. Twelve human subjects exercised on a cycle ergometer under three mask scenarios: no mask, surgical mask, and FFP2 mask. The emitted aerosols were measured in a grey room with a measurement setup equipped with an optical particle sensor. The spread of expired air was qualitatively and quantitatively assessed using schlieren imaging. Moreover, user satisfaction surveys were conducted to evaluate the comfort of wearing face masks during training. The results indicated that both surgical and FFP2 masks significantly reduced particles emission with a reduction efficiency of 87.1\% and 91.3\% of all particle sizes, respectively. However, compared to surgical masks, FFP2 masks provided a nearly tenfold greater reduction of the particle size range with long residence time in the air (0.3-0.5 μm). Furthermore, the investigated masks reduced exhalation spreading distances to less than 0.15 m and 0.1 m in the case of the surgical mask and FFP2 mask, respectively. User satisfaction solely differed with respect to perceived dyspnea between no mask and FFP2 mask conditions.},
  subject      = {Sport},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BecherGenaAlsaadetal.,
  author    = {Becher, Lia and Gena, Amayu Wakoya and Alsaad, Hayder and Richter, Bernhard and Spahn, Claudia and V{\"o}lker, Conrad},
  title     = {The spread of breathing air from wind instruments and singers using schlieren techniques},
  series = {Indoor Air},
  volume    = {2021},
  journal   = {Indoor Air},
  number    = {volume 31, issue 6},
  publisher = {Wiley Blackwell},
  address   = {Oxford},
  doi       = {10.1111/ina.12869},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20220209-45817},
  pages     = {1798 -- 1814},
  abstract  = {The spread of breathing air when playing wind instruments and singing was investigated and visualized using two methods: (1) schlieren imaging with a schlieren mirror and (2) background-oriented schlieren (BOS). These methods visualize airflow by visualizing density gradients in transparent media. The playing of professional woodwind and brass instrument players, as well as professional classical trained singers were investigated to estimate the spread distances of the breathing air. For a better comparison and consistent measurement series, a single high note, a single low note, and an extract of a musical piece were investigated. Additionally, anemometry was used to determine the velocity of the spreading breathing air and the extent to which it was quantifiable. The results showed that the ejected airflow from the examined instruments and singers did not exceed a spreading range of 1.2 m into the room. However, differences in the various instruments have to be considered to assess properly the spread of the breathing air. The findings discussed below help to estimate the risk of cross-infection for wind instrument players and singers and to develop efficacious safety precautions, which is essential during critical health periods such as the current COVID-19 pandemic.},
  subject      = {Covid-19},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AlsaadHartmannVoelker,
  author    = {Alsaad, Hayder and Hartmann, Maria and Voelker, Conrad},
  title     = {The effect of a living wall system designated for greywater treatment on the hygrothermal performance of the facade},
  series = {Energy and Buildings},
  volume    = {2022},
  journal   = {Energy and Buildings},
  number    = {volume 255, article 111711},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111711},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20240116-65299},
  pages     = {17},
  abstract  = {Besides their multiple known benefits regarding urban microclimate, living walls can be used as decentralized stand-alone systems to treat greywater locally at the buildings. While this offers numerous environmental advantages, it can have a considerable impact on the hygrothermal performance of the facade as such systems involve bringing large quantities of water onto the facade. As it is difficult to represent complex entities such as plants in the typical simulation tools used for heat and moisture transport, this study suggests a new approach to tackle this challenge by coupling two tools: ENVI-Met and Delphin. ENVI-Met was used to simulate the impact of the plants to determine the local environmental parameters at the living wall. Delphin, on the other hand, was used to conduct the hygrothermal simulations using the local parameters calculated by ENVI-Met. Four wall constructions were investigated in this study: an uninsulated brick wall, a precast concrete plate, a sandy limestone wall, and a double-shell wall. The results showed that the living wall improved the U-value, the exterior surface temperature, and the heat flux through the wall. Moreover, the living wall did not increase the risk of moisture in the wall during winter and eliminated the risk of condensation.},
  subject      = {Feuchteleitung},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{VoelkerKornadtOstry,
  author    = {V{\"o}lker, Conrad and Kornadt, Oliver and Ostry, Milan},
  title     = {Temperature reduction due to the application of phase change materials},
  series = {Energy and Buildings},
  journal   = {Energy and Buildings},
