@article{PartschefeldTutalHalmansederetal.,
  author    = {Partschefeld, Stephan and Tutal, Adrian and Halmanseder, Thomas and Schneider, Jens and Osburg, Andrea},
  title     = {Investigations on Stability of Polycarboxylate Superplasticizers in Alkaline Activators for Geopolymer Binders},
  series = {Materials},
  volume    = {2023},
  journal   = {Materials},
  number    = {Volume 16, issue 15, article 5369},
  publisher = {MDPI},
  address   = {Basel},
  doi       = {10.3390/ma16155369},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20231026-64809},
  pages     = {1 -- 14},
  abstract  = {Calcined clays are interesting starting materials to be used as SCMs (supplementary cementitious materials) in cements or to be converted to geopolymers by activation with a high alkaline activator. The adjustment of the properties in the fresh state, especially regarding the consistency of these binders, is almost exclusively achieved by the addition of water, since commercially available superplasticizers seem to be ineffective in low-calcium geopolymer systems. The aim of this study was a systematic investigation of various PCE (polycarboxylate ester/ether) superplasticizers (methacrylate ester PCE: MPEG, isoprenol ether PCE: IPEG, methallyl ether PCE: HPEG) with respect to their stability in different alkaline activators (NaOH, KOH, sodium and potassium silicate solutions). The effectiveness of superplasticizers (SPs) in low-calcium geopolymer binders was verified by rheological tests. Size exclusion chromatography was used to investigate if structural degradation of the superplasticizers occurs. The investigated PCE superplasticizers showed a thickening effect in the low-calcium geopolymer system. Depending on the alkalinity of the activator solution, a degradation process was detected for all the PCEs investigated. The side chains of the PCEs are cleaved off the backbone by basic ester and ether hydrolysis. The highest degree of degradation was found in sodium and potassium silicate solutions. In alkaline hydroxide solutions, the degradation process increases with increasing alkalinity.},
  subject      = {Geopolymere},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Marschetzky,
  author    = {Marschetzky, Manuela},
  title     = {Einfluss von Alkalisalzen und Fließmitteln auf die Hydratation von Calciumsulfathalbhydrat},
  isbn      = {978-3-00-044319-0},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.2086},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20131211-20861},
  school      = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar},
  pages     = {124},
  abstract  = {In der praktischen Anwendung werden den Calciumsulfatbindemitteln Kombinationen verschiedenster Zus{\"a}tze beigegeben. Ein Verst{\"a}ndnis f{\"u}r die Wirkungsweise der verschiedenen Zus{\"a}tze wird folglich mit steigender Komplexit{\"a}t moderner Bindemittelrezepturen zunehmend wichtiger. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die Auswirkungen von Alkalisalzen und Fließmitteln auf die verschiedenen Phasen der Hydratation von Calciumsulfathalbhydrat systematisch analysiert und anschließend diskutiert. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wird gezeigt, dass Alkalisulfate und Alkalichloride die Hydratation von Calciumsulfathalbhydrat in unterschiedlicher Weise beeinflussen. Die Beschleunigungswirkung der gleichionigen Zus{\"a}tzen K2SO4 und Na2SO4 wird sowohl durch eine verbesserte Keimbildung als auch durch einen Anstieg der Kristallwachstumsgeschwindigkeit verursacht. W{\"a}hrend Alkalisulfate die Dihydratkeimbildung beg{\"u}nstigen, wird diese bei Zugabe von KCl und NaCl verz{\"o}gert. Ein Beschleunigungseffekt setzt erst sp{\"a}ter in der Phase des Kristallwachstums ein. Die Wirkung der zugegebenen Ionen l{\"a}sst sich entsprechend der Hofmeister-Serie einordnen. Der zweite Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit pr{\"a}sentiert eine systematische Betrachtung der Wirkungsweise dreier Fließmittelgruppen im Calciumsulfatsystem (Polykondensat, Polycarboxylatether, Kammpolymer mit Phosphatgruppen). Untersuchungen zur Verfl{\"u}ssigungswirkung der Fließmittel zeigen, dass diese in der Reihenfolge Polykondensat < Polycarboxylatether < Kammpolymer mit Phosphatgruppen zunimmt. Eine direkte Korrelation zwischen Verfl{\"u}ssigungswirkung und Adsorptionsneigung besteht nicht. Neben den gew{\"u}nschten Effekten weisen Fließmittel h{\"a}ufig auch eine Verz{\"o}gerung der Hydratation des Bindemittels als unerw{\"u}nschte Nebenwirkung auf. Urs{\"a}chlich f{\"u}r diese fließmittelinduzierte Verz{\"o}gerung ist eine Behinderung der Keimbildung und des Kristallwachstums. Untersuchungen zur Aufl{\"o}sung von Calciumsulfathalbhydrat zeigen eine Behinderung des Aufl{\"o}sungsprozesses in Anwesenheit der Fließmittel. Die Ergebnisse lassen eine partielle Belegung der Halbhydratoberfl{\"a}chen mit Fließmittelmolek{\"u}len vermuten. Die ver{\"a}nderte Morphologie der Dihydratkristalle verweist auf eine selektive Belegung der Dihydratoberfl{\"a}chen mit Fließmittelmolek{\"u}len.},
  subject      = {Calciumsulfat},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{CappachionePartschefeldOsburgetal.,
  author    = {Cappachione, Clotilde and Partschefeld, Stephan and Osburg, Andrea and Gliubizzi, Rocco and Gaeta, Carmine},
  title     = {Modified Carboxymethylcellulose-Based Scaffolds as New Potential Ecofriendly Superplasticizers with a Retardant Effect for Mortar: From the Synthesis to the Application},
  series = {Materials},
  volume    = {2021},
  journal   = {Materials},
  number    = {volume 14, issue 13, article 3569},
  publisher = {MDPI},
  address   = {Basel},
  doi       = {10.3390/ma14133569},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20210804-44689},
  pages     = {1 -- 17},
  abstract  = {This article is focused on the research and development of new cellulose ether derivatives as innovative superplasticizers for mortar systems. Several synthetic strategies have been pursued to obtain new compounds to study their properties on cementitious systems as new bio-based additives. The new water-soluble admixtures were synthesized using a complex carboxymethylcellulose-based backbone that was first hydrolyzed and then sulfo-ethylated in the presence of sodium vinyl sulphonate. Starting with a complex biopolymer that is widely known as a thickening agent was very challenging. Only by varying the hydrolysis times and temperatures of the reactions was achieved the aimed goal. The obtained derivatives showed different molecular weight (Mw) and anionic charges on their backbones. An improvement in shear stress and dynamic viscosity values of CEM II 42.5R cement was observed with the samples obtained with a longer time of higher temperature hydrolysis and sulfo-ethylation. Investigations into the chemical nature of the pore solution, calorimetric studies and adsorption experiments clearly showed the ability of carboxymethyl cellulose superplasticizer (CMC SP) to interact with cement grains and influence hydration processes within a 48-h time window, causing a delay in hydration reactions in the samples. The fluidity of the cementitious matrices was ascertained through slump test and preliminary studies of mechanical and flexural strength of the hardened mortar formulated with the new ecological additives yielded values in terms of mechanical properties. Finally, the computed tomography (CT) images completed the investigation of the pore network structure of hardened specimens, highlighting their promising structure porosity.},
  subject      = {M{\"o}rtel},
  language  = {en}
}