@phdthesis{Nayono,
  author    = {Nayono, Suwartanti},
  title     = {Development of a Sustainability-based Sanitation Planning Tool (SusTA) for Developing Countries},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.2222},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20140619-22227},
  school      = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar},
  pages     = {153; mit Anh{\"a}ngen 209},
  abstract  = {Background and Research Goal Despite all the efforts in the sanitation sector, it is acknowledged that the world is not on track to meet the MDG sanitation target to reduce the number of people without access to sanitation by 2015. Furthermore, a large number of existing sanitation facilities in developing countries is out of order. This leads to the conclusion that, besides technical failures, the planning process in the sanitation sector was ineffective. This ineffectiveness may be attributed to the lack of knowledge of the sanitation planners about the local conditions of the sanitation project. In addition, sustainability of a technology is often approached from a fragmented perspective that often leads to an unsustainable solution. The dissertation is conducted within the framework of the Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) Indonesia project. The goal of this work is to contribute to the development of a methodology of a planning tool for sustainable sanitation technology. The tool is designed for sanitation planners in developing countries, where a top-down planning approach is common practice. The proposed tool enables comprehensive sustainability assessments (using the Helmholtz Concept of Sustainability as reference), taking into account local conditions. State of the Science In the planning practice, many sanitation planning tools focus on technology selection. However, it has become evident that the selection criteria for sustainable technologies are not always considered in the tools' framework. In other cases, when the criteria are provided by the tool, there is no clear indication of the conditions to be fulfilled in order to meet these criteria. Specifically, there is no reference to what is meant by sustainable technology in a particular context and how to comprehensively assess the sustainability of different technology options. Research Methodology Developing a planning tool is an empirical process, combining theory and practical experience. Hence, the development process of such a tool requires extensive observations, particularly on the interaction between stakeholders in the sanitation sector as well as between technology and its environment. For this purpose, a case study within the project area was carried out. Pucanganom, a village representing common strategic problems in developing countries (e.g. top-down planning approaches, lack of involvement of beneficiaries in the planning process, lack of sustainability assessments) was finally selected as the case study area. After the in-depth case study, an analytical generalisation was developed to enable the tool's application to a broader context. Results The result of this research is a new tool - the Sustainability-based Sanitation Planning Tool (SusTA). SusTA enables comprehensive sustainability assessment in its five generic steps, namely: (1) analysis of stakeholders and sanitation policy in the region, (2) distance-to-target analysis on sanitation conditions in the region, (3) examination of physical and socio-economic conditions in the project area, (4) contextualisation of the technology assessment process in the project area, and (5) sustainability-oriented technology assessment at the project level. These steps are conducted at two levels of planning - the region and the project area - in order to identify the specific problems and interests which influence the selection of a sanitation system. Each planning step is equipped with tool elements (e.g. set of indicators, household questionnaires, technology assessment matrices) to support the analysis. From the development of SusTA, it can be concluded that four elements are required for an effective and widely applicable sanitation planning tool: sustainability concept, participatory approach, contextualisation framework and modification framework. SusTA provides both a theoretical and a practical basis for assessing the sustainability of sanitation technologies in developing countries. The tool's main advantages for decision makers in these countries are: It is simple and transparent in its steps, does not require vast amounts of data and does not need a sophisticated computer program.},
  subject      = {sanitation planning, sustainable technology, sustainability assessment},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Pang2008,
  author    = {Pang, Zhiqi},