  number    = {40, 5},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.3816},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20181025-38166},
  pages     = {937 -- 944},
  abstract  = {Overheating is a major problem in many modern buildings due to the utilization of lightweight constructions with low heat storing capacity. A possible answer to this problem is the emplacement of phase change materials (PCM), thereby increasing the thermal mass of a building. These materials change their state of aggregation within a defined temperature range. Useful PCM for buildings show a phase transition from solid to liquid and vice versa. The thermal mass of the materials is increased by the latent heat. A modified gypsum plaster and a salt mixture were chosen as two materials for the study of their impact on room temperature reduction. For realistic investigations, test rooms were erected where measurements were carried out under different conditions such as temporary air change, alternate internal heat gains or clouding. The experimental data was finally reproduced by dint of a mathematical model.},
  subject      = {Raumklima},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{VoelkerAlsaad,
  author    = {V{\"o}lker, Conrad and Alsaad, Hayder},
  title     = {Simulating the human body's microclimate using automatic coupling of CFD and an advanced thermoregulation model},
  series = {Indoor Air},
  volume    = {2018},
  journal   = {Indoor Air},
  number    = {28, Heft 3},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.3851},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20190218-38517},
  pages     = {415 -- 425},
  abstract  = {This study aims to develop an approach to couple a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solver to the University of California, Berkeley (UCB) thermal comfort model to accurately evaluate thermal comfort. The coupling was made using an iterative JavaScript to automatically transfer data for each individual segment of the human body back and forth between the CFD solver and the UCB model until reaching convergence defined by a stopping criterion. The location from which data are transferred to the UCB model was determined using a new approach based on the temperature difference between subsequent points on the temperature profile curve in the vicinity of the body surface. This approach was used because the microclimate surrounding the human body differs in thickness depending on the body segment and the surrounding environment. To accurately simulate the thermal environment, the numerical model was validated beforehand using experimental data collected in a climate chamber equipped with a thermal manikin. Furthermore, an example of the practical implementations of this coupling is reported in this paper through radiant floor cooling simulation cases, in which overall and local thermal sensation and comfort were investigated using the coupled UCB model.},
  subject      = {Numerische Str{\"o}mungssimulation},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AlsaadVoelker,
  author    = {Alsaad, Hayder and V{\"o}lker, Conrad},
  title     = {Qualitative evaluation of the flow supplied by personalized ventilation using schlieren imaging and thermography},
  series = {Building and Environment},
  volume    = {2020},
  journal   = {Building and Environment},
  number    = {Volume 167, article 106450},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {New York},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.4511},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20211008-45117},
  pages     = {11},
  abstract  = {Personalized ventilation (PV) is a mean of delivering conditioned outdoor air into the breathing zone of the occupants. This study aims to qualitatively investigate the personalized flows using two methods of visualization: (1) schlieren imaging using a large schlieren mirror and (2) thermography using an infrared camera. While the schlieren imaging was used to render the velocity and mass transport of the supplied flow, thermography was implemented to visualize the air temperature distribution induced by the PV. Both studies were conducted using a thermal manikin to simulate an occupant facing a PV outlet. As a reference, the flow supplied by an axial fan and a cased axial fan was visualized with the schlieren system as well and compared to the flow supplied by PV. Schlieren visualization results indicate that the steady, low-turbulence flow supplied by PV was able to penetrate the thermal convective boundary layer encasing the manikin's body, providing clean air for inhalation. Contrarily, the axial fan diffused the supplied air over a large target area with high turbulence intensity; it only disturbed the convective boundary layer rather than destroying it. The cased fan supplied a flow with a reduced target area which allowed supplying more air into the breathing zone compared to the fan. The results of thermography visualization showed that the supplied cool air from PV penetrated the corona-shaped thermal boundary layer. Furthermore, the supplied air cooled the surface temperature of the face, which indicates the large impact of PV on local thermal sensation and comfort.},
  subject      = {Bildverarbeitung},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GenaVoelkerSettles,