  title     = {Phosphorus enrichment in the treatment of pig manure in China using anaerobic digestion technology},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.1293},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20080704-13640},
  school      = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar},
  year      = {2008},
  abstract  = {Phosphorus (P) is a key irreplaceable nutrient element in all life forms. Almost all phosphorus used by society is mined from non-renewable phosphate rock. Approximately 80\% of global phosphate rock consumption is used for fertilizer production. However, as a finite resource, the world phosphate reserve could be exhausted within the next 100-250 years. The phosphate resource in China is also limited. The exploitable deposits could be exhausted within 70 years. Investigations show that the largest recoverable phosphate resource in China is found in animal manure. It was estimated that the potential phosphate resource in intensive-scale animal plants accounts for 47\% of the total consumption of phosphate rock of the country each year. Pig manure contains phosphorus and nitrogen in high concentration. The objective of this study is to investigate forced P-precipitation in pig manure combined with anaerobic digestion; when biogas is generated, an enriched P-containing digested manure sludge can be obtained. Anaerobic digestion experiments indicated that total concentrations of phosphorus (TP) and kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) remained basically constant before and after anaerobic digestion. However, the composition of nitrogen and phosphorus in digested manure was quite different; 37.7\% of phosphorus existed as PO4-P in the raw pig manure, whilst 20.8\% of PO4-P was present in the digested pig manure. NH4-N accounted for 50.4\% of the total TKN in raw pig manure, while most of the TKN in digested manure (79.3\%) was composed of NH4-N. The pH value of pig manure rose by 0.88 units after anaerobic digestion. PO4-P was reduced by 45\% during anaerobic digestion. The average molar ratios of Mg/P and Ca/P achieved were 1.3 and 1.7. It was found that solid/liquid separation has little influence on the change in the molar ratios. The optimal position for P-precipitation is after anaerobic digestion. P-precipitation should be conducted in homogeneous digested pig manure. The ideal pH range for P-precipitation is between 8.0 and 9.5. In the pH range of 8.8-9.5, struvite precipitation dominates the precipitation reaction. The existence of calcium ions results in competitive reaction with magnesium ions. In the pH range of 8.0-8.8, calcium phosphate was apt to form. Both MgCl2•6H2O and MgO can be adopted as a magnesium source. MgO is suitable for supplementation in raw manure. Without the addition of other alkali, the pH value rose to 8.5. Nearly 85\% of soluble phosphorus (PO4-P) could be removed from liquid portion. MgCl2•6H2O has good solubility. When MgCl2•6H2O was used at a pH value of 9.0, the equilibrium time required was 30 minutes. The appropriate Mg2+/PO4-P molar ratio was 1.3. Under these conditions, whether with raw or digested manure, 90\% of PO4-P could be removed. Forced P-precipitation combined with anaerobic digestion is suitable for application in China. More than 90\% of the soluble phosphorus could be removed from the liquid portion of pig manure through forced P-precipitation. With the aid of flocculants, 95.7\% of the total phosphorus could be precipitated in the final manure solid.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Sorge2006,
  author    = {Sorge, Hans-Christian},
  title     = {Technische Zustandsbewertung metallischer Wasserversorgungsleitungen als Beitrag zur Rehabilitationsplanung},
  doi       = {10.25643/bauhaus-universitaet.813},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20070516-8681},
  school      = {Bauhaus-Universit{\"a}t Weimar},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {Die Instandhaltung der st{\"a}dtischen Trinkwassernetze ist Aufgabenschwerpunkt der Wasserversorgungsunternehmen bzw. Netzbetreiber. Dazu notwendige Rehabilitationsplanungen st{\"u}tzen sich zurzeit weitgehend auf die Trendprognose von Schadensraten und die Erfahrungen der Mitarbeiter. Der Einfluss wesentlicher Kenngr{\"o}ßen wie Werkstoffeigenschaften oder die Resttragf{\"a}higkeit des Rohres bleiben hierbei gr{\"o}ßtenteils unber{\"u}cksichtigt. {\"U}ber materialtechnische Untersuchungen werden die notwendigen Kenngr{\"o}ßen ermittelt, die eine zuverl{\"a}ssige Bewertung des technischen Zustands des Rohrstrangs erm{\"o}glichen. So lassen sich die Prognose der technischen Nutzungsdauer und Rehabilitationsplanungen auf eine solide Basis stellen. In dieser Dissertationsschrift wird hierzu ein Untersuchungs- und Bewertungsalgorithmus mit integrierten Prognoseverfahren erarbeitet.},
  subject      = {Instandhaltungsplanung},
  language  = {de}
}