  author    = {Gena, Amayu Wakoya and V{\"o}lker, Conrad and Settles, Gary},
  title     = {Qualitative and quantitative schlieren optical measurement of the human thermal plume},
  series = {Indoor Air},
  volume    = {2020},
  journal   = {Indoor Air},
  number    = {volume 30, issue 4},
  publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons},
  doi       = {10.1111/ina.12674},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20200709-41936},
  pages     = {757 -- 766},
  abstract  = {A new large-field, high-sensitivity, single-mirror coincident schlieren optical instrument has been installed at the Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar for the purpose of indoor air research. Its performance is assessed by the non-intrusive measurement of the thermal plume of a heated manikin. The schlieren system produces excellent qualitative images of the manikin's thermal plume and also quantitative data, especially schlieren velocimetry of the plume's velocity field that is derived from the digital cross-correlation analysis of a large time sequence of schlieren images. The quantitative results are compared with thermistor and hot-wire anemometer data obtained at discrete points in the plume. Good agreement is obtained, once the differences between path-averaged schlieren data and planar anemometry data are reconciled.},
  subject      = {Raumklima},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AlsaadVoelker,
  author    = {Alsaad, Hayder and V{\"o}lker, Conrad},
  title     = {Performance evaluation of ductless personalized ventilation in comparison with desk fans using numerical simulations},
  series = {Indoor Air},
  volume    = {2020},
  journal   = {Indoor Air},
  publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons Ltd},
  doi       = {10.1111/ina.12672},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20200422-41407},
  pages     = {14},
  abstract  = {The performance of ductless personalized ventilation (DPV) was compared to the performance of a typical desk fan since they are both stand-alone systems that allow the users to personalize their indoor environment. The two systems were evaluated using a validated computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of an office room occupied by two users. To investigate the impact of DPV and the fan on the inhaled air quality, two types of contamination sources were modelled in the domain: an active source and a passive source. Additionally, the influence of the compared systems on thermal comfort was assessed using the coupling of CFD with the comfort model developed by the University of California, Berkeley (UCB model). Results indicated that DPV performed generally better than the desk fan. It provided better thermal comfort and showed a superior performance in removing the exhaled contaminants. However, the desk fan performed better in removing the contaminants emitted from a passive source near the floor level. This indicates that the performance of DPV and desk fans depends highly on the location of the contamination source. Moreover, the simulations showed that both systems increased the spread of exhaled contamination when used by the source occupant.},
  subject      = {Behaglichkeit},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AlsaadVoelker,
  author    = {Alsaad, Hayder and V{\"o}lker, Conrad},
  title     = {Performance assessment of a ductless personalized ventilation system using a validated CFD model},
  series = {Journal of Building Performance Simulation},
  volume    = {2018},
  journal   = {Journal of Building Performance Simulation},
  number    = {11, Heft 6},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.3850},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20190218-38500},
  pages     = {689 -- 704},
  abstract  = {The aim of this study is twofold: to validate a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model, and then to use the validated model to evaluate the performance of a ductless personalized ventilation (DPV) system. To validate the numerical model, a series of measurements was conducted in a climate chamber equipped with a thermal manikin. Various turbulence models, settings, and options were tested; simulation results were compared to the measured data to determine the turbulence model and solver settings that achieve the best agreement between the measured and simulated values. Subsequently, the validated CFD model was then used to evaluate the thermal environment and indoor air quality in a room equipped with a DPV system combined with displacement ventilation. Results from the numerical model were then used to quantify thermal sensation and comfort using the UC Berkeley thermal comfort model.},
  subject      = {Ventilation},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{VoelkerBeckmannKoehlmannetal.,
  author    = {V{\"o}lker, Conrad and Beckmann, Julia and Koehlmann, Sandra and Kornadt, Oliver},
  title     = {Occupant requirements in residential buildings - an empirical study and a theoretical model},
  series = {Advances in Building Energy Research},
  journal   = {Advances in Building Energy Research},
  number    = {7 (1)},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.3813},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20181015-38137},
  pages     = {35 -- 50},
  abstract  = {Occupant needs with regard to residential buildings are not well known due to a lack of representative scientific studies. To improve the lack of data, a large scale study was carried out using a Post Occupancy Evaluation of 1,416 building occupants. Several criteria describing the needs of occupants were evaluated with regard to their subjective level of relevance. Additionally, we investigated the degree to which deficiencies subjectively exist, and the degree to which occupants were able to accept them. From the data obtained, a hierarchy of criteria was created. It was found that building occupants ranked the physiological needs of air quality and thermal comfort the highest. Health hazards such as mould and contaminated building materials were unacceptable for occupants, while other deficiencies were more likely to be tolerated. Occupant satisfaction was also investigated. We found that most occupants can be classified as satisfied, although some differences do exist between different populations. To explain the relationship between the constructs of what we call relevance, acceptance, deficiency and satisfaction, we then created an explanatory model. Using correlation and regression analysis, the validity of the model was then confirmed by applying the collected data. The results of the study are both relevant in shaping further research and in providing guidance on how to maximize tenant satisfaction in real estate management.},
  subject      = {Post Occupancy Evaluation},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SalandinArnoldKornadt,
  author    = {Salandin, Andrea and Arnold, J{\"o}rg and Kornadt, Oliver},
  title     = {Noise in an intensive care unit},
  series = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America},
  volume    = {2011},
  journal   = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America},
  number    = {130 (6)},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.3264},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20170713-32649},
  pages     = {3754 -- 3760},
  abstract  = {Patients and staff in hospitals are exposed to a complex sound environment with rather high noise levels. In intensive care units, the main noise sources are hospital staff on duty and medical equipment, which generates both operating noise and acoustic alarms. Although noise in most cases is produced during activities for the purpose of saving life, noise can induce significant changes in the depth and quality of sleep and negatively affect health in general. Results of a survey of hospital staff are presented as well as measurements in two German hospital wards: a standard two-bed room and a special Intermediate Care Unit (IMC-Unit), each in a different Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Sound pressure data were collected over a 48 hour period and converted into different levels (LAFeq, LAFmax, LAFmin, LAF 5\%), as well as a rating level LAr, which is used to take tonality and impulsiveness into account. An analysis of the survey and the measured data, together with a comparison of thresholds of national and international regulations and standards describe the acoustic situation and its likely noise effects on staff and patients.},
  subject      = {L{\"a}rm},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{VoelkerMaempelKornadt,
  author    = {V{\"o}lker, Conrad and M{\"a}mpel, Silvio and Kornadt, Oliver},
  title     = {Measuring the human body's micro-climate using a thermal manikin},
  series = {Indoor Air},
  journal   = {Indoor Air},
  number    = {24, 6},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.3815},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20181025-38153},
  pages     = {567 -- 579},
  abstract  = {The human body is surrounded by a micro-climate which results from its convective release of heat. In this study, the air temperature and flow velocity of this micro-climate were measured in a climate chamber at various room temperatures, using a thermal manikin simulating the heat release of the human being. Different techniques (Particle Streak Tracking, thermography, anemometry, and thermistors) were used for measurement and visualization. The manikin surface temperature was adjusted to the particular indoor climate based on simulations with a thermoregulation model (UCBerkeley Thermal Comfort Model). We found that generally, the micro-climate is thinner at the lower part of the torso, but expands going up. At the head, there is a relatively thick thermal layer, which results in an ascending plume above the head. However, the micro-climate shape strongly depends not only on the body segment, but also on boundary conditions: the higher the temperature difference between the surface temperature of the manikin and the air temperature, the faster the air flow in the micro-climate. Finally, convective heat transfer coefficients strongly increase with falling room temperature, while radiative heat transfer coefficients decrease. The type of body segment strongly influences the convective heat transfer coefficient, while only minimally influencing the radiative heat transfer coefficient.},
  subject      = {Raumklima},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{DokhanchiArnoldVogeletal.2020,
  author    = {Dokhanchi, Najmeh Sadat and Arnold, J{\"o}rg and Vogel, Albert and V{\"o}lker, Conrad},
  title     = {Measurement of indoor air temperature distribution using acoustic travel-time tomography: Optimization of transducers location and sound-ray coverage of the room},
  series = {Measurement},
  volume    = {2020},
  journal   = {Measurement},
  number    = {Volume 164, article 107934},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.measurement.2020.107934},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20220524-46473},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Acoustic travel-time TOMography (ATOM) allows the measurement and reconstruction of air temperature distributions. Due to limiting factors, such as the challenge of travel-time estimation of the early reflections in the room impulse response, which heavily depends on the position of transducers inside the measurement area, ATOM is applied mainly outdoors. To apply ATOM in buildings, this paper presents a numerical solution to optimize the positions of transducers. This optimization avoids reflection overlaps, leading to distinguishable travel-times in the impulse response reflectogram. To increase the accuracy of the measured temperature within tomographic voxels, an additional function is employed to the proposed numerical method to minimize the number of sound-path-free voxels, ensuring the best sound-ray coverage of the room. Subsequently, an experimental set-up has been performed to verify the proposed numerical method. The results indicate the positive impact of the optimal positions of transducers on the distribution of ATOM-temperatures.},
  subject      = {Bauphysik},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AlsaadHartmannVoelker,
  author    = {Alsaad, Hayder and Hartmann, Maria and V{\"o}lker, Conrad},
  title     = {Hygrothermal simulation data of a living wall system for decentralized greywater treatment},
  series = {Data in Brief},
  volume    = {2022},
  journal   = {Data in Brief},
  number    = {volume 40, article 107741},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.dib.2021.107741},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20220106-45483},
  pages     = {12},
  abstract  = {This dataset presents the numerical analysis of the heat and moisture transport through a facade equipped with a living wall system designated for greywater treatment. While such greening systems provide many environmental benefits, they involve pumping large quantities of water onto the wall assembly, which can increase the risk of moisture in the wall as well as impaired energetic performance due to increased thermal conductivity with increased moisture content in the building materials. This dataset was acquired through numerical simulation using the coupling of two simulation tools, namely Envi-Met and Delphin. This coupling was used to include the complex role the plants play in shaping the near-wall environmental parameters in the hygrothermal simulations. Four different wall assemblies were investigated, each assembly was assessed twice: with and without the living wall. The presented data include the input and output parameters of the simulations, which were presented in the co-submitted article [1].},
  subject      = {Kupplung},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AlsaadHartmannHilbeletal.,
  author    = {Alsaad, Hayder and Hartmann, Maria and Hilbel, Rebecca and V{\"o}lker, Conrad},
  title     = {ENVI-met validation data accompanied with simulation data of the impact of facade greening on the urban microclimate},
  series = {Data in Brief},
  volume    = {2022},
  journal   = {Data in Brief},
  number    = {Volume 42, article 108200},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.dib.2022.108200},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20220511-46455},
  pages     = {1 -- 13},
  abstract  = {This dataset consists mainly of two subsets. The first subset includes measurements and simulation data conducted to validate the simulation tool ENVI-met. The measurements were conducted at the campus of the Bauhaus-University Weimar in Weimar, Germany and consisted of recording exterior air temperature, globe temperature, relative humidity, and wind velocity at 1.5 m at four points on four different days. After the measurements, the geometry of the campus was modelled and meshed; the simulations were conducted using the weather data of the measurements days with the aim of investigating the accuracy of the model. The second data subset consists of ENVI-met simulation data of the potential of facade greening in improving the outdoor environment and the indoor air temperature during heatwaves in Central European cities. The data consist of the boundary conditions and the simulation output of two simulation models: with and without facade greening. The geometry of the models corresponded to a residential buildings district in Stuttgart, Germany. The simulation output consisted of exterior air temperature, mean radiant temperature, relative humidity, and wind velocity at 12 different probe points in the model in addition to the indoor air temperature of an exemplary building. The dataset presents both vertical profiles of the probed parameters as well as the time series output of the five-day simulation duration. Both data subsets correspond to the investigations presented in the co-submitted article [1].},
  subject      = {Messung},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PollackLueckWolfetal.,
  author    = {Pollack, Moritz and L{\"u}ck, Andrea and Wolf, Mario and Kraft, Eckhard and V{\"o}lker, Conrad},
  title     = {Energy and Business Synergy: Leveraging Biogenic Resources from Agriculture, Waste, and Wastewater in German Rural Areas},
  series = {Sustainability},
  volume    = {2023},
  journal   = {Sustainability},
  number    = {volume 15, issue 24, article 16573},
  publisher = {MDPI},
  address   = {Basel},
  doi       = {10.3390/su152416573},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20231222-65172},
  pages     = {1 -- 25},
  abstract  = {The imperative to transform current energy provisions is widely acknowledged. However, scant attention has hitherto been directed toward rural municipalities and their innate resources, notably biogenic resources. In this paper, a methodological framework is developed to interconnect resources from waste, wastewater, and agricultural domains for energy utilization. This entails cataloging existing resources, delineating their potential via quantitative assessments utilizing diverse technologies, and encapsulating them in a conceptual model. The formulated models underwent iterative evaluation with engagement from diverse stakeholders. Consequently, 3 main concepts, complemented by 72 sub-concepts, were delineated, all fostering positive contributions to climate protection and providing heat supply in the rural study area. The outcomes' replicability is underscored by the study area's generic structure and the employed methodology. Through these inquiries, a framework for the requisite energy transition, with a pronounced emphasis on the coupling of waste, wastewater, and agriculture sectors in rural environments, is robustly analyzed.},
  subject      = {Energiewende},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AlsaadVoelker,
  author    = {Alsaad, Hayder and V{\"o}lker, Conrad},
  title     = {Der K{\"u}hlungseffekt der personalisierten L{\"u}ftung},
  series = {Bauphysik},
  volume    = {2020},
  journal   = {Bauphysik},
  number    = {volume 42, issue 5},
  publisher = {Ernst \& Sohn bei John Wiley \& Sons},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.4272},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20201020-42723},
  pages     = {218 -- 225},
  abstract  = {Personalisierte L{\"u}ftung (PL) kann die thermische Behaglichkeit sowie die Qualit{\"a}t der eingeatmeten Atemluft verbessern, in dem jedem Arbeitsplatz Frischluft separat zugef{\"u}hrt wird. In diesem Beitrag wird die Wirkung der PL auf die thermische Behaglichkeit der Nutzer unter sommerlichen Randbedingungen untersucht. Hierf{\"u}r wurden zwei Ans{\"a}tze zur Bewertung des K{\"u}hlungseffekts der PL untersucht: basierend auf (1) der {\"a}quivalenten Temperatur und (2) dem thermischen Empfinden. Grundlage der Auswertung sind in einer Klimakammer gemessene sowie numerisch simulierte Daten. Vor der Durchf{\"u}hrung der Simulationen wurde das numerische Modell zun{\"a}chst anhand der gemessenen Daten validiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der Ansatz basierend auf dem thermischen Empfinden zur Evaluierung des K{\"u}hlungseffekts der PL sinnvoller sein kann, da bei diesem die komplexen physiologischen Faktoren besser ber{\"u}cksichtigt werden.},
  subject      = {L{\"u}ftung},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{VogelArnoldVoelkeretal.,
  author    = {Vogel, Albert and Arnold, J{\"o}rg and Voelker, Conrad and Kornadt, Oliver},
  title     = {Data for sound pressure level prediction in lightweight constructions caused by structure-borne sound sources and their uncertainties},
  series = {Data in Brief},
  volume    = {2023},
  journal   = {Data in Brief},
  number    = {Volume 48, June 2023, article 109292},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.dib.2023.109292},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20230719-64114},
  pages     = {1 -- 16},
  abstract  = {When predicting sound pressure levels induced by structure-borne sound sources and describing the sound propagation path through the building structure as exactly as possible, it is necessary to characterize the vibration behavior of the structure-borne sound sources. In this investigation, the characterization of structure-borne sound sources was performed using the two-stage method (TSM) described in EN 15657. Four different structure-borne sound sources were characterized and subsequently installed in a lightweight test stand. The resulting sound pressure levels in an adjacent receiving room were measured. In the second step, sound pressure levels were predicted according to EN 12354-5 based on the parameters of the structure-borne sound sources. Subsequently, the predicted and the measured sound pressure levels were compared to obtain reliable statements on the achievable accuracy when using source quantities determined by TSM with this prediction method.},
  subject      = {Bauakustik},
  language  = {en}
}